本研究之主要目的在於，以自傳式記憶的敘事分析取向，探討成年初顯期之人際自我定義記憶與人際自我效能間的關係。本研究之研究對象為105位成年初顯期之年輕人，其中男性21位、女性84位，平均年齡為20.7歲。研究工具包含「人際互動情況量表」和「人際自我定義記憶問卷」；後者之內容分析向度包含：「解釋歷程」、「情緒語調」和「事件內容」。本研究有以下四點主要發現：
一、成年初顯期之人際自我定義記憶與人際自我效能有顯著的相關。
1、成年初顯期之人際自我定義記憶的污染化歷程與整體人際自我效能、及「主動」和「自我坦露」兩個面向的人際自我效能有顯著的負相關。
2、成年初顯期之人際自我定義記憶的意義化歷程與整體人際自我效能、及「情緒支持」面向的人際自我效能有顯著的正相關。
3、成年初顯期之人際自我定義記憶的污染化歷程對整體人際自我效能有顯著的負向預測力。
4、成年初顯期階段之人際自我定義記憶的意義化歷程對整體人際自我效能有顯著的正向預測力。
二、成年初顯期之人際自我定義記憶的事件內容和情緒語調有顯著的相關。
1、成年初顯期之人際自我定義記憶的衝突事件與情緒語調有顯著的負相關。
2、成年初顯期之人際自我定義記憶的親近事件與情緒語調有顯著的正相關。
3、成年初顯期之人際自我定義記憶的分離事件與情緒語調有顯著的負相關。
三、成年初顯期之人際自我定義記憶的情緒語調與污染化歷程有顯著的負相關。
四、成年初顯期之人際自我定義記憶的事件內容和解釋歷程的有顯著的相關。
1、成年初顯期之人際自我定義記憶的親近事件與污染化歷程有顯著的負相關。
2、成年初顯期之人際自我定義記憶的衝突事件與意義化歷程有顯著的正相關。
3、成年初顯期之人際自我定義記憶的衝突伴隨分離事件與污染化歷程有顯著的正相關。

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships between emerging adults’ interpersonal self-defining memories and interpersonal self-efficacy. The Interpersonal Competence Questionnaire and the Interpersonal Self-Defining Memory Questionnaire were administered to 105 emerging adults (21 males and 84 females). The Interpersonal Self-Defining Memory Questionnaire was to collect three personally important narratives related to peer interaction, which were coded for the redemption sequences, the contamination sequence, emotional tone, and event content (including conflict, intimacy and separation) to assess the emerging adults’ interpretation of past events. Four major findings were as follows:
First, the contamination sequences of the interpersonal self-defining narratives were negatively correlated with the initiation and the disclosure scores of self-efficacy, and significantly predicted the overall interpersonal self-efficacy. The redemption sequences of the interpersonal self-defining narratives were positively correlated with the emotional support scores of self-efficacy, and significantly predicted the overall interpersonal self-efficacy. Second, the conflict and separation contents of the narratives were negatively correlated with the overall emotional tones of the narratives. The intimacy contents of the narratives were positively correlated with the overall emotional tones of the narratives. Third, the overall emotional tones of the narratives were negatively correlated with the contamination sequences of the narratives. Fourth, the intimacy contents of the narratives were negatively correlated with the contamination sequences of the narratives. The conflict contents of the narratives were positively correlated with the redemption sequences of the narratives. The conflict and separation contents of the narratives were positively correlated with the contamination sequences of the narratives. Research limitations and possible implications for future research were also discussed in the study.

