無

To date, more and more organizations believe learning and innovation can become one of competitive advantages. Learning goal orientation has regarded as a stable personality characteristic in goal and learning theory, thus numerous studies of LGO focused on other specific issues gradually. Through the different extents of LGO, employees may reveal more innovative work behavior toward individual development and growth only if they perceive the supporting conditions from organizations which would affect their innovative intentions. Hence, how to retain and attract talents with LGO becomes a crucial concern in organizations. This original value contributes to theoretical theories and practical workplace environment, and indicating the real phenomenon in organizations in Taiwan. The purpose of the study aimed to investigate the relationships among learning goal orientation, innovative work behavior and supportive learning environment. The two objectives in this study are exploring the relationship between learning goal orientation and innovative work behavior and the moderating effect of supportive learning environment on the relationship between learning goal orientation and innovative work behavior. This study utilized quantitative method and data from 266 white-collar expatriates who work in Taiwan currently through online surveys and paper-based questionnaires. The statistical tools of SPSS v22.0 and AMOS v22.0 were used to analyze hierarchical regression and confirmatory factor analysis. The result shown that learning goal orientation was significantly positive related to innovative work behavior. Besides, the moderating role of supportive learning environment was significantly related to proposed assumption.

Afsar, B. F., Badir, Y., & Bin Saeed, B. (2014). Transformational leadership and innovative work behavior. Industrial Management & Data Systems, 114(8), 1270-1300.

Afsar, B. F., Badir, Y., & Khan, M. M. (2015). Person-job fit, person-organization fit and innovative work behavior: The mediating role of innovation trust. The Journal of High Technology Management Research, 26(2), 105-116.

Agarwal, U. A., Datta, S., Blake-Beard, S., & Bhargava, S. (2012). Linking LMX, innovative work behavior and turnover intentions: The mediating role of work engagement. Career Development International, 17(3), 208-230.

Aiken, L. S., West, S. G., & Reno, R. R. (1991). Multiple regression: Testing and interpreting interactions. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.

Amabile, T. M. (1983). The social psychology of creativity: A componential conceptualization. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 45(2), 357-376.

Amabile, T. M. (1996). Creativity in context. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.

Amabile, T. M. (1997). Motivating creativity in organizations: On doing what you love and loving what you do. California Management Review, 40(1), 39-58.

Amabile, T. M., Schatzel, E. A., Moneta, G. B., & Kramer, S. J. (2004). Leader behaviors and the work environment for creativity: Perceived leader support. The Leadership Quarterly, 15(1), 5-32.

Ames, C., & Archer, J. (1988). Achievement goals in the classroom: Students' learning strategies and motivation processes. Journal of Educational Psychology, 80(3), 260-267.

Anderson, N., De Dreu, C. K., & Nijstad, B. A. (2004). The routinization of innovation research: A constructively critical review of the state-of-the-science. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 25(2), 147-173.

Ang, S., Van Dyne, L., & Begley, T. M. (2003). The employment relationships of foreign workers versus local employees: A field study of organizational justice, job satisfaction, performance, and OCB. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 24(5), 561-583.

Armstrong, S. J., & Mahmud, A. (2008). Experiential learning and the acquisition of managerial tacit knowledge. Academy of Management Learning & Education, 7(2), 189-208.

Bacon, D. R., Sauer, P. L., & Young, M. (1995). Composite reliability in structural equations modeling. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 55(3), 394-406.

Baer, M. (2012). Putting creativity to work: The implementation of creative ideas in organizations. Academy of Management Journal, 55(5), 1102-1119.

Bakker, A. B., & Leiter, M. P. (2010). Where to go from here: Integration and future research on work engagement. In A. B. Bakker, & M. P. Leiter (Eds.), Work engagement: A handbook of essential theory and research, psychology press (pp. 181-196). New York, NY: Psychology Press.

Bandura, A. (1986). Social foundation of thought and action: A social cognitive theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.

Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social
psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of
Personality and Social Psychology, 51(6), 1173-1182.

Baum, J. R., Bird, B. J., & Singh, S. (2011). The practical intelligence of entrepreneurs: Antecedents and a link with new venture growth. Personnel Psychology, 64(2), 397-425.

Baum, J. R., & Locke, E. A. (2004). The relationship of entrepreneurial traits, skill, and motivation to subsequent venture growth. Journal of Applied Psychology, 89(4), 587-598.

Berry, J. W. (1997). Immigration, acculturation, and adaptation. Applied Psychology, 46(1), 5-34.

