簡易檢索 / 詳目顯示

研究生: 楊筱琳
Yang-Hsiao-Lin
論文名稱: 影響烘焙創意因素之探討研究
A study of creative baking connotation
指導教授: 洪久賢
學位類別: 碩士
Master
系所名稱: 人類發展與家庭學系
Department of Human Development and Family Studies
論文出版年: 2005
畢業學年度: 93
語文別: 中文
論文頁數: 160
中文關鍵詞: 創意廚藝烘焙師創意
英文關鍵詞: creative cooking, bakers, creativity
論文種類: 學術論文
相關次數: 點閱:255下載:40
分享至:
查詢本校圖書館目錄 查詢臺灣博碩士論文知識加值系統 勘誤回報
  • 本研究旨在探討創意烘焙師的特質、影響創意烘焙師創造力的個人因素及環境因素,以及烘焙產品展現創意的面向。以質性研究法進行,研究對象的選擇,係以曾獲國際烘焙競賽獎之烘焙師及國際烘焙競賽評審為主,進行深度訪談,釐清創意烘焙師特質、創意烘焙產品面向,並以文件分析得獎烘焙師之烘焙產品相關資料,進行交叉檢證。本研究主要結果如下:
    創意烘焙師具備變通力、敏覺力、精進力與獨創力。人格特質為求知慾(好奇心、主動的求知慾、追根究底)、對生涯障礙有挑戰的勇氣(挑戰心、愈挫愈勇、企圖心)、對事物的熱情(專注力、投入、對專業領域之熱情)、開放的心胸(幽默感、興趣廣泛)、自信心胸(自信心、自傲)、追求完美(好勝心、高自我要求)、領導者特質(責任心、領導力、協調性)、刻苦耐勞(毅力、耐力)。影響創意烘焙師的因素包括:家庭因素(父母開明及支持的教養風格、親近自然的的生長環境、易於接觸廚藝領域的家庭環境)、成長及教育歷程(多元學習、開放的教育環境、師長的關懷與鼓勵)、組織環境(組織中的磨練、組織的壓力與目標、組織內外的競爭、關懷的組織氣氛、開放多元的領導風格、正向的組織文化、充足的資源、提供教育訓練等)、文化的衝擊及社會的變遷(媒體對廚師工作的傳導,對青年學子的影響)等。
    烘焙產品展現創意的面向包括口味(平衡的口味)、食材運用(傳統食材運用的突破、新食材與異國元素的加入)、製作技術的改良(設備與器具的創新、新技術的使用)、產品的呈現(產品的外觀、產品的呈現方式、產品意涵的表達、產品意境的描繪)、產品的符號意涵(產品設計的意涵、對傳統的重新詮釋)等。
    最後,為提升烘焙廚藝創意展現,根據本研究之發現,就個人、學校、業界以及未來研究方向四方面提出建議,作為烘焙教育與餐飲業界培育具創新能力烘焙師之參考。

    This research explores the characteristics of creative bakers, individual and environmental factors influencing the creativity of creative bakers, and the creative aspects of baking products. Qualitative research was adopted to conduct the research. Bakers who had won awards in international baking champagnes and judges for international baking champagnes were interviewed to figure out the qualities of creative bakers and the creative aspects of baking products. In addition, prize-winning bakers’ relevant materials about the baking products were analyzed to engage in cross examination. The findings of this research are as follows:
    Creative bakers are usually flexible, sensitive, competitive, and creative. They all have a thirst for knowledge (curious, yearning for knowledge, and inclined to raise one question after another), the courage to take challenges (adventurous, never be disheartened by frustrations, ambitious), the passion for things (concentrated, involved, and enthusiastic over the professional field), open-mindedness (humorous and interested in diverse things), confidence (confident and self-conceited), an orientation towards perfection (indomitable and self-disciplined), characteristics of leaders (responsible, able to be a leader, and capable of coordination), and industriousness (perseverant and patient) as the distinctive personalities. Factors influencing creative bakers include family (open and supportive upbringing, an environment close to the nature, and a family environment that has an access to cooking), courses of growth and education (multiple learning, an open environment for education, and the care and encouragement of teachers), the organizational environment (discipline in the organization, pressure and targets of the organization, internal and external competition, caring atmosphere of the organization, open and multiple leading style, positive organizational culture, sufficient resources, and trainings etc.), the cultural shock, and the changes of the society (the influences of the reports, regarding chefs covered by media, on young people).
