關係攻擊對於青少年的傷害可能更甚於皮肉之傷，遭受關係攻擊的受害者可能會有許多心理上的不良適應。本研究之目的在探討國中生友誼特性在關係攻擊受害經驗與心理社會適應之間的角色。其中再將關係攻擊受害經驗依攻擊來源不同區分為來自「一般同學」或「好朋友」所進行的關係攻擊，探討兩種關係攻擊受害經驗與心理社會適應之關係；並探究「正向友誼品質」、「負向友誼品質」、「互選好朋友數量」和「友誼滿意度」此四項友誼特性對關係攻擊受害經驗與心理社會適應的風險因子「焦慮沮喪」、「孤獨感」與「外化性行為問題」之關係，是否有調節效果。本研究的研究對象為873位國中生（男生446位，女生427位，七年級446位，八年級427位）。研究工具為「一般同學關係攻擊受害經驗量表」、「好朋友關係攻擊受害經驗量表」、「好朋友提名問卷」、「國中生友誼品質量表」、「國中生心理社會適應量表」。本研究結果發現：（1）關係攻擊受害經驗與心理社會適應不良有顯著的正相關；（2）關係攻擊受害經驗和友誼特性對心理社會適應有顯著的預測力；（3）不同的關係攻擊受害經驗與友誼特性呈現不同的相關趨勢；（4）「正向友誼品質」對「一般同學關係攻擊受害經驗」和「孤獨感」的關係有調節效果；（5）「互選好朋友數」對「好朋友關係攻擊受害經驗」與「外化性行為問題」的關係有調節效果。

For adolescents, the harms caused by relational victimization may be more severe than physical injuries. People with experiences of relational victimization may suffer from psychological maladjustment. The present research aimed to investigate the impact of friendship features on the experiences of relational victimization and psychosocial adjustment among junior high school students. Two types of relational victimization were defined as from the “general classmates”and “close friends” depending on the victimized source. Four variables representing friendship features were included in this study, i.e., positive friendship quality, negative friendship quality, numbers of mutual friends, and friendship satisfaction. The moderating role of friendship features in the relationship between relational victimization and psychosocial adjustment was examined. The participants were 873 junior high school students (446 boys and 427 girls; 446 seventh graders and 427 eighth graders). The “Relational Victimization Scale for General Classmates”, “Relational Victimization Scale for Close Friends”, “Close Friends Nominate Questionnaire”, “Friendship Quality Scale” and “Psychosocial Adjustment Scale” were used. The results were: (1) The experience of relational victimization and psychosocial maladjustment correlated positively; (2) Relational victimization and friendship quality significantly predicted psychosocial adjustment; (3) Different relational victimization correlated friendship quality differently; (4) The variable of “positive friendship quality” buffered the relationship between “relational victimization from general classmates” and “loneliness”; (5) The variable of “numbers of mutual friends” buffered the relationship between “relational victimization from close friends” and “externalized behavioral problems”.