Billett, B. (2001). Learning through work: Workplace affordances and individual engagement. Journal of Workplace Learning, 13(5), 209-214.

Bindl, U. K., Parker, S. K., Totterdell, P., & Hagger-Johnson, G. (2012). Fuel of the self-starter: How mood relates to proactive goal regulation. Journal of Applied Psychology, 97(1), 134-150.

Black, J. S., & Gregersen, H. B. (1999). The right way to manage expats. Harvard Business Review, 77(2), 52-59.

Black, J. S., & Mendenhall, M. (1990). Cross-cultural training effectiveness: A review and a theoretical framework for future research. Academy of Management Review, 15(1), 113-136.

Black, J. S., Mendenhall, M., & Oddou, G. (1991). Toward a comprehensive model of international adjustment: An integration of multiple theoretical perspectives. Academy of Management Review, 16(2), 291-317.

Boud, D., & Garrick, J. (2000). Understanding learning at work. In Routledge (Eds.), London: Taylor & Francis, US.

Brandstätter, V., Heimbeck, D., Malzacher, J., & Frese, M. (2003). Goals need implementation intentions: The model of action phases tested in the applied setting of continuing education. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 12(1), 37-59.

Brett, J. F., & VandeWalle, D. (1999). Goal orientation and goal content as predictors of performance in a training program. Journal of Applied Psychology, 84(6), 863-873.

Brewer, M. B. (1991). The social self: On being the same and different at the same time. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 17(5), 475-482.

Brown, K. G. (2001). Using computers to deliver training: Which employees learn and why? Personnel Psychology, 54(2), 271-296.

Brown, T. A. (2006). Confirmatory factor analysis for applied research. New York: Guilford.

Browne, M. W., & Cudeck, R. (1993). Alternative ways of assessing model fit. In K. A. Bollen, & J. S. Long (Eds.), Testing structural equation models (pp. 136-162). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.

Burris, E. R. (2012). The risks and rewards of speaking up: Managerial responses to employee voice. Academy of Management Journal, 55(4), 851-875.

Button, S. B., Mathieu, J. E., & Zajac, D. M. (1996). Goal orientation in organizational research: A conceptual and empirical foundation. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 67(1), 26-48.

Bysted, R. (2013). Innovative employee behavior: The moderating effects of mental involvement and job satisfaction on contextual variables. European Journal of Innovation Management, 16(3), 1-13.

Caligiuri, P. M. (2000a). The big five personality characteristics as predictors of expatriate's desire to terminate the assignment and supervisor-rated performance. Personnel Psychology, 53(1), 67-88.

Caligiuri, P. M. (2000b). Selecting expatriates for personality characteristics: A moderating effect of personality on the relationship between host national contact and cross-cultural adjustment. Management International Review, 40(1), 61-80.

Camisón, C., & Villar-López, A. (2011). Non-technical innovation: Organizational memory and learning capabilities as antecedent factors with effects on sustained competitive advantage. Industrial Marketing Management, 40(8), 1294-1304.

Carmeli, A., & Schaubroeck, J. (2007). The influence of leaders’ and other referents’ normative expectations on individual involvement in creative work. Leadership Quarterly, 18(1), 35-48.

Chang, S. C., & Lee, M. S. (2008). The linkage between knowledge accumulation capability and organizational innovation. Journal of Knowledge Management, 12(1), 3-20.

Chen, G., & Mathieu, J. (2008). Goal orientation dispositions and performance trajectories: The roles of supplementary and complementary situational inducements. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 106(1), 21-38.

Cheung, S. O., Wong, P. S., & Lam, A. L. (2012). An investigation of the relationship between organizational culture and the performance of construction organizations. Journal of Business Economics and Management, 13(4), 688-704.

Chughtai, A. A., & Buckley, F. (2010). Assessing the effects of organizational identification on in-role job performance and learning behaviour: The mediating role of learning goal orientation. Personnel Review, 39(2), 242-258.

Chughtai, A. A., & Buckley, F. (2011). Work engagement: Antecedents, the mediating role of learning goal orientation and job performance. Career Development International, 16(7), 684-705.

Clarke, N. (2005). Workplace learning environment and its relationship with learning outcomes in healthcare organizations. Human Resource Development International, 8(2), 185-205.

Clegg, C., Unsworth, K., Epitropaki, O., & Parker, G. (2002). Implicating trust in the innovation process. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 75(4), 409-422.

Cohen, J., Cohen, P., West, S. G., & Aiken, L. S. (2013). Applied multiple regression/correlation analysis for the behavioral sciences. Hillsdale, NJ: Routledge.