    Creative aspects of baking products include flavors (balanced flavors), the utilization of food materials (breakthrough of conventional food material utilization, new food materials, and exotic ingredients), the improvement of manufacturing skills (innovation of equipment and utensils and the utilization of new techniques), the presentation of products (product appearance, product presentation, expression of the meanings of products, and description of the concepts of products), and the meanings of the product symbols (meanings of the product design and reinterpretation of the tradition).
    Lastly, in order to enhance the creativity of baking art, suggestions regarding individuals, schools, industries, and future researches were made. It is hoped that this research can be of help in baking education and the cultivation of creative bakers for food and beverage industries.

    目錄 第一章 緒論 1 第一節 研究背景與動機 1 第二節 研究目的 3 第三節 研究問題 4 第四節 名詞詮釋 5 第二章 文獻探討 6 第一節 創造力相關研究 7 第二節 烘焙創意相關之研究 27 第三節 創意廚師相關之研究 35 第三章 研究方法 51 第一節 研究架構 51 第二節 研究對象 52 第三節 研究工具 54 第四節 資料處理分析 56 第五節 研究程序 57 第四章 分析與討論 59 第一節 創意人 59 第二節 創意歷程 88 第三節 創意產品的面向 107 第四節 創意環境 116 第五章 結論與建議 145 第一節 結論 145 第二節 研究結果的建議 149 第三節 研究者的省思 152 參考文獻 153 中文部分 153 西文部分 154 表目錄 表2-1-1 創意六大心法 9 表2-2-1 高創意產品與低創意產品之評估 29 表2-3-1 傳統料理 40 表2-3-2 法式新料理 41 表3-2-1 研究對象背景 53 表4-1-1 創意人與創意烘焙師人格特質之比較 78 圖目錄 圖2-1-1 創意概念與具現化 9 圖2-1-2 日本人與美國人其創造心法之異同 10 圖2-1-3 創意六心法的提升 10 圖2-1-4 好面子對他人和組織創造性的影響 20 圖2-1-5 好面子而影響自己的創意 22 圖2-1-6 影響創造力負向因素圖 25 圖2-1-7 組織中影響創造力正向與負向因素圖 26 圖3-1-1 研究架構 51 圖3-5-1 研究步驟圖 58 圖4-4-1 組織中影響烘焙創造力正向與負向因素圖 140

    參考文獻
    一、中文部分
    吳招親(譯)(2004)。關於糖與麵包。烘焙工業,115,64-69。(內田迪丈夫,2004)
    毛連塭、郭有遹、陳龍安、林幸台(2000)。創造力研究。臺北市:心理。
    江羽慈(2002)。影響國小教師採用資訊科技創新教學因素之研究。國立交通大學教育研究所碩士論文,未出版。
    李敬思,(2003)。淺談代糖在烘焙的應用。烘焙工業,107,52-53。
    周婉萍(譯)(1997)。咖啡及茶飲料之包裝-復古與新潮。食品資訊,136,47-48。
    周清源(2001)。21世紀食品的展望。烘焙工業,100,23-25。
    邱浩政(2000)。組織創新環境的概念建構與測量工具發展。發表於國立政治大學主辦創新與創造力-技術創造力的含意與開發研討會,臺北市。
    林谷燁(1996)。日本麵包業最新促銷法(三)。烘焙工業,69,52-53。
    施坤河(2004)。中國烘焙業的現況與未來發展趨勢。烘焙工業,116,34-40。
    洪榮昭(1999)。培養創造性問題解決能力之教學策略探討。台灣教育,584,47-56。
    洪榮昭(1998)。創意領先。臺北市:張老師文化。
    徐華強(1996)。烘焙烤模(一)。烘焙工業,70,36-40。
    徐華強(2001)。如何振興傳統烘焙糕點與相關食品業。烘焙工業,98,62-66。
    郭有遹(1992)。發明心理學。臺北市:遠流。
    陳龍安(1988)。創造思考教學與理論。臺北市:心理。
    陳龍安(1995)。創造思考的教學與實際。臺北市:心理。
    黃益昌(1997)。女人也能主掌的事業-新世紀烘焙業。食品資訊,139,14-17。
    楊智先(2000)。教師工作動機、選擇壓力、社會互動與創造力之關係。國立政治大學教育研究所碩士論文,未出版,臺北市。
    葉玉珠(2000)。「創造力發展的生態系統模式」及其應用於科技與資訊領域之內涵分析。教育心理學報,32(1),95-122。
    詹志禹(2002)。創造力教育政策白皮書-小學階段。教育部顧問室。
    潘淑滿(2003)。質性研究:理論與應用。臺北市:心理。
    蘇衍綸(2001)。中華民國參加第三十六屆烘焙食品職類國際技能競賽系列報導(一)。烘焙工業,98,25-31。
    周敦懿、張德(譯)(1997)。專業西點烘焙入門。臺北市:品度。(Gisslen, W.,1994)

    二、西文部分
    Abra, J. (1991). Gender difference in creative achievement. New York: Springer-Verlag.
