The Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic has become one of the most pressing issues that have a huge impact against all historical precedents. Many organizations across different industries have implemented the work from home arrangement for the employees to help contain this fast transmitted disease, which may become the new normal and seems likely to continue post-COVID. Meanwhile, awareness of the effect of working from home on employee engagement during the COVID-19 pandemic among project coordinators turns into an important potential issue for organizations development as typically their conventional responsibilities are to interact with stakeholders in person frequently. Therefore, to seek the appropriate amount of time and frequency for employees obligated to work from home is one potential key to getting the desired outcomes. This study used the quantitative data collection and statistical analysis approach to examine how Thai project coordinators perceive engagement while are required to working from home during COVID-19, moderated by psychological conditions. In order to test the relationships, the researcher collected 450 project coordinators who have been requested to work from home during the COVID-19 pandemic in Thai organizations. The data was analyzed by SPSS 23.0 and AMOS to test the hypotheses. The results of the research confirmed that the length of working from home does cause an increase in overall engagement of the individual employee. In addition, psychological meaningfulness was found to moderate the relationship between the length of working from home and employee engagement. This study presents insightful information and recommendations to businesses to address the optimal conditions of working from home towards employee engagement during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Keywords: working from home, the COVID-19 pandemic, employee engagement, psychological conditions

Abujarour, S., Ajjan, H., Fedorowicz, J., & Owens, D. (2021). How working from home during COVID-19 affects academic productivity. Communications of the Association for Information Systems, 48(1), 8–10. https://doi.org/10.17705/1CAIS.04808

Aczel, B., Kovacs, M., van der Lippe, T., & Szaszi, B. (2021). Researchers working from home: Benefits and challenges. PloS one, 16(3), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0249127

Aguilera, A., Lethiais, V., Rallet, A., & Proulhac, L. (2016). Home-based telework in France: Characteristics, barriers and perspectives. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 92, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2016.06.021

Ahuja, M. K., Chudoba, K. M., Kacmar, C. J., McKnight, D. H., & George, J. F. (2007). IT road warriors: Balancing work-family conflict, job autonomy, and work overload to mitigate turnover intentions. Mis Quarterly, 31(1), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.2307/25148778

Allen, T. D., Golden, T. D., & Shockley, K. M. (2015). How effective is telecommuting? Assessing the status of our scientific findings. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 16(2), 40–68. https://doi.org/10.1177/1529100615593273

Alsharef, A., Banerjee, S., Uddin, S. J., Albert, A., & Jaselskis, E. (2021). Early impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on the United States construction industry. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(4), 1559–1579. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18041559

Amano, H., Fukuda, Y., Shibuya, K., Ozaki, A., & Tabuchi, T. (2021). Factors Associated with the Work Engagement of Employees Working from Home during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Japan. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(19), 10495–10507. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph181910495

Athanasiadou, C., & Theriou, G. (2021). Telework: Systematic literature review and future research agenda. Heliyon, 7(10), 2–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e08165

Attridge, M. (2009). Measuring and managing employee work engagement: A review of the research and business literature. Journal of Workplace Behavioral Health, 24(4), 383–398. https://doi.org/10.1080/15555240903188398

Bakker, A. (2008). Building engagement in the workplace. In The peak performing organization (pp. 96–118). https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780203971611-14/building-engagement-workplace-arnold-bakker

Bakker, A. B. (2011). An evidence-based model of work engagement. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 20(4), 265–269. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721411414534

Bakker, A. B., & Demerouti, E. (2008). Towards a model of work engagement. Career Development International, 13(3), 209–223. https://doi.org/10.1108/13620430810870476

Bakker, A. B., Albrecht, S. L., & Leiter, M. P. (2011). Key questions regarding work engagement. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 20(1), 4–28. https://doi.org/10.1080/1359432X.2010.485352

Bakker, A. B., Albrecht, S. L., & Leiter, M. P. (2011). Work engagement: Further reflections on the state of play. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 20(1), 74–88. https://doi.org/10.1080/1359432X.2010.546711

Bakker, A. B., Emmerik, H. V., & Euwema, M. C. (2006). Crossover of burnout and engagement in work teams. Work and Occupations, 33(4), 464–489.