Cohen, W. M., & Levinthal, D. A. (1990). Absorptive capacity: A new perspective on learning and innovation. Administrative Science Quarterly, 35(1), 128-152.

Colquitt, J. A., & Simmering, M. J. (1998). Conscientiousness, goal orientation, and motivation to learn during the learning process: A longitudinal study. Journal of Applied Psychology, 83(4), 654-665.

Conlon, T. J. (2004). A review of informal learning literature, theory and implications for practice in developing global professional competence. Journal of European Industrial Training, 28(2), 283-295.

Cronin, C. (2014). Workplace learning: A healthcare perspective. Education+ Training, 56(4), 329-342.

Cropanzano, R., & Wright, T. A. (2001). When a "happy" worker is really a "productive" worker: A review and further refinement of the happy-productive worker thesis. Consulting Psychology Journal: Practice and Research, 53(3), 182-199.

Davis, J. A. (1971). Elementary survey analysis. NJ, Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall.

De Clercq, D., Honig, B., & Martin, B. (2012). The roles of learning orientation and passion for work in the formation of entrepreneurial intention. International Small Business Journal, 31(6), 652-676.

De Jong, J. P., & Den Hartog, D. N. (2007). How leaders influence employees’ innovative behavior. European Journal of Innovation Management, 10(1), 41-64.

Detert, J. R., & Burris, E. R. (2007). Leadership behavior and employee voice: Is the door really open? Academy of Management Journal, 50(4), 869-884.

Dirks, K. T., & Ferrin, D. L. (2002). Trust in leadership: Meta-analytic findings and implications for research and practice. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87(4), 611-628.

Dobni, C. B. (2010). Achieving synergy between strategy and innovation: The key to value creation. International Journal of Business Science and Applied Management, 5(1), 49-58.

Dweck, C. S. (1986). Motivational processes affecting learning. American Psychologist, 41(10), 1040-1048.

Dweck, C. S. (1999). Self-theories: Their role in motivation, personality, and development. Philadelphia, PA: Psychology Press.

Dweck, C. S., & Leggett, E. L. (1988). A social-cognitive approach to motivation and personality. Psychological Review, 95(2), 256-273.

Edmondson, A. (1999). Psychological safety and learning behavior in work teams. Administrative Science Quarterly, 44(2), 350-383.

Egan, T. M. (2008). The relevance of organizational subculture for motivation to transfer learning. Human Resource Development Quarterly, 19(4), 299-322.

Elliott, E. S., & Dweck, C. S. (1988). Goals: An approach to motivation and achievement. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54(1), 5-12.

Executive Yuan, Republic of China (Taiwan) (2016). Retrieved from http://www.ey.gov.tw/News_Content.aspx?n=4E506D8D07B5A38D&s=6C01F6DF963A9C51.

Farr, F., & Ford, C. (1990). Individual innovation. In M. A. West, & J. L. Farr (Eds.), Innovation and creativity at work: Psychological and organizational strategies (pp. 63-80). Chichester, England: Wiley.

Fiol, C. M. (1996). Squeezing harder doesn’t always work: Continuing the search for consistency in innovation research. Academy of Management Review, 21(4), 1012-1021.

Fisher, S. L., & Ford, J. K. (1998). Differential effects of learner effort and goal orientation on two learning outcomes. Personnel Psychology, 51(2), 397-420.

Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error: Algebra and statistics. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(3) 382-388.

Fritz, C., & Sonnentag, S. (2009). Antecedents of day-level proactive behavior: A look at job stressors and positive affect during the workday. Journal of Management, 35(1), 94-111.

Froese, F. J. (2012). Motivation and adjustment of self-initiated expatriates: The case of expatriate academics in South Korea. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 23(6), 1095-1112.

Garvin, D., Edmonson, A. C., & Gino, F. (2008). Is yours a learning organization? Harvard Business Review, 86(3), 109-116.

Gieskes, J. F. B., Hyland, P. W., & Magnusson, M. G. (2002). Organizational learning barriers in distributed product development: Observations from a multinational corporation. Journal of Workplace Learning, 14(8), 310-319.

Gollwitzer, P. M. (1990). Action phases and mind-sets. In E. T. Higgins, & R. M. Sorrentino (Eds.), Handbook of motivation and cognition (pp. 53-92). New York, NY: Guilford Press.

Gollwitzer, P. M. (1993). Goal achievement: The role of intentions. European Review of Social Psychology, 4(1), 141-185.