    Amabile, T. M. (1983). The social psychology of creativity. New York: Springer-Verlag.
    Amabile, T. M. (1988). A model of creativity and innovation in organizations. Research in Organizational Behavior, 10, 123-167.
    Amabile, T. M. (1996). Creativity in context. Boulder, CO: Westview.
    Amabile, T. M. (1998). A model of creativity and innovation in organizations. Research in Organizational behavior, 10(1), 123-167.
    Amabile, T. M., & Gryskiewicz, N. (1987). Creative in the R&D laboratory, Technical Report, 30, Center for Creative Leadership, Greensboro, NC.
    Amabile, T. M., & Gryskiewicz, N. (1989). The creative environment scales: the work environment inventory, Creativity Research Journal, 2, 231-254.
    Anderson, N., Hardy, G., & West, M. (1992). Management team innovation. Management Decision, 30(2), 17-21.
    Andorka Jr, F. H. (1998). Now it's cooking. Hotel and Motel Management, 213(15), 125.
    Andriopoulos, C. (2001). Determinants of organizational creativity: A literature review. Management Decision, 39(10), 834-840.
    Astin, A. W. (1993). What matters in college? Four critical years revisited. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
    Bal, S. (1988). Creativity, cognitive style and academic achievement amongst university student. Psychological Studies, 33(1), 10-13.
    Balazs, K. (2002). Take one entrepreneur:The recipe for success of france's great chefs. European Management Journal, 20, 247-259.
    Barrantes-Vidal, N., Caparros, B., & Obiols, J. E. (1999). An exploratory study of sex differences in divergent thinking and creative personality among college students. Psychological Reports, 85, 1164-1166.
    Black, S. (2003). The creative classroom. American School Board Journal, 9, 68-70.
    Bowers, K. S., Farvolden, P., & Mermigis, L. (1995). Intuitive antecedents of insight. In S. M. Smith, T. B. Ward, & R. A. Finke (Eds.), The creative cognition approach (pp. 27-51). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
    Borchgrevink, C. P., Nelson, R. H., & Ruf, J. L. (1999). It is a chef's life. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Education, 10, 13-17.
    Chan, D. W., & Chan, L. (1999). Implicit theories of creativity: Ateacher’s perception of student characteristics in Hong Kong. Creativity Research Journal, 12(3), 185-195.
    Cheung, C. K., Rudowicz, E., Yue, X., & Kwan, A. S. F. (2003). Creativity of university students: What is the impact of field and year of study? Journal of Creative Behavior, 37(1), 42-63.
    Christiaans, H. H. C. M. (2002). Creativity as a design criterion. Creativity Research Journal, 14(1), 41-54.
    Cole, D. G., Sugioka, H. L., & Yamagata-Lynch, L. C. (1999). Supportive classroom environments for creative in higher education. Journal of Creative Behavior, 33(4), 277-293.
    Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1990). The domain of creativity. In M. A. Runco & R. S. Albert (Eds.), Theories of creativity (pp. 190-212). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
    Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1996a). Creativity. New York: Harper Collins.
    Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1996b). Creativity: Flow and the psychology of discovery and invention. New York: Harper Collins Publishers.
    Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1999). Implications of a systems perspective for the study of creativity. In R.J.Sternberg (Ed.), Handbook of Creativity (pp.313-338). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
    Cwiertka, K. (1999). Culinary globalization and Japan. Japan echo, 26(3), 52-58.
