本研究目的有二: (一) 探討健身運動意象、基本心理需求與運動動機之相關情形； (二) 探討心理需求在健身運動意象使用與自我決定動機之間的中介效果。本研究以360名大學生為研究對象，研究參與者填寫健身運動意象量表、健身運動心理需求滿足量表、健身運動行為調節問卷。所得資料以皮爾遜基差相關、路徑分析等統計分析方法進行資料分析。研究結果顯示: (一) 技巧意象、活力意象、樂趣意象與自主性、關係感、勝任感成正相關； (二) 技巧意象、活力意象、樂趣意象與內在動機、認同調節成正相關； 健身運動意象與無動機成負相關；(三) 自主性在技巧意象與自我決定動機之間有部分中介效果； (四) 自主性在樂趣意象與自我決定動機之間有部分中介效果。本研究針對結果提出討論，亦對於實際運用與未來進一步研究提出建議。

The purpose of this study was two-fold: (1) to examine the relationship among exercise imagery, basic psychological needs and self-determined motivation (2) to examine the mediating effect of basic psychological needs between exercise imagery and self-determined motivation. Participants were 360 college students , participants were asked to complete exercise image questionnaire, psychological need satisfaction in exercise scale, and behavioural regulation in exercise questionnaire. The data was analyzed by using Pearson product moment correlation, path analysis. The results showed that: (1) there were positive correlation among technique imagery, energy imagery, enjoyment imagery and basic psychological needs. (2) there were positive correlation among technique imagery, energy imagery, enjoyment imagery and intrinsic motivation, and identified regulation. In contrast, there were negative correlation among exercise imagery and amotivation. (3) Technique imagery and enjoyment imagery could directly predict self-determined motivation and also could indirectly predict motivation through autonomy. Based on the results, the implications and applications of this study were discussed.

行政院體育委員會 (2012) 。中華民國101年運動統計。台北市:行政院體育委員會。

吳玉真 (2011) 。國中運動代表隊選手心理需、自我決定動機與自我設限之關係研究。未出版碩士論文，台北市:國立台灣師範大學。

季力康、卓俊伶、洪聰敏、高三福、黃英哲、黃崇儒、盧俊宏 (譯) (2010) 。競技與健身運動心理學。臺北市:禾楓。 (Weinberg, R. S., & Gould, D., 2007)

邱皓政 (2010) 。量化研究法 (二) 修訂版。台北市:雙葉書廊。

教育部 (2013) 。體育運動政策白皮書。台北市:教育部。

張清源、王俊明 (2009)。健身運動意象之編製。大專體育學刊，11(2)，69-83。

葉麗琴 (2011)。不同休閒活動型式心理需求、動機與行為結果關係之研究。未出版博士論文，桃園縣:國立體育大學。

葉麗琴、葉麗珠 (2010)。健身運動心理需求滿足感量表修訂之研究。台灣運動心理學報，16，21-40。

Andersson, E. K., & Moss, T. P. (2011). Imagery and implementation intention: A randomised controlled trial of interventions to increase exercise behavior in the general population. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 12, 63-70.

Bandura, A. (1986). Social Foundation of Thought and Action. A Social Cognitive Theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.

Baumeister, R. F., & Leary, M. R. (1995). The need to belong: Desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation. Psychological Bulletin, 117, 497-529.

Brunet, J., & Sabiston, C. M. (2009). Social physique anxiety and physical activity: A self-determination theory perspective. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 10, 329-335.

deCharms, R. (1968).Personal causation: The internal affective determinants of behavior. New York, NY: Academic Press.

Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (1985). Intrinsic motivation and self-determination in human behavior. New York: Plenum Press.

Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2000). The ‘what’ and ‘why’ of goal pursuits: human need and the self-determination of behaviour. Psychological Inquiry, 11, 227-268.

Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2002). Self-determination research: Reflections and future directions. In R. M. Ryan & E. L. Deci (Eds.), Handbook on self-determination research. Rochester, NY: University of Rochester Press.

Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2007). Active human nature: self-determination theory and the promotion and maintenance of sport, exercise, and health. In M. S. Hagger, & N. L. Chatzisarantis (Eds.), Intrinsic motivation and self-determination in exercise and sport (pp. 1-20). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.

Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2008). Self-determination theory: a macrotheory of human motivation, development, and health. Canadian Psychology, 49, 182-185.

Dishman, R. K. (1988). Exercise adherence research: future directions. American Journal of Health Promotion, 3, 52-56.

Duncan, L. R., Hall, C. R., Wilson, P. M., & Rodgers, W. M. (2012). The use of a mental imagery intervention to enhance integrated regulation for exercise among women commencing an exercise program. Motivation and Emotion, 36, 452- 464.

Galton, F. (1883). Inquiries into human faculty. New York: Dent.

Gammage, K. L., Hall, C. R., & Martin, K. M. (2005). Self-presentation in exercise contexts: Differences between high and low frequency exercisers. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 34, 1638-1651.