Gong, Y., & Fan, J. (2006). Longitudinal examination of the role of goal orientation in cross-cultural adjustment. Journal of Applied Psychology, 91(1), 176-184.

Gong, Y., Huang, J. C., & Farh, J. L. (2009). Employee learning orientation, transformational leadership, and employee creativity: The mediating role of employee creative self-efficacy. Academy of Management Journal, 52(4), 765-778.

Grant, H., & Dweck, C. S. (2003). Clarifying achievement goals and their impact. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85(3), 541-553.

Grant, A. M., & Gino, F. (2010). A little thanks goes a long way: Explaining why gratitude expressions motivate prosocial behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 98(6), 946-955.

Hair, J. T., Anderson R. E., Tatham, R. L., & Black, W. C. (1997). Multivariate data analysis with readings (3rd ed.). New York, NY: Macmillan.

Hair, J. F., Anderson, R. E., Tatham, R. L., & Black, W. C. (1998). Multivariate data analysis, (5th ed.). New York, NY: Prentice Hall International.

Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2009). Multivariate data analysis: A global perspective (7th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.

Hammond, M. M., Neff, N. L., Farr, J. L., Schwall, A. R., & Zhao, X. Y. (2011). Predictors of individual-level innovation at work: A meta-analysis. Psychology of Aesthetics Creativity and the Arts, 5(1), 90-105.

Harrison, D. A., McLaughlin, M. E., & Coalter, T. M. (1996). Context, cognition, and common method variance: Psychometric and verbal protocol evidence. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 68(3), 246-261.

Harrison, M. M., Neff, N. L., Schwall, A. R., & Zhao, X. (2006, April). A meta-analytic investigation of individual creativity and innovation. Paper presented at the 21st Annual Conference for the Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology, Dallas, TX.

Hartmann, A. (2006). The role of organizational culture in motivating innovative behaviour in construction firms. Construction Innovation, 6(3), 159-172.

Henseler, J., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2015). A new criterion for assessing discriminant validity in variance-based structural equation modeling. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 43(1), 115-135.

Hertenstein, E. J. (2001). Goal orientation and practice condition as predictors of training results. Human Resource Development Quarterly, 12(4), 403-419.

Hirst, G., Van Knippenberg, D., & Zhou, J. (2009). A cross-level perspective on employee creativity: Goal orientation, team learning behavior, and individual creativity. Academy of Management Journal, 52(2), 280-293.

Honig, B. (2004). Entrepreneurship education: Toward a model of contingency-based business planning. Academy of Management Learning & Education, 3(3), 258-273.

Hooper, D., Coughlan, J., & Mullen, M. R. (2008). Structural equation modeling: Guidelines for determining model fit. Electronic Journal of Business Research Methods, 6(1), 53-60.

Horn, C. E., & Schaffner, H. A. (2003). Work in America: An encyclopedia of history, policy, and society. Santa Barbara, CA and Oxford: ABC-CLIO.

Hu, L. T., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6(1), 1-55.

Hung, R. Y. Y., Yang, B., Lien, B. Y. H., McLean, G. N., & Kuo, Y. M. (2010). Dynamic capability: Impact of process alignment and organizational learning culture on performance. Journal of World Business, 45(3), 285-294.

Jacobs, R. L., & Park, R. (2009). A proposed conceptual framework of workplace learning: Implications for theory development and research in human resource development. Human Resource Development Review, 8(2), 133-150.

James, L. A., & James, L. R. (1989). Integrating work environment perceptions: Explorations into the measurement of meaning. Journal of Applied Psychology, 74(5), 739-751.

Janssen, O. (2000). Job demands, perceptions of effort‐reward fairness and innovative work behavior. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 73(3), 287-302.

Janssen, O. (2001). Fairness perceptions as a moderator in the curvilinear relationships between job demands, and job performance and job satisfaction. Academy of Management Journal, 44(5), 1039-1050.

Janssen, O. (2003). Innovative behavior and job involvement at the price of conflict and less satisfactory relations with co-workers. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 76(3), 347-364.

Janssen, O. (2004). How fairness perceptions make innovative behavior more or less stressful. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 25(2), 201-215.

Janssen, O. (2005). The joint impact of perceived influence and supervisor supportiveness on employee innovative behavior. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 78(4), 573-579.

Janssen, O., & Van Yperen, N. W. (2004). Employees’ goal orientations, the quality of leader-member exchange, and the outcomes of job performance and job satisfaction. Academy of Management Journal, 47(3), 368-384.

