In Taiwan, turnover rate in tutorial industry is high, especially of foreign teachers. Therefore, how to retain these foreign teachers becomes an important task for Taiwan cram school practitioners. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate an English teaching cram school in Taiwan, namely Risata e Ricordi Education, to see its employee value proposition (EVP) and (how) this cram school retains its foreign teachers. Based on the purpose of the study, a qualitative research method is employed to investigate the possible reasons of international workers' retention in Risata e Ricordi Education. Specifically, this study aims to explore the workers' perspectives on the EVP provided by Risata e Ricordi, their adaptation to company policies, factors that influenced their decision to stay with the company compared to their previous employers, and other factors influencing their choice to work for Risata e Ricordi. Participants are 3 foreign teachers of Risata e Ricordi Education and in-depth interview was employed to collect the data. Through content analysis, findings of this study provide several insightful implications for Taiwan cram school practitioners regarding how to retain foreign teachers and reduce their turnover intentions.

Alderfer, C. P. (1972). Existence, relatedness, and growth: Human needs in organizational settings. Administrative Science Quarterly, 17(4), 493–511. https://doi.org/10.2307/2063565
Baumann, M. R., & Bonner, B. L. (2017). An expectancy theory approach to group coordination: Expertise, task features, and member behavior. Journal of Behavioral Decision Making, 30(2), 407–419. https://doi.org/10.1002/bdm.1954
Blau, P. (2017). Exchange and power in social life. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203792643-4
Cook, K. S., Cheshire, C., Rice, E. R., & Nakagawa, S. (2013). Social exchange theory. Handbook of Social Psychology, 61-88. http://10.1007/978-94-007-6772-0_3
Corbin, J., & Strauss, A. (1990). Grounded theory research: Procedures, canons, and evaluative criteria. Qualitative Sociology, 13 (1), 3-21. http://doi.org/10.1007/BF00988593
Cropanzano, R., & Mitchell, M. S. (2005). Social exchange theory: An interdisciplinary review. Journal of Management, 31(6), 874-900. http:/doi.org//10.1177/0149206305279602
Cumming, C. M. (1994). Incentives that really do motivate. Compensation and Benefit Review, 26 (3), 38–40. http://doi.org/10.1177/088636879402600307
Denzin, N. K., & Lincoln, Y. S. (2005). Introduction: The discipline and practice of qualitative research. In N. K. Denzin & Y. S. Lincoln (Eds.), The SAGE Handbook of Qualitative Research (3rd ed., pp. 1-32). Sage Publications. http://doi.org/10.11156/aibr.020213
Elstad, E., Christophersen, K. A., & Turmo, A. (2011). Social exchange theory as an explanation of organizational citizenship behaviour among teachers. International Journal of Leadership in Education, 14 (4), 405-421. http://doi.org/10.1080/13603124.2010.524250
Emerson, R. M. (1976). Social Exchange Theory. Annual Review of Sociology, 2, 335-362. https://doi.org/www.jstor.org/stable/2946096
Gouldner, A. W. (1960). The norm of reciprocity: A preliminary statement. American Sociological Review, 25(2), 161-178. http://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.so.02.080176.002003
Gruneberg, M., & Startup, R. (1978, August). The job satisfaction of university teachers. The Vocational Aspect of Education, 30(76), 75-79 http://doi.org/10.1080/10408347308000271
Guba, E. G., & Lincoln, Y. S. (1985). Naturalistic inquiry. Sage Publications. http://doi.org/10.4135/97814129862681.n232
Heger, B. K. (2007). Linking the employment value proposition (EVP) to employee engagement and business outcomes: Preliminary Findings From A Linkage Research Pilot Study. Organization Development Journal, 25(2), 121. http://doi.org/10.1108/ICT-05-2019-0043
Holbeche, L. (2022). Aligning human resources and business strategy. Routledge. http://doi.org/10.4324/9781003219996
Homans, G. C. (1961). The humanities and the social sciences. American Behavioral Scientist, 4 (8), 3-6. http://doi.org/10.1177/000276426100400802
Lawler, E. E., III. (1986). High-involvement management. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. http://doi.org/10.1177/002205741107301501
Mani, V. (2016). Analyzing the impact of employee value proposition on labor turnover. SSN School of Management, Kalavakkam, Chennai Great Lakes Herald, 10. http://doi.org/10.26905/jbm.v8i2.5704