中文部分：
李嵩義（2003）。主觀幸福感理論初探及其對高齡者之啟示。成人教育，74，42-51。
邱秀燕（2000）。青少年家庭系統分化 、心理分離－個體化、自我發展及情緒適應之相關研究。國立臺灣師範大學教育心理與輔導研究所碩士論文。
施建彬（1994）。幸福感來源與相關因素之探討。高雄醫學大學行為科學研究所碩士論文。
栗珍鳳（1999）。大學生自我分化和心理社會發展之相關研究。國立臺灣師範大學教育心理與輔導研究所碩士論文。
涂珮瓊（2003）。反芻多向度對大學生情緒變化的影響。國立政治大學心理研究所碩士論文。
莊慧秋（1987）。幸福哪裡來？幸福理論的探索，中國人的幸福觀－命運與幸福。台北：張老師文化。
郭珮婷（2005）。復原力理論的介紹與應用。諮商與輔導，231，45-50。
陳秀菁（2002）。大學生的共依附特質、人際親密能力與親密感之相關研究。國立臺灣師範大學教育心理與輔導研究所碩士論文。
陳坤虎、雷庚玲、吳英璋（2005）。不同階段青少年之自我認同內容及危機探索之發展差異。中華心理學刊，47，249-268。
陳俊伶（2006）。害羞、社交自我效能以及主觀幸福感之相關研究－以軍校生為例。政治作戰學校社會行為科學研究所碩士論文。
陳昭婧（2009）。大學生依附風格及其穩定性狀態、自我效能與生活困擾之關係研究－以某一技職院校大學生為例。國立臺灣師範大學教育心理與輔導研究所碩士論文。
黃堅厚（2004）。人格心理學。台北：心理。
曾文志（2006）。復原力保護因子效果概化之統合分析。諮商輔導學報，14，1-29。
程景琳、廖小雯、林書萱（2009）。臺灣成年初顯期現象初探。未發表。國立臺灣師範大學教育心理與輔導學系。
黃毓華、鄭英耀（1996）。一般性自我效能量表之修訂。中國測驗學會測驗年刊，43，279-286。
廖小雯（2009）。成年初顯期年輕人的自我認同狀態、自我定義記憶與心理幸福感之關係探討。國立臺灣師範大學教育心理與輔導研究所碩士論文。
劉遜（2004）。青少年人際交往自我效能感及其影響因素研究。西南師範大學發展與教育心理學研究所碩士論文。
蕭文（2000）。災變事件前的前置因素對心理復健的影響－復原力的探討與建構。測驗與輔導，156，49-53。
西文部分：
Alea, N., & Bluck, S. (2003). Why are you telling me that? A conceptual model of the social function of autobiographical memory. Memory, 11, 165-179.
Anderson, S. L., & Betz, N. E. (2001). Sources of social self-efficacy expectations: Their measurement and relation to career development. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 58, 98-117.
Arnett, J. J. (1994). Are college students adults? Their conceptions of the transition to adulthood. Journal of Adult Development, 1, 213-224.
Arnett, J. J. (1998). Learning to stand alone: The contemporary American transition to adulthood in cultural and historical context. Human Development, 41, 295-315.
Arnett, J. J. (2000). Emerging adulthood: A theory of development from the late teens through the twenties. American Psychologist, 55, 469-480.
Arnett, J. J. (2004). Emerging adulthood: The winding road from the late teens to the twenties. New York: Oxford University Press.
Arnett, J. J. (2007a). Emerging adulthood: What is it, and what is it good for? Child Development Perspectives, 1, 68-73.
Arnett, J. J. (2007b). Suffering, selfish, and slackers? Myth and reality about emerging adults. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 36, 23-29.
Arnett, J. J., Ramos, K. D., & Jensen, L. A. (2001). Ideological views in emerging adulthood: Balancing autonomy and community. Journal of Adult Development, 8, 69-79.
Bagozzi, R. P., & Yi, Y. (1988). On the evaluation structural equation models. Academic of Marketing Science, 16, 74-94.
Baldwin, K. M., Baldwin, J. R., & Ewald, T. (2006). The relationship among shame, guilt, and self-efficacy. American Journal of Psychotherapy, 60, 1-21.
Bandura, A. (1977). Self-efficacy: Toward a unify theory of behavioral change. Psychological Review, 84, 191-215.
Bandura, A. (1986). Social foundations of thought and actions: A social cognitive theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. New York: W. H. Freemen Company.