Jha, S. (2014). Transformational leadership and psychological empowerment: Determinants of organizational citizenship behavior. South Asian Journal of Global Business Research, 3(1), 18-35.

Joy, S., & Kolb, D. A. (2009). Are there cultural differences in learning style? International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 33(1), 69-85.

Jung, D. I., Chow, C., & Wu, A. (2003). The role of transformational leadership in enhancing organizational innovation: Hypotheses and some preliminary findings. The Leadership Quarterly, 14(4), 525-544.

Kanter, R. M. (1983). The change masters: Innovations for productivity in American corporations. New York, NY: Simon & Schuster.

Kanter, R. M. (1988). Three tiers for innovation research. Communication Research, 15(5), 509-523.

Kaufman, H. G. (1974). Obsolescence and professional career development. New York: AMACOM.

Kendall, P. C., Chu, B., Gifford, A., Hayes, C., & Nauta, M. (1999). Breathing life into a manual: Flexibility and creativity with manual-based treatments. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 5(2), 177-198.

Khosrow-Pour, M. (2006). Dictionary of information science and technology. Hershey, PA, USA: Idea Group Reference.

Kim, Y. Y. (1995). Cross-cultural adaptation: An integrative theory. In R. L. Wiseman
(Ed.), Intercultural communication theory (pp. 170-193). Thousand Oaks: Sage.

Kim, T. T., & Lee, G. (2013). Hospitality employee knowledge-sharing behaviors in the relationship between goal orientations and service innovative behavior. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 34, 324-337.

Kolb, D. A. (1984). Experiential learning. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.

Lancaster, S., & Di Milia, L. (2014). Organisational support for employee learning: An employee perspective. European Journal of Training and Development, 38(7), 642-657.

Lin, Y. C. (2015). Are you a protean talent? The influence of protean career attitude, learning-goal orientation and perceived internal and external employability. Career Development International, 20(7), 753-772.

Lu, L., Lin, X., & Leung, K. (2012). Goal orientation and innovative performance: The mediating roles of knowledge sharing and perceived autonomy. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 42(1), 180-197.

MacCallum, R. C., & Austin, J. T. (2000). Applications of structural equation modeling in psychological research. Annual Review of Psychology, 51(1), 201-226.

MacCallum, R. C., Browne, M. W., & Sugawara, H. M. (1996). Power analysis and determination of sample size for covariance structure modeling. Psychological Methods, 1(2), 130-149.

Maden, C. (2015). Linking high involvement human resource practices to employee proactivity: The role of work engagement and learning goal orientation. Personnel Review, 44(5), 720-738.

Marsick, V. J., & Watkins, K. E. (1990). Informal and incidental learning in the workplace. New York, NY: Routledge & Kegan Paul.

Marsick, V. J., & Watkins, K. E. (2003). Demonstrating the value of an organization's learning culture: The dimensions of the learning organization questionnaire. Advances in Developing Human Resources, 5(2), 132-151.

Martocchio, J. J., & Hertenstein, E. J. (2003). Learning orientation and goal orientation context: Relationships with cognitive and affective learning outcomes. Human Resource Development Quarterly, 14(4), 413-434.

McCotter, S. S. (2001). Collaborative groups as professional development. Teaching and Teacher Education, 17(6), 685-704.

McEvoy, G. M., & Parker, B. (1995). Expatriate adjustment: Causes and consequences. In J. Selmer (Ed.), Expatriate management (pp. 97-114). Westport, CT: Quorum Books.

Mendenhall, M., & Oddou, G. (1985). The dimensions of expatriate acculturation: A review. Academy of Management Review, 10(1), 39-47.

Milliken, F. J., Morrison, E. W., & Hewlin, P. F. (2003). An exploratory study of employee silence: Issues that employees don’t communicate upward and why. Journal of Management Studies, 40(6), 1453-1476.

Ministry of Labor, Republic of China (Taiwan) (2016). Retrieved from http://statdb.mol.gov.tw/html/mon/c12100.htm.

Montani, F., Odoardi, C., & Battistelli, A. (2014). Individual and contextual determinants of innovative work behaviour: Proactive goal generation matters. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 87(4), 645-670.

Mumford, M. D., & Gustafson, S. B. (1988). Creativity syndrome: Integration, application, and innovation. Psychological Bulletin, 103(1), 27-43.

Mumford, M. D., Mobley, M. I., Reiter-Palmon, R., Uhlman, C. E., & Doares, L. M. (1991). Process analytic models of creative capacities. Creativity Research Journal, 4(2), 91-122.