Barnett, R. C. (1994). Home-to-work spillover revisited: A study of full-time employed women in dual-earner couples. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 56(3), 647–656.

Bedarkar, M., & Pandita, D. (2014). A study on the drivers of employee engagement impacting employee performance. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 133, 106–115.

Belle, S. M., Burley, D. L., & Long, S. D. (2015). Where do I belong? High-intensity teleworkers’ experience of organizational belonging. Human Resource Development International, 18(1), 76–96.

Bentley, T. A., Teo, S. T., McLeod, L., Tan, F., Bosua, R., & Gloet, M. (2016). The role of organisational support in teleworker wellbeing: A socio-technical systems approach. Applied Ergonomics, 52, 207–215. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apergo.2015.07.019

Bhuvanaiah, T., & Raya, R. P. (2014). Employee engagement: Key to organizational success. SCMS. Journal of Indian Management, 11(4), 61–71.

Breckmann, M., & Rupietta, K. (2016). Working from Home–What is the Effect on Employees’ Effort. Center of Business and Economics (WWZ) University Basel.
Brodeur, A., Gray, D. M., Islam, A., & Bhuiyan, S. (2020). A literature review of the economics of covid-19. SSRN Electronic Journal, 35(4), 1107–1144 https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3636640

Campbell, A. M. (2020). An increasing risk of family violence during the Covid-19 pandemic: Strengthening community collaborations to save lives. Forensic Science International: Reports, 2, 1–3. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsir.2020.100089

Chanana, N. (2021). Employee engagement practices during COVID‐19 lockdown. Journal of Public Affairs, 21(4), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1002/pa.2508

Chung, H., Seo, H., Forbes, S., & Birkett, H. (2020). Working from home during the COVID-19 lockdown: Changing preferences and the future of work. School of Social Policy, Sociology and Social Research.

Cohen, P., West, S. G., & Aiken, L. S. (2014). Applied multiple regression/correlation analysis for the behavioral sciences. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781410606266
Cropanzano, R., & Mitchell, M. S. (2005). Social Exchange theory: An interdisciplinary review. Journal of Management, 31(6), 874–900. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206305279602

De Vries, H., Tummers, L., & Bekkers, V. (2019). The benefits of teleworking in the public sector: Reality or rhetoric? Review of Public Personnel Administration, 39(4), 570–593. https://doi.org/10.1177/0734371X18760124

De-la-Calle-Durán, M. C., & Rodríguez-Sánchez, J. L. (2021). Employee engagement and wellbeing in times of COVID-19: A proposal of the 5cs model. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(10), 5470–5485. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18105470

Demerouti, E., Derks, D., Lieke, L., & Bakker, A. B. (2014). New ways of working: Impact on working conditions, work–family balance, and well-being. In The Impact Of ICT On Quality Of Working Life, 18(10), 123–141. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-8854-0_8

Einwiller, S., Ruppel, C., & Stranzl, J. (2021). Achieving employee support during the COVID-19 pandemic–the role of relational and informational crisis communication in Austrian organizations. Journal of Communication Management, 25(3), 233–255. https://doi.org/10.1108/JCOM-10-2020-0107

Fauzi, M. A., & Paiman, N. (2020). Covid-19 pandemic in Southeast Asia: Intervention and mitigation efforts. Asian Education and Development Studies, 10(2), 176–184. https://doi.org/10.1108/aeds-04-2020-0064

Felstead, A., & Henseke, G. (2017). Assessing the growth of remote working and its consequences for effort, well‐being and work‐life balance. New Technology, Work and Employment, 32(3), 195–212. https://doi.org/10.1111/ntwe.12097

Feng, Z., & Savani, K. (2020). Covid-19 created a gender gap in perceived work productivity and job satisfaction: Implications for dual-career parents working from home. Gender in Management: An International Journal, 35(7), 719–736. https://doi.org/10.1108/GM-07-2020-0202

Ferri, F., Grifoni, P., & Guzzo, T. (2020). Online learning and emergency remote teaching: Opportunities and challenges in emergency situations. Societies, 10(4), 86–104. https://doi.org/10.3390/soc10040086