中文部分
王孜甯（2008）。「情境式關係攻擊量表」的發展－成年初顯期之關係攻擊。國立臺灣師範大學教育心理與輔導研究所碩士論文。
王明傳、雷庚玲（2008）。華人青少年前期兒童之間接攻擊行為的反應評鑑與情緒經驗。中華心理學刊，50卷，1期，71-90頁。
吳明隆（2006）。SPSS與統計應用分析。台北：五南。
吳齊殷、李珮褘（2001）。友誼網絡對青少年心理健康之影響。青少年生命歷程與生活調適研討會會議論文。台北：中央研究院社會學研究所。
兒童福利聯盟文教基金會（2005）。兒童校園非肢體霸凌現況調查報告。台北：兒福聯盟基金會。
林君徽（2006）。國小高年級學童間接攻擊與自我概念之探究。國立台灣師範大學人類發展與家庭學系研究所碩士論文。
林苡彤（2009）。國中生關係攻擊角色與規範信念、同理心、人際衝突因應策略之相關研究。國立台灣師範大學教育心理與輔導學系在職進修碩士論文。
林淑菁（2005）。國小高年級學生的關係性攻擊及外顯性攻擊與其友誼關係之研究。國立臺中師範學院諮商與教育心理研究所碩士論文。
林瑞昌（1997）。兒童友誼概念發展、友伴選擇與友誼滿意度之相關研究。國立花蓮師範學院國民教育研究所碩士論文。
林慧姿（2003）。國小六年級學童自尊、情緒調節與友誼之相關研究。國立台灣師範大學教育心理與輔導研究所碩士論文。
徐君怡（2001）。不同依附關係之國小六年級學童友誼概念之研究。國立台灣師範大學教育心理與輔導研究所碩士論文。
莊季靜（2007）。國中學生同儕攻擊者之社會訊息處理歷程研究。國立臺灣師範大學教育心理與輔導研究所碩士論文。
陳玲玲（1991）。兒童友伴選擇、友誼概念與友誼知覺之相關研究。國立台灣師範大學家政教育研究所碩士論文。
粘絢雯（2009）。導師班級經營、班級氣氛與班級關係攻擊、關係受害情況之相關研究。國立臺灣師範大學教育心理與輔導研究所碩士論文。
程景琳（2009）。寂寞感量表。未發表工具。國立台灣師範大學教育心理與輔導學系。
程景琳、廖小雯、林苡彤、粘絢雯（2009）。國中生關係攻擊受害經驗量表之編製。中國測驗學會2009年會暨心理與教育測驗學術研討會，台北。
黃煜烽、雷靂（1995）。國中生心理學。台北：五南。
董子毅、王麗雲（2007）。拒絕校園霸凌的智慧與勇氣。中等教育，58卷，6期，140-152頁。
趙小玲、劉奕蘭（2002）。父母婚姻暴力與國小兒童的行為問題。台灣社會問題研究叢書，287-320頁。台北：巨流。
蔡慧苓（2006）。國小兒童關係性攻擊/受害行為與生活適應之相關研究。國立新竹教育大學人資處輔導教學碩士論文。
戴淑梅（2004）。國中生的性別、同儕關係，人際壓力因應策略與生活適應之關係。國立臺灣師範大學教育心理與輔導研究所碩士論文。
藍珮君（2006）。國中女生關係攻擊行為及意圖歸因、友誼品質、自我概念之相關研究。國立臺灣師範大學教育心理與輔導研究所碩士論文。
蘇郁惠（2009）。遭受關係攻擊與青少年社會心理適應：以社會支持為調節變項。國立交通大學教育研究所碩士論文。
英文部分
Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A.(1986). The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 1173-1182.
Berndt, T. J. (1996). Exploring the effects of friendship quality on social development. In W. M. Bukowski, A. F. Newcomb, & W. W. Hartup (Eds.), The Company They Keep: Friendship during Childhood and Adolescence (pp. 346-365). New York: Cambridge University Press.
Berndt, T. J. (2002). Friendship quality and social development. Current Directions In Psychological Science, 11, 7-10.
Berndt, T. J., & Keefe, K. (1995). Friends’ influence on adolescents’ adjustment to school. Child Development, 66, 1312-1329.
Berndt, T. J., & Perry, T. B. (1986). Children’s perceptions of friendships as supportive relationshiops. Development Psychology, 22, 640-648.
Björkqvist, K., Lagerspetz, K. M. J., & Kaukiainen, A. (1992). Do girls manipulate and boys fight? Aggressive Behavior, 18, 117–127.
Bollmer, J. M., Milich, R., Harris, M. J., & Maras, M. (2005). A friend in need: Friendship quality, internalizing/externalizing behavior, and peer victimization. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 20, 701-712.
Boulton, M. J., Trueman, M., Chau, C., Whitehand, C., & Amatya, K. (1999). Concurrent and longitudinal links between friendship and peer victimization: Implications for befriending interventions. Journal of Adolescence, 22, 461- 466.
Buhrmester, D., & Furman, W. (1987). The development of companionship and intimacy. Child Development, 58, 1101-1113.