    Dacey, J. S., & Lennon, K. H. (1998). Understanding creativity: The interplay of biological, psychological, and social factors. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
    Davies, T., & Gilbert, J. (2003). Modelling: Promoting creativity while forging links between science education and design and technology education. Canadian Journal of Science, Mathematics and Technology Education, 3(1), 67-82.
    Davis, G. A. (1991). Teaching creativity thinking. In N. Colangelo & G. A. Davis (Eds.), Handbook of gifted education (pp. 236-244). Boston: Allyn & Bacon.
    Davis, G. A. (1992). Creativity is forever. (3nd ed.). Dubuque, Iowa: Kendall Hunt Publishing.
    Dellas, M., & Gaier, E. L. (1970). Identification of creativity: The individual. Psychological Bulletin, 73, 55-73.
    Ekvall, G., & Ryhammar, L. (1999). The creative climate: Its determinants and effects at a Swedish university. Creativity Research Journal, 12(4), 303-310.
    Feldman, D. H. (1999). The development of creativity. In R. J. Sternberg (Ed.), Handbook of creativity (pp. 169-186). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
    Feldhusen, J. F., & Treffinger, D. J. (1980). Creative thinking and problem solving in gifted education. Dubuque, IA: Kendall/Hunt.
    Gardner, H. (1993a). Creating minds. NY: Basic books.
    Gardner, H. (1993b). Creating minds: An anatomy of creativity seenthrough the lives of Freud, Einstein, Pieasso, Stravinskv, Eliot, Gra-ham, and Gandhi. New York: Basic Books.
    Gazzoli, J. J. (1995). The recipe for “three star” management success. Trusts & Estates, 134(12), 8-14
    Gedo, J. E. (1997). Psychoanalytic theories of creativity. In M. A. Runcofed, The creativity, research handbook (Vol. 1, pp. 29-39). Cresskill, NJ: Hampton Press.
    Getzels, J., & Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1976). The creative vision: A longitudinal study of problem finding in art, New Pork: John Wiley & Sons.
    Guastello, S. J., Bzdawka, A., Guastello, D. D., & Rieke, M. L. (1992). Cognitive abilities and creative behavior: CAB-5 and consequences. Journal of Creative Behavior, 26(4), 260-267.
    Guilford, J. P. (1950). Creativity. American Psychologist, 5, 444-454.
    Guilford, J. P. (1957). Creative abilities in the arts. Psychological Review, 64, 110–118.
    Guilford, J. P. (1967). The natutv of human intelligence. New York: McGraw-Hill.
    Gujral, H. S., & Rosell, C.M. (2004). Improvement of the breadmaking quality of rice our by glucose oxidase. Food Research International, 37, 75-81.
    Gurteen, D. (1998). Knowledge, creativity and innovation. Journal of Knowledge Management, 2, 5–13.
    Harrington, D. M. (1990). The ecology of human creativity: A psychological perspective. In M. A. Runco & R. S. Albert (Eds.), Theories of creativity (pp. 143-169). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
    Harris, M. (1971). Culture, Man, and Nature. An Introduction to General Anthropology. New York: T. Y. Crowell Company.
    Hartley, J., & Greggs, M. A. (1997). Divergent thinking in arts and science: Contrary imaginations at Keele revisited. Studies in Higher Education, 22(1), 93-97.
    Heap, J. (1989). The Management of Innovation and Design. Cassell, London.
    Hegarty, J. A., & O’Mahony, G. B. (2001). Gastronomy: A phenomenon of cultural expressionism and an aesthetic for living . International Journal of Hospitality Management, 20, 3-13.
    Houtz, J. C., Selby, E., Esquivel, G. B., Okoye, R. A., & Peters, K. M. (2003). Creativity styles and personal type. Creativity Research Journal, 15(4), 321-330.
    Horng, J. S., Hong, J. C., ChanLin, L. j., Chang, S. H., & Chu, H. C. (2005). Creative teachers and creative teaching strategies. International Journal of Consurner Studies, 29(4), 352-358.
    James, K., Clark, K., & Cropanzano, R. (1999). Positive and negative creativity in groups, institutions, and organizations: A model and theoretical extension. Creativity Research Journal, 12(3), 211-226.
    Johnson, D. L. (1974). College students’ scores on Torrance’s tests of creative thinking. Psychological Reports, 35, 65-66.
    Kay, S. (1998). Curriculum and the creative process: Contributions in memory of A Harry Passow. Roeper Review, 21(1), 5-13.