Fitrian, Z., Hidayati, T., & Maria, S. (2021). The effects of work from home and job characteristics on performance in a indonesia regional government agency: A mediating role of motivation. International Journal of Business and Management Invention, 10(3), 34–40. https://doi.org/10.33258/birci.v4i4.2998

Frazier, M. L., Fainshmidt, S., Klinger, R. L., Pezeshkan, A., & Vracheva, V. (2017). Psychological safety: A meta‐analytic review and extension. Personnel Psychology, 70(1), 113–165. https://doi.org/10.1111/peps.12183

Gajendran, R. S., & Harrison, D. A. (2007). The good, the bad, and the unknown about telecommuting: meta-analysis of psychological mediators and individual consequences. Journal of applied psychology, 92(6), 1524–1541. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.92.6.1524

Galanti, T., Guidetti, G., Mazzei, E., Zappalà, S., & Toscano, F. (2021). Work from home during the COVID-19 outbreak: The impact on employees’ remote work productivity, engagement, and stress. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 63(7), 426–432. https://doi.org/10.1097/JOM.0000000000002236

Geldenhuys, M., Taba, K., & Venter, C. M. (2014). Meaningful work, work engagement and organisational commitment. SA Journal of Industrial Psychology, 40(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.4102/sajip.v40i1.1098

Golden, T. D., & Veiga, J. F. (2005). The impact of extent of telecommuting on job satisfaction: Resolving inconsistent findings. Journal of Management, 31(2), 301–318. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206304271768

Golden, T. D., Veiga, J. F., & Dino, R. N. (2008). The impact of professional isolation on teleworker job performance and turnover intentions: does time spent teleworking, interacting face-to-face, or having access to communication-enhancing technology matter?. Journal of Applied Psychology, 93(6), 1412–1421. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0012722

Grant, C. A., Wallace, L. M., & Spurgeon, P. C. (2013). An exploration of the psychological factors affecting remote e‐worker’s job effectiveness, well‐being and work‐life balance. Employee Relations. 35(5), 527-546. https://doi.org/10.1108/ER-08-2012-0059

Grippaldi, J. J. (2002). An Empirical study of attitudes towards telecommuting among government finance professionals. University of Nevada, Las Vegas

Gruman, J. A., & Saks, A. M. (2011). Performance management and employee engagement. Human Resource Management Review, 21(2), 123–136. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrmr.2010.09.004

Halford, S. (2005). Hybrid workspace: Re‐spatialisations of work, organisation and management. New Technology, Work and Employment, 20(1), 19–33. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-005X.2005.00141.x

Harpaz, I. (2002). Advantages and disadvantages of telecommuting for the individual, organization and society, Work Study, 51(2), 74–80. https://doi.org/10.1108/00438020210418791

Hart, J. L., Turnbull, A. E., Oppenheim, I. M., & Courtright, K. R. (2020). Family-centered care during the COVID-19 era. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management, 60(2), 93–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2020.04.017

Helminen, V., & Ristimäki, M. (2007). Relationships between commuting distance, frequency and telework in Finland. Journal of Transport Geography, 15(5), 331–342. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2006.12.004

Hill, E. J., Ferris, M., & Märtinson, V. (2003). Does it matter where you work? A comparison of how three work venues (traditional office, virtual office, and home office) influence aspects of work and personal/family life. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 63(2), 220–241. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0001-8791(03)00042-3

Hill, E. J., Hawkins, A. J., Ferris, M., & Weitzman, M. (2001). Finding an extra day a week: The positive influence of perceived job flexibility on work and family life balance. Family Relations, 50(1), 49–58. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3729.2001.00049.x

Hill, E. J., Miller, B. C., Weiner, S. P., & Colihan, J. (1998). Influences of the virtual office on aspects of work and work/life balance. Personnel Psychology, 51(3), 667–683. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.1998.tb00256.x

Hjálmsdóttir, A., & Bjarnadóttir, V. S. (2021). “I have turned into a foreman here at home”: Families and work–life balance in times of COVID‐19 in a gender equality paradise. Gender, Work & Organization, 28(1), 268–283. https://doi.org/10.1111/gwao.12552

Hollmann, N. (2020, January 7). There are far more cars on Bangkok’s streets than its infrastructure can handle. Develop and corporation. https://www.dandc.eu/en/article/there-are-far-more-cars-bangkoks-streets-its-infrastructure-can-handle