Bukowski, W. M., & Hoza, B. (1989). Popularity and friendships: Issues in theory, measurement, and outcome. In T. J. Berndt & G. W. Ladd (Eds.), Peer Relationships In Child Development (pp. 15-45). New York : Wiley.
Bukowski, W. M., & Newcomb, A. F. (1984). Stability and determinants of sociometric status and friendship choice: A longitudinal perspective. Developmental Psychology, 20, 941-952.
Bukowski, W. M., Hoza, B., & Boivin, M. (1993). Popularity, friendship, and emotional adjustment during early adolescence. New Directions for Child Development, 60, 23-37.
Bukowski, W. M., Hoza, B., & Newcomb, A. F. (1994). Using rating scale and nomination techniques to measure friendship and popularity. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 11, 485-488.
Bukowski, W.M., Hoza, B., & Boivin, M. (1994).Measuring Friendship quality during pre-and early adolescence: The development and psychometric properties of the friendship quality scale. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 11, 471-484.
Burks, V. S., Dodge, K. A., & Price, J. M. (1995). Models of internalizing outcomes of early rejection.Development and Psychopathology, 7, 683–695.
Cairns, R. B., Cairns, B. D., Neckerman, H. J., Ferguson, L. L., & Gariepy, J. L. (1989). Growth and aggression: Childhood to early adolescence. Developmental Psychology, 25, 320–330.
Champion, K., Vernberg, E. M., & Shipman, K. (2004). Non-bullying victims of bullies: aggression, social skills, and friendship characteristics. Applied Developmental Psychology, 24, 535-551.
Coyne, S. M., & Archer, J., & Eslea, M. (2006). “We’re not friends anymore! Unless...”: The frequency and harmfulness of indirect, relational, and social aggression. Aggressive behavior, 32, 294-307.
Crick, N. R. (1996). The role of overt aggression, relational aggression, and prosocial behavior in the prediction of children’s future social adjustment. Child Development, 67, 2317–2327.
Crick, N. R., & Bigbee, M. A. (1998). Relational and overt forms of peer victimization: A multiinformant approach. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 66, 337-347.
Crick, N. R., & Grotpeter, J. K. (1995). Relational aggression, gender, and social-psychological adjustment. Child Development, 66, 710-722.
Crick, N. R., & Grotpeter, J. K. (1996). Children’s treatment by peers: Victims of relational and overt aggression. Development and Psychopathology, 8, 367–380.
Crick, N. R., & Nelson, D. A. (2002). Relational and physical victimization within friendships: Nobody told me there’d be friends like these. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 30, 599-607.
Crick, N. R., Casas, J. F., & Ku, H. (1999). Relational and physical forms of peer victimization in preschool. Developmental Psychology, 35, 376-385.
Crick, N. R., Casas, J. F., & Nelson, D. A. (2002). Toward a more comprehensive understanding of peer maltreatment: Studies of relational victimization. American Psychological Soicety, 11, 98-101.
Demir, M. & Urberg, K. A. (2004). Friendship and adjustment among adolescents. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 88, 68-82.
Dodge, K. A. (1983). Behavioral antecedents of peer social status. Child Development, 54, 1386-1389.
Erath, S., Flanagan, K., & Bierman, K. (2008). Early adolescent school adjustment: Associations with friendship and peer victimization. Social Development, 17, 853–870.
Feldman, S.S., Rubenstein, J.L., & Rubin, C. (1988). Depressive affect and restraint in early adolescents' relationships with family structure, family process and friendship support. Journal of Early Adolescence, 8, 279-296.
Gauze, C., Bukowski, W. M., Aquan-Assee, J., & Sippola, L. K. (1996). Interactions between family environment and friendship and associations with self-perceived well-being during early adolescence. Child Development, 67, 2201-2216.
Griffin, R. S., & Gross, A. M. (2004). Childhood bullying: Current empirical findings and future directions for research. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 9, 379-400.
Grotpeter, J. K., & Crick, N. R. (1996). Relational aggression, overt aggression,and friendship. Child Development, 67, 2328-2338.