Gammage, K. L., Hall, C. R., & Rodgers, W. M. (2000). More about exercise imagery. The Sport Psychologist, 14, 348-359.

Giacobbi, P. R., Jr., Dreisbach, K. A., Thurlow, N. M., Anand, P., & Garcia, F. (2014). Mental imagery increases self-determined motivation to exercise with university enrolled women: a randomized controlled trial using a peer-based intervention. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 15, 374-381.

Giacobbi, P. R., Hausenblas, H. A., Fallon, E. A., & Hall, C. R. (2003). Even more about exercise imagery: An in-depth interview study of exercise imagery. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 15, 160-175.

Giacobbi, P. R., Hausenblas, H. A., & Penfield, R. D. (2005). Further refinements in the measurement of exercise imagery: The Exercise Imagery Inventory. Measurement in Physical Education and Exercise Science, 9 (4) , 251-266.

Giacobbi, P. R., Jr., Tuccitto, D. E., Buman, M. P., & Munroe-Chandler, K. (2010). A measurement and conceptual investigation of exercise imagery establishing construct validity. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 81, 485-493.

Guide to Community Preventive & Services. (2012). Behavioral and social approaches to increase physical activity: Individually adapted health behavior change program.

Hagger, M. S., & Chatzisarantis, N. L. (2007). Intrinsic motivation and self-determination in exercise and sport. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.

Hagger, M. S., Chatzisarantis, N. L. D., Culverhouse, T., & Biddle, S.J.H. (2003). The processes by which perceived autonomy support in physical education promotes leisure-time physical activity intentions and behavior: A trans-contextual model. Journal of Educational Psychology, 95(4), 784–795.

Hall, C. R. (1995). The motivational function of mental imagery for participation in sport and exercise. In J. Annett, B. Cripps, & H. Steinberg (Eds.), Exercise addiction: Motivation for participation in sport and exercise (pp. 15-21). Leicester, UK: British Psychological Society.

Hall, C. R. (2001). Imagery in sport and exercise. In R. N. Singer, H. A. Hausenblas, & C. M. Janelle (Eds.) Handbook of sport psychology (pp. 529-549). New York: Wiley.

Hall, C. R., Mack, D., Pavio, A., & Hausenblas, H. A. (1998). Imagery use by athletes: Development of the Sport Imagery Questionnaire. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 23, 1-17.

Hall, C. R., Wilson, P. M., Rodgers, W. M., & Norman. (2010). Imagery use and self-determined motivations in a community sample of exercises and non-exercisers. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 40, 135-152.

Hsusenblas, H. A., & Downs, D. (2002). Exercise dependence: A systematic review. Psychology of Sport & Exercise, 3, 89-123.

Hausenblas, H. A., Hall, C. R., Rodgers, W. M., & Munroe, K. J. (1999). Exercise imagery: its nature and measurement. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 11, 171-180.

Ingledew, D. K., Markland, D., & Medley, A. R. (1998). Exercise motives and stage of change. Journal of Health Psychology, 3, 477-489.

Kasser, T., & Ryan, R. M. (1993). A dark side of the American dream: Correlates of financial success as a central life aspiration. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 65, 410-422.

Kasser, T., & Ryan, R. M. (1996). Further examing the American dream: Differential correlates of intrinsic and extrinsic goals. Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin, 22, 280-287.

Keating, X., Guan, J., Pinero, J. C., & Bridges, D. M. (2005). A meta-analysis of college students physical activity behaviors. Journal of American College Health, 4, 495-508.

Li, F. (1999). The Exercise Motivation Scale: Its multifaceted structure and construct validity. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 11, 97–115.

Markland, D., & Tobin, V. (2004). A modification to the behavioural regulation in exercise questionnaire to include an assessment of amotivation. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 26, 191-196.

McAuley, E. Penna, M. M., Jerome, G. J. (2001). Self-efficacy as a determinant and an outcome of exercise. In G. C. Rodgers (Ed.) Advances in motivation in sport and exercise (pp. 235-261). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.

Moller, A. C., Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2006). Choice and ego depletion: the moderating role of autonomy. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 32, 1024-1036.

Morris, T., Spittle, M., & Watt, A. P. (2005). Imagery in sport. Champaign-Urbana, IL:Human
Kinetics.

Munroe-Chandler, K. J., & Gammage, K. L. (2005). Now see this: a new vision of exercise imagery. Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews, 33, 201-205.

Munroe-Chandler, K. J., Kim, A., & Gammage, K. L. (2004). Using imagery to predict male weight lifting dependency in men. International Journal of Men's Health, 3, 129-139.

Paivio, A. (1985). Cognitive and motivational functions of imagery in human performance. Canadian journal of applied sport sciences, 10, 22-28.

Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee. (2008). Physical activity guidelines advisory committee report, 2008.Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.