Hom, P. W., Tsui, A. S., Wu, J. B., Lee, T. W., Zhang, A. Y., Fu, P. P., & Li, L. (2009). Explaining employment relationships with social exchange and job embeddedness. Journal of Applied Psychology, 94(2), 277. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0013453
https://kar.kent.ac.uk/83896/1/Working_from_home_COVID-19_lockdown.pdf

Huang, Y.-H., Lee, J., McFadden, A. C., Murphy, L. A., Robertson, M. M., Cheung, J. H., & Zohar, D. (2016). Beyond Safety Outcomes: An investigation of the impact of safety climate on job satisfaction, employee engagement and turnover using social exchange theory as the theoretical framework. Applied Ergonomics, 55, 248–257. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apergo.2015.10.007

Ipsen, C., van Veldhoven, M., Kirchner, K., & Hansen, J. P. (2021). Six key advantages and disadvantages of working from home in Europe during COVID-19. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(4), 1826–1843. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18041826

Irawanto, D. W., Novianti, K. R., & Roz, K. (2021). Work from home: Measuring satisfaction between work–life balance and work stress during the COVID-19 pandemic in Indonesia. Economies, 9(3), 96–109. https://doi.org/10.3390/economies9030096

Iscan, O. F., & Naktiyok, A. (2005). Attitudes towards telecommuting: The Turkish case. Journal of Information Technology, 20(1), 52–63. https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.jit.2000023

Anitha, J. (2014). Determinants of employee engagement and their impact on employee performance. International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management, 63(3), 308–323. https://doi.org/10.1108/ijppm-01-2013-0008

Jaharuddin, N. S., & Zainol, L. N. (2019). The impact of work-life balance on job engagement and turnover intention. The South East Asian Journal of Management, 13(1), 106–117. https://doi.org/10.21002/seam.v13i1.10912

Jamal, M. T., Anwar, I., Khan, N.A. and Saleem, I. (2021), “Work during COVID-19: Assessing the influence of job demands and resources on practical and psychological outcomes for employees”, Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Administration, 13(3), 293–319. https://doi.org/10.1108/APJBA-05-2020-0149

Janik, M. (2015). Meaningful work and secondary school teachers’ intention to leave. South African Journal of Education, 35(2), 1008–1021. https://doi.org/10.15700/saje.v35n2a1008

Jelinek, R., & Ahearne, M. (2010). Be careful what you look for: The effect of trait competitiveness and long hours on salesperson deviance and whether meaningfulness of work matters. Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice, 18(4), 303–321.

Juchnowicz, M., & Kinowska, H. (2021). Employee well-being and digital work during the COVID-19 pandemic. Information, 12(8), 293–306. https://doi.org/10.3390/info12080293

Kattenbach, R., Demerouti, E., & Nachreiner, F. (2010). Flexible working times: Effects on employees’ exhaustion, work‐nonwork conflict and job performance. Career Development International. 15(3), 279–295. https://doi.org/10.1108/13620431011053749

Kazekami, S. (2020). Mechanisms to improve labor productivity by performing telework. Telecommunications Policy, 44(2), 2–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.telpol.2019.101868

Khan, A. N. (2021). A diary study of psychological effects of misinformation and COVID-19 threat on work engagement of working from home employees. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 171, 2–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2021.120968

Klassen, R. M., Yerdelen, S., & Durksen, T. L. (2013). Measuring teacher engagement: development of the engaged teachers scale (ETS). Frontline Learning Research, 1(2), 33–52. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1090832.pdf

Klem, A. M., & Connell, J. P. (2004). Relationships matter: Linking teacher support to student engagement and achievement. Journal of school health, 74(7), 262–273. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1746-1561.2004.tb08283.x

Klerk, J. J. D., Joubert, M., & Mosca, H. F. (2021). Is working from home the new workplace panacea? Lessons from the COVID-19 pandemic for the future world of work. SA Journal of Industrial Psychology, 47(1), 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajip.v47i0.1883

Kowalski, K. B., & Swanson, J. A. (2005). Critical success factors in developing teleworking programs. Benchmarking: An International Journal, 12(3), 236–249. https://doi.org/10.1108/14635770510600357

Krasulja, N., Vasiljević-Blagojević, M., & Radojević, I. (2015). Working from home as alternative for acheving work-life balance. Ekonomika, 61(2), 131–142.