Hanish, L. D., Ryan, P., Martin, C. L., & Fabes, R. A. (2005). The social context of young children’s peer victimization. Social Development, 14, 2-19.
Hartup, W. W. (1996). The company they keep：Friendships and their developmental significance. Child Development, 67, 1-13.
Hartup, W. W., & Stevens, N. (1997). Friendships and adaptation in the life course. Psychological Bulletin, 121, 355-370.
Heilbron, N. & Prinstein, M. J. (2008). A review and reconceptualization of social aggression: Adaptive and maladaptive correlates. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 11, 176-217.
Hodges, E. V. E., Boivin, M., Vitaro, F., Bukowski, W. M. (1999). The power of friendship: Protection against an escalating cycle of peer victimization. Developmental Psychology, 35, 94-101.
Hodges, E. V. E., Malone, M. J., & Perry, D. G. (1997). Individual risk and social risk as interacting determinants of victimization in the peer group. Developmental Psychology, 33, 1032-1039.
Keefe, K., & Berndt, T. J. (1996). Relations of friendship quality to self-Esteem in early Adolescence. Journal of Early Adolescence, 16, 110-129.
Ladd, G. W., Kochenderfer, B. J., & Coleman, C. C. (1996). Friendship quality as a predictor of young children’s early school adjustment. Child Development, 67, 1103-1118.
Ladd, G. W., Kochenderfer, B. J. & Coleman, C. C., (1997). Classroom peer
acceptance, friendship, and victimization: Distinct relational systems that contribute uniquely to children’s school adjustment? Child Development, 68, 1181-1197.
Lagerspetz, K. M. J., Björkqvist, K., & Peltonen, T. (1988). Is indirect aggression typical of females? Gender differences in aggressiveness in 11-to12-year old children. Aggressive Behavior, 14, 403-414.
Lansford, J. E., Criss, M. M., Pettit, G.. S., Dodge, K. A., & Bates, J. E. (2003). Friendship quality, peer group affiliation, and peer antisocial behavior as moderators of the link between negative parenting and adolescent externalizing behavior. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 13, 161-185.
Leadbeater, B. J., Blatt, S. J., & Quinlan, D. M. (1995). Gender linked vulnerabilities to depressive symptoms, stress, and problem behaviors in adolescents. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 5, 1–29.
Linder, J. R., Crick, N. R., & Collins, A. W. (2002). Relational aggression and victimization in young adults’ romantic relationships: Associations with perceptions of parent, peer, and romantic relationship quality. Social Development, 11, 69–86.
Lochman, J. E., & Dodge, K. A. (1994). Social–cognitive processes of severely violent, moderately aggressive, and nonaggressive boys. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 62, 366–374.
Lochman, J. E., & Dodge, K. A. (1998). Distorted perceptions in dyadic interactions of aggressive and nonaggressive boys: Effect of prior expectations, context, and boys' age. Development and Psychopathology, 10, 495-512.
McGuire, K. D., & Weisz, J. R. (1982). Social cognition and behavior correlates of preadolescent chumship. Child Development, 53, 1478-1484.
Murray-Close, D., Ostrov, J. M., & Crick, N. R. (2007). A short-term longitudinal study of growth of relational aggression during middle childhood: Associations with gender, friendship intimacy, and internalizing problems. Development and Psychopathology, 19, 187–203.
Nangle, D.W., Erdley, C.A., Newman, J.E., Mason, C.A., & Carpenter, E.M. (2003). Popularity, friendship quantity, and friendship quality: Interactive influences on children’s loneliness and depression. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 32, 546-555.
Newcomb, A. F., & Bagwell, C. L. (1995). Children’s friendship relations : A meta-analytic review. Psychological Bulletin, 117, 306-347.
Newcomb, A. F., Bukowski, W. M., & Pattee, L. (1993). Children’s peer relations : A meta-analytic review of popular, rejected, neglected, controversial, and average sociometric status, Psychological Bulletin, 113, 99-128.