Mumford, M. D., Scott, G. M., Gaddis, B., & Strange, J. M. (2002). Leading creative people: Orchestrating expertise and relationships. The Leadership Quarterly, 13(6), 705-750.

Mytelka, L. K., & Smith, K. (2002). Policy learning and innovation theory: An interactive and co-evolving process. Research Policy, 31(8), 1467-1479.

Oldham, G. R., & Baer, M. (2012). Creativity and the work context. In M. D. Mumford (Ed.), Handbook of organizational creativity (pp. 387-420). San Diego, CA: Elsevier.

Oldham, G. R., & Cummings, A. (1996). Employee creativity: Personal and contextual factors at work. Academy of Management Journal, 39(3), 607-634.

Onstenk, J. H. A. M. (1997). Learning how to combine work and learning: Broad occupational competency and the integration of learning, working and innovation. (Unpublished Doctor of Philosophy thesis). University of Nijmegen, Delft, Netherlands: Eburon.

Owen, C. A. (2002). The role of organizational context in mediating workplace learning and performance. Computers in Human Behavior, 17(5), 597-614.

Parker, S. K., Bindl, U. K., & Strauss, K. (2010). Making things happen: A model of proactive motivation. Journal of Management, 36(4), 827-856.

Parker, S. K., & Collins, C. G. (2010). Taking stock: Integrating and differentiating multiple proactive behaviors. Journal of Management, 36(3), 633-662.

Payne, S. C., Youngcourt, A. A., & Beaubien, J. M. (2007). A meta-analytic examination of the goal orientation nomological net. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92(1), 128-150.

Piaget, J. (1950). The psychology of intelligence. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.

Pieterse, A. N., van Knippenberg, D., Schippers, M., & Stam, D. (2010). Transformational and transactional leadership and innovative behavior: The moderating role of psychological empowerment. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 31(4), 609-623.

Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Lee, J. Y., & Podsakoff, N. P. (2003). Common method biases in behavioral research: A critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(5), 879-903.

Porath, C. L., & Bateman, T. S. (2006). Self-regulation: From goal orientation to job performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 91(1), 185-192.

Potosky, D. (2010). Goal orientation, learning self-efficacy, and climate perceptions in a post-acquisition corporate context. Human Resource Development Quarterly, 21(3), 273-289.

Potosky, D., & Ramakrishna, H. V. (2002). The moderating role of updating climate perceptions in the relationship between goal orientation, self-efficacy, and job performance. Human Performance, 15(3), 275-297.

Prabhu, V., Sutton, C., & Sauser, W. (2008). Creativity and certain personality traits: Understanding the mediating effect of intrinsic motivation. Creativity Research Journal, 20(1), 53-66.

Quinn, R. E., Faerman, S. R., Thompson, M. P., & McGrath, M. R. (1996). Becoming a master manager: A competency framework (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Wiley.

Redmond, M. R., Mumford, M. D., & Teach, R. (1993). Putting creativity to work: Effects of leader behavior on subordinate creativity. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 55(1), 120-151.

Roberson, L., & Alsua, C. J. (2002). Moderating effects of goal orientation on the negative consequences of gender-based preferential selection. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 87(1), 103-135.

Rupprecht, M., Mulder, R. H., Gruber, H., & Neumann, W. (2011). Fostering innovative behavior and dealing with diversity in consulting teams. In IPOB (Ed.), The future of knowledge-intensive service work: Theory and practice of managing human and organizational resources (pp. 153-181). Marburg, Germany: Metropolis-Verlag.

Rynes, S., & Gerhart, B. (1990). Interviewer assessments of applicant “fit”: An exploratory investigation. Personnel Psychology, 43(1), 13-35.

Sambrook, S. (2005). Factors influencing the context and process of work-related learning: Synthesizing findings from two research projects. Human Resource Development International, 8(1), 101-119.

Sanders, K., Moorkamp, M., Torka, N., Groeneveld, S., & Groeneveld, C. (2010). How to support innovative behavior? The role of LMX and satisfaction with HR practices. Technology and Investment, 1(1), 59-68.

Schein, E. (2010). Organizational culture and leadership (4th ed.), San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.

Scott, S. G., & Bruce, R. A. (1994). Determinants of innovative behavior: A path model of individual innovation in the workplace. Academy of Management Journal, 37(3), 580-607.

Segars, A. H. (1997). Assessing the unidimensionality of measurement: A paradigm and illustration within the context of information systems research. Omega, 25(1), 107-121.