Kumar, R., & Sia, S. K. (2012). Employee engagement: Explicating the contribution of work environment. Management and Labour Studies, 37(1), 31–43.

Kylili, A., Afxentiou, N., Georgiou, L., Panteli, C., Morsink-Georgalli, P. Z., Panayidou, A., Papouis, C., & Fokaides, P. A. (2020). The role of remote working in smart cities: lessons learnt from COVID-19 pandemic. Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1080/15567036.2020.1831108

Lim, V. K., & Teo, T. S. (2000). To work or not to work at home‐An empirical investigation of factors affecting attitudes towards teleworking. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 15(6), 560–586. https://doi.org/10.1108/02683940010373392

Markos, S., & Sridevi, M. S. (2010). Employee engagement: The key to improving performance. International Journal of Business and Management, 5(12), 89–96. https://doi.org/10.5539/ijbm.v5n12p89

May, D. R., Gilson, R. L., & Harter, L. M. (2004). The psychological conditions of meaningfulness, safety and availability and the engagement of the human spirit at work. Journal of occupational and organizational psychology, 77(1), 11–37.

Mehta, P. (2021). Work from home—Work engagement amid COVID‐19 lockdown and employee happiness. Journal of Public Affairs, 21(4), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1002/pa.2709

Mello, J. A. (2007). Managing telework programs effectively. Employee Responsibilities and Rights Journal, 19(4), 247–261.

Melson, G. F. (1988). Availability of and involvement with pets by children: Determinants and correlates. Anthrozoös, 2(1), 45–52.

Morgan, R. E. (2004). Teleworking: An assessment of the benefits and challenges. European Business Review, 16(4), 344–357. https://doi.org/10.1108/09555340410699613

Noonan, M. C., & Glass, J. L. (2012). The hard truth about telecommuting. Monthly Labor Review, 135, 38–45.

Okazaki, E., Nishi, D., Susukida, R., Inoue, A., Shimazu, A., & Tsutsumi, A. (2019). Association between working hours, work engagement, and work productivity in employees: A cross-sectional study of the Japanese Study of health, occupation, and psychosocial factors relates equity. Journal of Occupational Health, 61(2), 182–188.

O’keefe, P., Caulfield, B., Brazil, W., & White, P. (2016). The impacts of telecommuting in Dublin. Research in Transportation Economics, 57, 13–20.

Olivier, A. L., & Rothmann, S. (2007). Antecedents of work engagement in a multinational company. SA Journal of Industrial Psychology, 33(3), 49–56.
Olson, M. H. (1983). Remote office work: Changing work patterns in space and time. Communications of the ACM, 26(3), 182–187.

Orgambídez-Ramos, A., & de Almeida, H. (2017). Work engagement, social support, and job satisfaction in Portuguese nursing staff: A winning combination. Applied Nursing Research, 36, 37–41.

Pattnaik, L., & Jena, L. K. (2020). Mindfulness, remote engagement and employee morale: conceptual analysis to address the “new normal”. International Journal of Organizational Analysis. 29(4), 873–890. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJOA-06-2020-2267

Phosri, A., Ueda, K., Phung, V. L. H., Tawatsupa, B., Honda, A., & Takano, H. (2019). Effects of ambient air pollution on daily hospital admissions for respiratory and cardiovascular diseases in Bangkok, Thailand. Science of the Total Environment, 651, 1144–1153.

Rich, B. L., Lepine, J. A., & Crawford, E. R. (2010). Job engagement: Antecedents and effects on job performance. Academy of Management Journal, 53(3), 617–635.
Robinson, D., Perryman, S., & Hayday, S. (2004). The Drivers of Employee Engagement. Institute for Employment Studies. https://www.employment studies.co.uk/system/files/resources/files/408.pdf

Rodríguez-Modroño, P., & López-Igual, P. (2021). Job quality and work—life balance of teleworkers. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(6), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18063239

Rose, P. A., & Brown, S. (2021). Reconstructing attitudes towards work from home during COVID-19: a survey of south Korean managers. Behavioral Sciences, 11(12), 163.