    Kroeber, A. L. (1944). Configurations of culture growth. Berkeley: Uni-versity of California Press.
    Kurtzberg, T. R., & Amabile, T. M. (2001). From Guildford to creative synergy: Opening the black box of team-level creativity. Creativity Research Journal, 13(4), 285-294.
    Lashley, C., & Morrison, A. (2000). In search of hospitality: Theoretical perspectives and debates. Woburn, MA: Butterworty-Heinemann.
    Lowenfeld, V. (1962). Creativity: Education’s stepchild, In S. J. Parnes & H. F. Harding (Eds.), Source book for creative thinking, New Pork: Charles Scribner’s Sons.
    Lykken, D. T. (1998). The genetics of genius. In A. Steptoe (Ed.), Geniusand the mind: Studies of creativity and temperament in the historicalrecord (pp. 15-37). New York: Oxford University Press.
    Martindale, C. (1999). Biological bases of creativity. In R. J. Sternberg (Eds.), Handbook of Creativity (pp.137-152). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
    Mayer, R. E. (1989). Fifty years of creative research. In R. J. Stenberg (Ed.), Handbook of Creativity (pp.449-460). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
    McCoy, J. M., & Evans, G.W. (2002). The potential role of the physical environment in fostering creativity. Creativity Research Journal,14(3&4), 409-426.
    Mohamed, M. Z., & Rickards, T. (1996). Assessing and comparing the innovativeness and creative climate of firms.
    Morganett, L. (1991). Good teacher-student relationships: A key element in classroom motivation and management. Education, 112, 260-264.
    Mumford, M. D., & Gustafson, S. B. (1988). Creativity syndrome: Integration, application and innovation. Psychological Bulletin, 103, 27-43.
    Niaz, M., Nunez, G. S., & De Pineda, I. R. (2000). Academic performance of high school students as a function of mental capacity, cognitive style, mobility-fixity dimension, and creativity. Journal of Creative Behavior, 34(1), 18-27.
    Noppe, L. D. (1985). The relationship of formal thought and cognitive styles to creativity, Journal of Creative Behavior, 19, 88-96.
    Oldham, G. R., & Cummings, A. (1996). Employees creativity: Personal and contextual factors at work. Academy of Management Journal, 39(3), 607-634.
    Olivia, C. (2002). You’re a what? Research chef. Occupational Outlook Quarterly, fall, 46-47.
    Perlik, A. (2002). Chefs a la mode. Restaurant & Institution, 15, 40-52.
    Perlik, A., Sheridan, M., & Yee, L. (2003). Kitchen conjurers: Fifteen chefs worth watching as they help shape foodservice's future. Restaurant & Institution, 113(27), 20-36.
    Pratten, J. D. (2003). What makes a great chef? British Food Journal, 105, 454-459.
    Quinn, J. B. (May-June, 1985), Managing innovation: Controlled chaos, Harvard Business Review, 73-84.
    Rao, H., Monin, P., Durand, R., & Lyon, E. M. (2003). Institutional Change in Toque Villa:Nouvelle Cuisine as an Identity Movement in French Gastronomy. The American Journal of Sociology, 108(4), 795-843.
    Raw, J. S., & Marjoribanks, K. (1991). Family and school correlates of adolescents’ creativity, morality and concept. Educational Studies, 17(2), 183-190.
    Rhodes, M. (1961). An analysis of creativity. In S. G. Isaksen (Ed.), Frontiers of Creativity Research (pp.216-222). NY: Bearly Limited.
    Santich, B. (2004). The study of gastronomy and its relevance to hospitality education and training. Hospitality Management, 23, 15-24.
    Schooler. J. W., & Melcher, J. (1995). The ineffability of insight. In S. M. Smith, T. B. Ward, & R. A. Finke (Eds.), The creative cognition approach (pp. 97-133). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
    Sen, A. K., & Hagtvet, K. A. (1993). Correlations among creativity, intelligence, personality, and academic achievement. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 77, 497-498.
    Shalley, C. E., & Perry-Smith, J. E. (2001). Effects of social –psychological factors on creative performance: The role of informational and controlling expected evaluation and modeling experience. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Process, 84(1), 1-22.
    Simonton, D. K. (1987). Developmental antecedents of achieved eminence. Annals of Child Development, 5, 131-169.