Seijts, G. H., Latham, G. P., Tasa, K., & Latham, B. W. (2004). Goal setting and goal orientation: An integration of two different yet related literatures. Academy of Management Journal, 47(2), 227-239.

Senge, P. (1990). The leader’s new work: Building learning organizations. Sloan Management Review, 13(1), 7-23.

Shaffer, M. A., Harrison, D. A., & Gilley, K. M. (1999). Dimensions, determinants, and differences in the expatriate adjustment process. Journal of International Business Studies, 30(3), 557-581.

Shaffer, M. A., Harrison, D. A., Gregersen, H., Black, J. S., & Ferzandi, L. A. (2006). You can take it with you: Individual differences and expatriate effectiveness. Journal of Applied Psychology, 91(1), 109-125.

Shalley, C. E. (1991). Effects of productivity goals, creativity goals, and personal discretion on individual creativity. Journal of Applied Psychology, 76(2), 179-185.

Shalley, C. E. (1995). Effects of coaction, expected evaluation, and goal setting on creativity and productivity. Academy of Management Journal, 38(2), 483-503.

Shalley, C. E., & Gilson, L. L. (2004). What leaders need to know: A review of social and contextual factors that can foster or hinder creativity. The Leadership Quarterly, 15(1), 33-53.

Shalley, C. E., Zhou, J., & Oldham, G. R. (2004). The effects of personal and contextual characteristics on creativity: Where should we go from here? Journal of Management, 30(6), 933-958.

Shapiro, D. L., Sheppard, B. H., & Cheraskin, L. (1992). Business on a handshake. Negotiation Journal, 8(4), 365-377.

Shevlin, M., & Miles, J. N. (1998). Effects of sample size, model specification and factor loadings on the GFI in confirmatory factor analysis. Personality and Individual Differences, 25(1), 85-90.

Shih, H. A., & Susanto, E. (2011). Is innovative behavior really good for the firm? Innovative work behavior, conflict with coworkers and turnover intention: Moderating roles of perceived distributive fairness. International Journal of Conflict Management, 22(2), 111-130.

Shipton, H., West, M. A., Dawson, J., Birdi, K., & Patterson, M. (2006). Human resource management as a predictor of innovation. Human Resource Management Journal, 16(1), 3-27.

Smith, W. K., & Tushman, M. L. (2005). Managing strategic contradictions: A top management model for managing innovation streams. Organization Science, 16(5), 522-536.

Speck, M. (1999). The Principalship: Building a learning community. Merrill, Upper Saddle River, NJ.

Spector, P. E. (1987). Method variance as an artifact in self-reported affect and perceptions at work: Myth or significant problem? Journal of Applied Psychology, 72(3), 438-443.

Spreitzer, G. M. (1995). Psychological empowerment in the workplace: Dimensions, measurement, and validation. Academy of Management Journal, 38(5), 1442-1465.

Sujan, H., Weitz, B. A., & Kumar, N. (1994). Learning orientation, working smart and effective selling. Journal of Marketing, 58(3), 39-52.

Sung, S. Y., & Choi, J. N. (2012). Effects of team knowledge management on the creativity and financial performance of organizational teams. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 118(1), 4-13.

Sung, S. Y., & Choi, J. N. (2014). Do organizations spend wisely on employees? Effects of training and development investments on learning and innovation in organizations. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 35(3), 393-412.

Svensson, L., Ellstrom, P., & Aberg, C. (2004). Integrating formal and informal learning at work. Journal of Workplace Learning, 16(8), 479-491.

Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2007). Using multivariate statistics (5th ed.). New York: Allyn & Bacon.

Takeuchi, R., Yun, S., & Tesluk, P. E. (2002). An examination of crossover and spillover effects of spousal and expatriate cross-cultural adjustment on expatriate outcomes. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87(4), 655-666.

Thomas, K. W., & Velthouse, B. A. (1990). Cognitive elements of empowerment: An “interpretive” model of intrinsic task motivation. Academy of Management Review,
15(4), 666-681.

Tierney, P., & Farmer, S. M. (2002). Creative self-efficacy: Its potential antecedents and relationship to creative performance. Academy of Management Journal, 45(6), 1137-1148.

Tierney, P., & Farmer, S. M. (2004). The Pygmalion process and employee creativity. Journal of Management, 30(3), 413-432.

Tierney, P., Farmer, S. M., & Graen, G. B. (1999). An examination of leadership and employee creativity: The relevance of traits and relationships. Personnel Psychology, 52(3), 591-620.