Raedeke, T. D. (2007). The relationship between enjoyment and affective responses to exercise. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 19, 105-115.

Rodgers, W. M., Hall, C. R., Blanchard, C. M., & Munroe, K. J. (1999). The relationship between imagery and obligatory exercise. Paper presented to the Canadian Psychomotor Learning and Sport Psychology Conference, Edmonton, Canada.

Rodgers, W. M., Hall, C. R., Blanchard, C. M., & Munroe, K. J. (2001). Prediction of obligatory exercise by exercise related imagery. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 15, 152-154.

Rodgers, W. M., Hall, C. R., Duncan, L. R., Pearson, E., & Milne, M. I. (2010). Becoming a regular exerciser: Examining change in behavioral regulations among exercise initiates. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 11, 378-386.

Rodgers, W. M., Munroe, K. J., & Hall, C. R. (2001-2002). Relations among exercise imagery, self-efficacy, exercise behavior, and intentions. Imagination Cognition Personality, 21, 55-65.

Rodgers, W., & Sullivan, M. (2001). Task, coping and scheduling self-efficacy in relation to frequency of physical activity. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 31, 741-753.

Ryan, R. M., & Connell, J. P. (1989). Perceived locus of causality and internalization. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57, 749–761.

Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2001). To be happy or to be self‐fulfilled: A review of research on hedonic and eudaimonic well‐being. In S. Fiske (Ed.), Annual Review of Psychology , 52, 141‐166. Palo Alto, CA: Annual Reviews.

Ryan, R. M., & Frederick, C. M. (1997). On energy, personality, and health: Subjective vitality as a dynamic reflection of well-being. Journal of Personality, 65, 529–565.

Short, S. E., Hall, C.R., Engel, S. R., & Nigg, C. R. (2004). Exercise imagery and the stages of change. Journal of Mental Imagery, 28, 61-78.

Silva, M. N., Vieira, P. N., Coutinho, S. R., Minderico, C. S., Matos, M. G., Sardinha, L. B., & Teixeira, P. J. (2010). Using self-determination theory to promote physical activity and weight control: a randomized controlled trial in women. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 33, 110-122.

Standage, M., Duda, J. L., & Ntoumanis, N. (2003). A modle of contextual motivation in physical education: Using constructs from self-determination and achievement goal theories to predict physical activity intentions. Journal of Educational Psychology, 95, 97-110.

Stanley, D. M., & Cumming, J. (2010a). Not just how one feels, but what one images? The effects of imagery use on affective responses to moderate exercise. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 8, 343-359.

Stanley, D. M., & Cumming, J. (2010b). Are we having fun yet? Testing the effects of imagery use on the affective and enjoyment responses to acute moderate exercise . Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 11, 582-590.

Stanley, D. M., Cumming, J., Standage, M., & Duda, J. L. (2012). Images of exercising: exploring the links between exercise imagery use, autonomous and controlled to exercise, and exercise intention and behavior. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 13, 133-141.

Thogersen-Ntoumani, C., Cumming, J., Ntoumanis, N., & Nikitaras, N. (2012). Exercise imagery and its correlates in older adults. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 13, 19-25.

Tobin, D., Munroe-Chandler, K. J., Hall, C. R., Shirazipour, C. H., & Cooke, L. M. (2015). Examining the relationship between children’s active play imagery and basic psychological needs. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology. Manuscript submitted for publication.

Tobin, D., Nadalin, E. J., Munroe-Chandler, K. J., & Hall, C.R. (2013). Children’s active play imagery. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 14, 371-378.

Vadocz, E., Hall, C. R. & Moritz, S. E. (1997). The relationship between competitive anxiety and imagery use. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 9, 241-253.

Weibull, F., Cumming, J., Cooley, S. J., Williams, S. E., & Burns, V. E. (2015). Walk this way: a brief exercise imagery intervention increases barrier self-efficacy in Women. Current Psychology, 34, 477-490.

Wesch, N. N., Milne, M. I., Burke, S. M., & Hall, C. R. (2006). Self-efficacy and imagery use in older adult exercisers. European Journal of Sport Science, 6, 197-203.

White, R. W. (1959). Motivation reconsidered: The concept of competence. Psychological Review, 66, 297-333.

White, A., & Hardy, L. (1998). An in-depth analysis of the uses of imagery by high-level slalom canoeists and artistic gymnasts. The Sport Psychologist, 12, 387-403.

Wilson, P. M., Rodgers, W. M., Fraser, S. N., & Murray, T. C. (2004). Relationships between exercise regulations and motivational consequences in university students. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 75, 81-91.

Wilson, P. M., Rodgers, W. M., Hall, C. R., & Gammage, K. L. (2003). Do autonomous exercise regulations underpin different types of exercise imagery? Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 15, 294-306.

World Health Organization. (2012). Global recommendations on physical acitivity for health. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.