Rothmann, S., & Baumann, C. (2014). Employee engagement: The effects of work-home/home-work interaction and psychological conditions. South African Journal of Economic and Management Sciences, 17(4), 515–530.

Rothmann, S., & Rothmann Jr, S. (2010). Factors associated with employee engagement in South Africa. SA Journal of Industrial Psychology, 36(2), 1–12.

Russo, M., Shteigman, A., & Carmeli, A. (2016). Workplace and family support and work–life balance: Implications for individual psychological availability and energy at work. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 11(2), 173–188.

Saks, A. M. (2006). Antecedents and consequences of employee engagement. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 21(7), 600–619. https://doi.org/10.1108/02683940610690169

Saks, A. M. (2006). Antecedents and consequences of employee engagement. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 21(7), 600–619. https://doi.org/10.1108/02683940610690169

Saks, A. M., & Gruman, J. A. (2014). What do we really know about employee engagement?. Human Resource Development Quarterly, 25(2), 155–182.

Saleem, F., Malik, M. I., & Qureshi, S. S. (2021). Work stress hampering employee performance during covid-19: is safety culture needed? Frontiers in Psychology, 12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.655839

Sánchez-Cardona, I., Vera, M., & Marrero-Centeno, J. (2021). Job resources and employees’ intention to stay: The mediating role of meaningful work and work engagement. Journal of Management & Organization, 1–17. http://doi.org/10.1017/jmo.2021.10

Sandoval-Reyes, J., Idrovo-Carlier, S., & Duque-Oliva, E. J. (2021). Remote work, work stress, and work–life during pandemic times: A Latin America situation. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(13), 2–12. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18137069

Sardeshmukh, S. R., Sharma, D., & Golden, T. D. (2012). Impact of telework on exhaustion and job engagement: A job demands and job resources model. New Technology, Work and Employment, 27(3), 193–207.

Schaufeli, W. B., & Bakker, A. B. (2004). Job demands, job resources, and their relationship with burnout and engagement: A multi‐sample study. Journal of Organizational Behavior: The International Journal of Industrial, Occupational and Organizational Psychology and Behavior, 25(3), 293–315.

Schaufeli, W. B., Taris, T. W., & Van Rhenen, W. (2008). Workaholism, burnout, and work engagement: Three of a kind or three different kinds of employee well‐being? Applied Psychology, 57(2), 173–203.

Sewell, G., & Taskin, L. (2015). Out of sight, out of mind in a new world of work? Autonomy, control, and spatiotemporal scaling in telework. Organization Studies, 36(11), 1507–1529.

Shin, B., El Sawy, O. A., Sheng, O. R. L., & Higa, K. (2000). Telework: Existing research and future directions. Journal of Organizational Computing and Electronic Commerce, 10(2), 85–101.

Shore, R. (1998). Ahead of the Curve: Why America’s Leading Employers Are Addressing the Needs of New and Expectant Parents. Families and Work Institute, 330 Seventh Avenue, New York, NY.

Soane, E., Truss, C., Alfes, K., Shantz, A., Rees, C., & Gatenby, M. (2012). Development and application of a new measure of employee engagement: The ISA Engagement Scale. Human Resource Development International, 15(5), 529–547.

Song, Y., & Gao, J. (2020). Does telework stress employees out? A study on working at home and subjective well-being for wage/salary workers. Journal of Happiness Studies, 21(7), 2649–2668.

Southeast Asia rising from the pandemic. (2022, March). This publication offers a comprehensive regional-level analysis and gives a rundown of how eight Southeast Asian countries dealt with and are now beginning to recover from COVID-19. https://doi.org/10.22617/tcs220093-2

Standen, P., Daniels, K., & Lamond, D. (1999). The home as a workplace: Work–family interaction and psychological well-being in telework. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 4(4), 368–381. https://doi.org/10.1037/1076-8998.4.4.368

Steward, B. (2000). Changing times: The meaning, measurement and use of time in teleworking. Time & Society, 9(1), 57–74.

Tate, T. D., Lartey, F. M., & Randall, P. M. (2019). Relationship between computer-mediated communication and employee engagement among telecommuting knowledge workers. Journal of Human Resource and Sustainability Studies, 7(02), 328.