    Simonton, D. K. (1988a). Scientific genius: A psychology of science. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
    Simonton, D. K. (1988b). Age and outstanding achievement: What do we know after a century of research? Psychological Bulletin, 104, 251-267.
    Simonton, D. K. (1994). Greatness: Who makes history and why. New York: Guilford Press.
    Simonton, D. K. (1999a). Creativity from a historic perspective. In R. J. Sternberg (Ed.), Handbook of creativity (pp. 116-133). New York: Cambridge University Press.
    Simonton, D. K. (1999b). Talent and its development: An emergenic andepigenetic model. Psychological Review, 106, 435-457.
    Simonton, D. K. (2000). Creativity: Cognitive, personal, developmental, and social aspects. American Psychologist, 55(1), 151-158.
    Starko, A. J. (1995). Creativity in the classroom: School of curious delight, New York: Longman.
    Sternberg, R. J. (1988). The nature of creativity. New York:Cambridge University Press.
    Sternberg, R. J. (1996). Successful intelligence: How practical and creative intelligence determine success in life. New York: Simon & Schuster.
    Sternberg, R. J., & Davidson, J. E. (Eds.). (1995). The nature of insight. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
    Sternberg, R. J., & Lubart, T. I. (1991). An investment theory of creativity and its development. Human Development, 34, 1-32.
    Sternberg, R. J., & Lubart, T. I. (1993). Creative giftedness: A multivariate investment approach. Gift Child Quarterly, 37(1), 7-15.
    Sternberg, R. J., & Lubart, T. I. (1995). Defying the crowd: Cultivating creativity in a culture of conformity. NY: Free Press.
    Sternberg, R. J., & Lubart, T. I. (1999). The concept of creativity: Prospects and paradigms. In R. J. Sternberg (Ed.), Handbook of Creativity (pp.3-15). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
    Sternberg, R. J., & Williams, W. M. (1996). How to develop student creativity. Alexandria, VA: Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development.
    Tan, R.G. (2001). Singaporeon teachers’ perception of activities useful for fostering creativity. Journal of Creative Behavior, 35(2), 131-148.
    Therdthai, N., Zhou, W., & Adamczak, T. (2002). Optimisation of the temperature profile in bread baking. Journal of Food Engineering, 55, 41-48.
    Tierney, P., & Farmer, S. M.(2002).Creative self-efficacy: its potential antecedents and relationship to creative performance. Academy of Management Journal, 45(6), 1137-1148.
    Tierney, P., & Farmer, S. M. (2004). The pygmalion process and employee creativity. Journal of Management, 30(3), 413-432.
    Torrance, E. P. (1974). Norms and technical manual: Torrance tests of creative thinking (Revised edition), Bensenville, IL: Scholastic Testing Service.
    Torrance, E. P. (1988). The nature of creativity as manifest in it’s testing. In R. J. Sternberg (Ed.), The Nature of Creativity (pp. 43-75). New York: Cambridge Universuty Press.
    Torrance, E. P. (1999). Torrance test of creative thinking: Norms and teaching manual. Beaconville, IL: Scholastic Testing Services.
    Tormod, N., & Tone, E. N. (2004). Creative design─an efficient tool for product development. Food Quality and Preference, 15, 97-104.
    Wallace, D. B., & Gruber, H. E. (Eds.). (1989). Creative people at work: Twelve cognitive case studies. New York: Oxford University Press.
    Wallach, M. S. (1967). Creativity and the expression of possibilities. In Kagan, J. (Ed). Creativity and learning. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
    Wallas, G. (1926). The art of thought. NY: Harcour Brance and World.
    Wong, C. S., & Pang, W. L. (2003). Barriers to creativity in the hotel industry-perspectives of managers and supervisors. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 15(1), 29-37.
    Westby, E. L., & Dawson, V. L. (1995). Creativity: Asset or burden in the classroom? Creativity Research Journal, 8, 1-10.
    Woodman, R.W., Sawyer, J. E., & Griffin, R. W. (1993). Toward a theory of organizational creativity. Academy of Management Review, 18, 293-321.
    Wong, C. S., & Pang, W. L. (2003). Barriers to creativity in the hotel industry-perspectives of managers and and supervisors. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 15(1), 29-37.
    Yetzer, E. (2001). Mentoring, creativity in cooking enhance role in foodservice. Hotel and Motel Management, 5, 69.

    QR CODE