Torrance, E. P. (1995). Why fly? A philosophy of creativity. Norwood, NJ: Ablex.

Tracey, J. B., & Tews, M. J. (2005). Construct validity of a general training climate scale. Organizational Research Methods, 8(4), 353-374.

Tuckey, M., Brewer, N., & Williamson, P. (2002). The influence of motives and goal orientation on feedback seeking. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 75(2), 195-216.

Tung, R. (1987). Expatriate assignments, enhancing success and minimizing failure. Academy of Management Executive, 1(2), 117-126.

Unsworth, K. L., & Clegg, C. W. (2010). Why do employees undertake creative action? Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 83(1), 77-99.

VandeWalle, D. (1997). Development and validation of a work domain goal orientation instrument. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 57(6), 995-1015.

VandeWalle, D. (2001). Goal orientation: Why wanting to look successful doesn’t always lead to success. Organizational Dynamics, 30(2), 162-171.

VandeWalle, D., Brown, S. P., Cron, W. L., & Slocum, J. W. (1999). The influence of goal orientation and self-regulation tactics on sales performance: A longitudinal field of test. Journal of Applied Psychology, 84(2), 249-259.

VandeWalle, D., & Cummings, L. L. (1997). A test of the influence of goal orientation on the feedback-seeking process. Journal of Applied Psychology, 82(3), 390-400.

Van de Ven, A. H. (1986). Central problems in the management of innovation. Management Science, 32(5), 590-607.

Van Yperen, N. W. (2003). Task interest and actual performance: The moderating effects of assigned and adopted purpose goals. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85(6), 1006-1015.

Volmer, J., Spurk, D., & Niessen, C. (2012). Leader-member exchange (LMX), job autonomy, and creative work involvement. The Leadership Quarterly, 23(3), 456-465.

Warhurst, R. P. (2013). Learning in an age of cuts: Managers as enablers of workplace learning. Journal of Workplace Learning, 25(1), 37-57.

West, M. A. (2001). Managing creativity and innovation in organizations. In N. Smelser, & P. Baltes (Eds.), International encyclopedia of the social and behavioral sciences (pp. 2895-2900). Oxford, UK: Pergamon.

West, M. A. (2002a). Ideas are ten a penny: It’s team implementation not idea generation that counts. Applied Psychology, 51(3), 411-424.

West, M. A. (2002b). Sparkling fountains or stagnant ponds: An integrative model of creativity and innovation implementation in work groups. Applied Psychology, 51(3), 355-387.

West, M. A., & Farr, J. L. (1989). Innovation at work: Psychological perspectives. Social Behavior, 4(1), 15-30.

Wheaton, B., Muthen, B., Alwin, D. F., & Summers, G. (1977). Assessing reliability and stability in panel models. Sociological Methodology, 8(1), 84-136.

Wojtczuk-Turek, A., & Turek, D. (2015). Innovative behaviour in the workplace: The role of HR flexibility, individual flexibility and psychological capital. In the case of Poland. European Journal of Innovation Management, 18(3), 397-419.

Woodman, R. W., Sawyer, J. E., & Griffin, R. W. (1993). Towards a theory of organizational creativity. Academy of Management Review, 18(2), 293-321.

Yang, F., Qian, J., Tang, L., & Zhang, L. (2016). No longer take a tree for the forest: A cross-level learning-related perspective on individual innovative behavior. Journal of Management & Organization, 22(03), 291-310.

Yeo, R. K. (2007). Turning to the problem is the answer to the question of how you can learn faster than others: Applying PBL at work. Industrial and Commercial Training, 39(6), 307-314.

Yuan, F. R., & Woodman, R. W. (2010). Innovative behavior in the workplace: The role of performance and image outcome expectations. Academy of Management Journal, 53(2), 323-342.

Zhang, X., & Bartol, K. M. (2010a). Linking empowering leadership and employee creativity: The influence of psychological empowerment, intrinsic motivation, and creative process engagement. Academy of Management Journal, 53(1), 107-128.

Zhang, X., & Bartol, K. M. (2010b). The influence of creative process engagement on employee creative performance and overall job performance: A curvilinear assessment. Journal of Applied Psychology, 95(5), 862-873.

Zhou, J., & Woodman, R. W. (2003). Managers’ recognition of employees’ creative ideas: A social-cognitive model. In L. V. Shavinina (Ed.), The international handbook on innovation (pp. 631-640). New York, NY: Elsevier.