Maslow, A. H. (1970). Motivation and personality (2nd ed.). Harper & Row. http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1746-8361.1951.tb01056.x
McClelland, D. C., Atkinson, J. W., Clark, R. A., & Lowell, E. L. (1953). The achievement motive. http://doi.org/10.1037/11144-010
Mertens, D. M. (2005). Research and Evaluation in Education and Psychology: Integrating Diversity with Quantitative, Qualitative, and Mixed Methods (2nd ed.). Sage Publications. http://doi.org/10.1177/1098214006291009
Merriam, S. B. (2009). Qualitative Research: a guide to design and implementation . Jossey-Bass. http://doi.org/10.46743/2160-3715/2022.5748
Milkovich, G. T., Newman, J. M. (2007). Compensation (第9版). McGraw-Hill/Irwin. http://doi.org/10.978.75097/50483
Minchington, B. (2006). Your Employer Brand: Attract, Engage, Retain (Illustrated ed.). Collective Learning Australia. http://doi.org/10.1002/9781119208051.ch20
Milanowski, A. (2002). The varieties of knowledge and skill-based pay design: A comparison of seven new pay systems for K-12 teachers. http://doi.org/10.14507/epaa.v11n4.2003
Molm, L. D. (2003). Theoretical comparisons of forms of exchange. Sociological Theory, 21(1), 1-17. http://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9558.00171
National Development Council. (2022). National Development Council – Human Resources Development - Compilation of Statistical Charts - International Labor Mobility - 3. Number of Foreign Professionals - By Industry [國家發展委員會-人力資源發展-統計分析圖表彙編-國際人力移動-3.外國專業人員人數-按行業別分]. Retrieved from https://www.ndc.gov.tw/Content_List.aspx?n=CDB851A092C6F146
National Development Council. (2023). National Development Council - Human Resources Development - Compilation of Statistical Charts - International Labor Mobility - 4. Number of Migrant Workers - By Application Category [國家發展委員會-人力資源發展-統計分析圖表彙編-國際人力移動- 4. 移工人數-按申請類別分]. Retrieved from https://www.ndc.gov.tw/Content_List.aspx?n=44CB0EDF55E07A07
Patanaporn, P., Chuenpraphanusorn, T., & Bhulapatna, P. (2022). Educational Policies related to English Language Teaching in Asia: Case Studies of 5 Countries. The Journal of Pacific Institute of Management Science (Humanities and Social Science), 8(3), 379-392.
Patton, M. Q. (2002). Qualitative Research & Evaluation Methods (3rd ed.). Sage Publications. http://doi.org/10.4135/9781529770278.n71
Pawar, A., & Charak, K. S. (2014). A study and review of employee value proposition: A tool of human resource management. Review of Research, 3(6), 1-9. http://doi.org/10.35912/ahrmr.v1i2.728
Pinder, C. C., & Schroeder, K. G. (1987). Time to proficiency following job transfers. Academy of Management Journal, 30 (2), 336-353. http://doi.org/10.2307/256278
Porter, L. W., & Lawler, E. E. (1968). What job attitudes tell about motivation (pp. 118-126). Boston, MA, USA: Harvard Business Review Reprint Service. http://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-02701-9_6
Siripipatthanakul, S., et al. (2022). The impact of talent management on employee satisfaction and business performance in the digital economy: A qualitative study in Bangkok, Thailand. Advance Knowledge for Executives, 1(1), 1-17. http://doi.org/10.24912/jm.v26i1.837
Swanepoel, K., & Saurombe, M. D. (2022). The significance of an employee value proposition in the retention of teachers at selected South African private schools. South African Journal of Economic and Management Sciences, 25(1), 4358. http://doi.org/10.4102/sajems.v25i1.4358
Thiensiri, P. (2021). Vital role of leader as employee value proposition for employee engagement in Thai perspective. Kasetsart Journal of Social Sciences, 42(3), 489-494.
Talwar, M., et al. (2021). Positive and negative word of mouth (WOM) are not necessarily opposites: A reappraisal using the dual factor theory. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 63, 102396. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2020.102396
Vroom, V. H. (1964). Work and motivation. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2020.102396
Vroom, V. H. (2005). On the origins of expectancy theory. In Great Minds in Management: The process of theory development (pp. 239-258). Oxford University Press. http://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ps.12.020161.002213
Weber, K., Lew, K., & Mejía-Ramos, J. P. (2020). Using expectancy value theory to account for individuals' mathematical justifications. Cognition and Instruction, 38 (1), 27-56. http://doi.org/10.1080/07370008.2019.1636796