Tenailleau, Q. M., Tannier, C., Vuidel, G., Tissandier, P., & Bernard, N. (2021). Assessing the impact of telework enhancing policies for reducing car emissions: Exploring calculation methods for data-missing urban areas–example of a medium-sized European city (Besançon, France). Urban Climate, 38, 2–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.uclim.2021.100876

Teo, T. S., Lim, V. K., & Wai, S. H. (1998). An empirical study of attitudes towards teleworking among information technology (IT) personnel. International Journal of Information Management, 18(5), 329–343.

The World Bank. (2020, January). Higher Productivity is Key to Thailand’s Future Economic Growth and Prosperity – World Bank. https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2020/01/17/higher-productivity-is-key-to-thailands-future-economic-growth-and-prosperity---world-bank

Thomas, K. W. (2009). Intrinsic motivation at work: What really drives employee engagement. https://www.bkconnection.com/static/Intrinsic_Motivation_at_Work_2nd_EXCERPT.pdf

Topi, H. (2004). Supporting telework: Obstacles and solutions. Information Systems Management, 21(3), 79–85.

Toscano, F., & Zappalà, S. (2020). Social isolation and stress as predictors of productivity perception and remote work satisfaction during the COVID-19 pandemic: The role of concern about the virus in a moderated double mediation. Sustainability, 12(23), 2–14. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12239804

Truss, C., Soane, E., Edwards, C., Wisdom, K., Croll, A., & Burnett, J. (2007). Working life: Employee attitudes and engagement 2006. http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/id/eprint/25807

Väänänen, A., Toppinen-Tanner, S., Kalimo, R., Mutanen, P., Vahtera, J., & Peiró, J. M. (2003). Job characteristics, physical and psychological symptoms, and social support as antecedents of sickness absence among men and women in the private industrial sector. Social Science & Medicine, 57(5), 807–824.

Van Dam, K. (2013). Employee adaptability to change at work: A multidimensional, resource-based framework. The psychology of change: Viewing change from the employee’s perspective, 123–142. Cambridge University Press

Van Der Lippe, T., & Lippényi, Z. (2020). Co‐workers working from home and individual and team performance. New Technology, Work and Employment, 35(1), 60–79.

Van Steenbergen, E. F., van der Ven, C., Peeters, M. C., & Taris, T. W. (2018). Transitioning towards new ways of working: do job demands, job resources, burnout, and engagement change?. Psychological reports, 121(4), 736–766.

Vinarski-Peretz, H., & Carmeli, A. (2011). Linking care felt to engagement in innovative behaviors in the workplace: The mediating role of psychological conditions. Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts, 5(1), 43–53. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0018241

Wang, B., Liu, Y., Qian, J., & Parker, S. K. (2021). Achieving effective remote working during the COVID‐19 pandemic: A work design perspective. Applied Psychology, 70(1), 16–59.

Welch, M. (2011). The evolution of the employee engagement concept: communication implications. Corporate Communications: An International Journal, 16 (4), 328–346. https://doi.org/10.1108/13563281111186968

Whittington, J. L., & Galpin, T. J. (2010). The engagement factor: building a high‐commitment organization in a low‐commitment world. Journal of Business Strategy, 31 (5), 14–24. https://doi.org/10.1108/02756661011076282

Wiesenfeld, B. M., Raghuram, S., & Garud, R. (1999). Communication patterns as determinants of organizational identification in a virtual organization. Organization Science, 10(6), 777–790.

Xanthopoulou, D., Bakker, A. B., Demerouti, E., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2009). Reciprocal relationships between job resources, personal resources, and work engagement. Journal of Vocational behavior, 74(3), 235–244.

Xiao, Y., Becerik-Gerber, B., Lucas, G., & Roll, S. C. (2021). Impacts of working from home during COVID-19 pandemic on physical and mental well-being of office workstation users. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 63(3), 181.

Yeh, C.R. & Nutachaisri, S. (2022, May). The next normal in a post covid-19 era in Thailand: organizations & workforce. Paper presented at the 2022 International Conference on Business Administration at NTPU, Taipei, TW.

Zhang, H. (2020). The influence of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic on family violence in China. Journal of Family Violence, 1–11.