Oldenburg, C. M., & Kerns, K. A. (1997). Associations between peer relationships and depressive symptoms: Testing moderator effects of gender and age. Journal of Early Adolescence, 17, 319–337.
Olweus, D. (1993). Bullying at school : What we know and what we can do. Oxford,
UK ; Cambridge, USA: Blackwell.
Ostrov, J. M., Woods, K., Jansen, E., Casas, J., & Crick, N. R. (2004). An observational study of delivered and received aggression, gender, and social- psychological adjustment in preschool: “This White Crayon Doesn’t Work…”. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 19, 355–371.
Owens, L., Shute, R., & Slee, P. (2000). “Guess what I just heard!” Indirect aggression among teenager girls in Australia. Aggressive Behavior, 26, 67-83.
Paquette, J. A., & Underwood, M. K. (1999). Gender differences in young adolescents’ experiences of peer victimization: Social and physical aggression. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 45, 242–266.
Parker, J. G., & Asher, S. R. (1987). Peer acceptance and later personal adjustment: Are low-accepted children “at risk” ? Psychological Bulletin, 102, 357-389.
Parker, J. G., & Asher, S. R. (1993). Friendship and friendship quality in middle childhood: Links with peer group acceptance and feelings of loneliness and social dissatisfaction. Developmental Psychology, 29, 611-621.
Pellegrini, A. D., Bartini, M., & Brooks, F. (1999). School bullies, victims, and aggressive victims: Factors relating to group affiliation and victimization in early adolescence. Journal of Educational Psychology, 91, 216-224.
Preacher, K. J., Curran, P. J., & Bauer, D. J. (2006). Computational tools for probing interaction effects in multiple linear regression, multilevel modeling, and latent curve analysis. Journal of Educational and Behavioral Statistics, 31, 437-448.
Prinstein, M. J., Boergers, J., & Vernberg, E. M. (2001). Overt and relational aggression in adolescents: Social-psychological adjustment of aggressors and victims. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 30, 479–491.
Remillard, A. M., & Lamb, S. (2005). Adolescent girls’ copying with relational aggression. Sex Roles, 53, 221-229.
Rigby, K. (2000). Effects of peer victimization in schools and perceived social support on adolescent well-being. Journal of Adolescence, 23, 57-68.
Rose, A. J., & Asher, S. R. (1999). Children’s goals and strategies in response of conflicts within a friendship. Developmental Psychology, 35, 69-79.
Schwartz, D., Dodge, K. A., Pettit, G. S., Bates, J. E., & the Conduct Problems Prevention Research Group (2000). Friendship as a moderating factor in the pathway between early harsh home environment and later victimization in the peer group. Developmental Psychology, 36, 646-662.
Sebanc, A. M. (2003) The friendship features of preschool children: Links with prosocial behavior and aggression. Social Development, 12, 249–268.
Selfhout, M. H. W., Branje, S. J. T., & Meeus, W. H. J. (2008). The development of delinquency and perceived friendship quality in adolescent best friendship dyads. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 36, 471-485.
Storch, E. A., Brassard, M. R., & Masia-Warner, C. (2004). The relationship of peer victimization to social anxiety and loneliness in adolescence .Child Study Journal, 33, 351-362.
Spence, L.(2002) The dynamics of relationally aggressive girls' friendships and social networks. Ph.D. dissertation, Carleton University (Canada), Canada.
Underwood, M. K. (2003). Social Aggression among Girls. New York: Guilford Press.
Wentzel, K. R., McNamara-Barry, C., & Caldwell, K. A. (2004). Friendships in middle school: Influences on motivation and school adjustment. Journal of Educational Psychology, 96, 195–203.
Werner, N. E., & Crick, N. R. (1999). Relational aggression and social- psychological adjustmemt in a college sample. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 108, 615-623.
Windle, M. (1994). A study of friendship characteristics and problem behaviors among middle adolescents. Child Development, 65, 1764-1777.
Woods, S., Done, J., & Kalsi, H. (2009). Peer victimisation and internalising difficulties: The moderating role of friendship quality. Journal of Adolescence, 32, 293-308.