Bandura, A., Barbaranelli, C., Caprara, G. V., & Pastorelli, C. (1996). Multifaceted impact of self-efficacy beliefs on academic functioning. Child Development, 67, 1206-1222.
Bartholomew, K. (1990). Avoidance of intimacy: An attachment perspective. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 7, 147-178.
Bauer, J. J., McAdams, D. P., & Pals, J. L. (2008). Narrative identity and eudaimonic well-being. Journal of Happiness Studies, 9, 81-104.
Bauer, J. J., McAdams, D. P., & Sakaeda, A. R. (2005). Crystallization of desire and crystallization of discontent in narratives of life-changing decisions. Journal of Personality, 73, 1181-1214.
Beike, D. R., Lampinen, J. M., & Behrend, D. A. (2004). Evolving conceptions of the self and memory. In D. R. Beike, J. M. Lampinen, & D. A. Behrend (Ed.), The Self and Memory (pp. 3-9). New York: Psychology Press.
Betz, N., Schifano, R., & Kaplan, A. (1999). Relationships among measures of perceived self-efficacy with respect to basic domains of vocational activity. Journal of Career Assessment, 7, 213-226.
Bilgin, M., & Akkapulu, E. (2007). Some variables predicting social self-efficacy expectation. Social Behavior and Personality, 35, 777-788.
Blagov, P. S., & Singer, J. A. (2004). Four dimensions of self-defining memories (specificity, meaning, content, and affect) and their relationships to self-restraint, distress and repressive. Journal of Personality, 72, 481-511.
Blake, T. R., & Rust, J. O. (2002). Self-esteem and self-efficacy of college students with disabilities. College Student Journal, 36, 214-221.
Bluck, S., & Alea, N. (2002). Exploring the functions of autobiographical memory: Why do I remember the autumn? In J. D. Webster, & B. K. Haight (Eds.), Critical Advances in Reminiscence Work: From Theory to Application (pp. 61-75). New York, NY: Springer.
Branden, N. (1994). Six pillars of self-esteem. New York: Bantam.
Brooks, B., & Goldstein, S. (2003). The power of resilience: Achieving balance, confidence, and personal strength in your life. New York: Contemporary Books.
Brown, B. B. (2004). Adolescents’ relationships with peers. In R. M. Lerner, & L. Steinberg (Eds.), Handbook of Adolescent Psychology, 2nd edition (pp. 363-394). New York: Wiley.
Browne, M. W., & Cudeck, R. (1993). Alternative ways of assessing model fit. In K. A. Bollen, & J. S. Long (Ed.), Testing Structural Equation Models (pp. 136-162). Thusand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Bruner, J. S. (1990). Acts of meaning. Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press.
Bruner, J. S. (1994). The "remembered" self. In U. Neisser, & R. Fivush (Eds.), The remembering self (pp. 41-54). New York: Cambridge University Press.
Buhrmester, D., Furman, W., Wittenberg, M. T., & Reis, H. T. (1988). Five domains of interpersonal competence in peer relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 55, 991-1008.
Bowlby, J. (1973). Attachment and loss: Vol.2. Separation. New York: Basic Books.
Cohen, G., Conway, M. A., & Maylor, E. A. (1994). Flashbulb memories in older adults. Psychology and Aging, 9, 454-463.
Coleman, P. K. (2003). Perceptions of parent-child attachment, social self-efficacy and peer relationships in middle childhood. Infant and Child Development, 12, 351-368.
Conway, M. A., & Pleydell-Pearce, C. W. (2000). The construction of autobiographical memories in the self-memory system. Psychological Review, 107, 261-288.
Conway, M. A. (1990). Autobiographical memory: An introduction. Philadelphia: Open University Press.
Conway, M. A., & Williams, H. L. (2008). Autobiographical memory. In H. L. Roediger (Eds.), Cognitive Psychology of Memory (pp. 893-909). Oxford, Elsevier.
Conway, M. A., Singer, J. A., & Tagini, A. (2004). The self and autobiographical memopry: Correspondence and coherence. Social Cognition, 22, 491-529.
Côté, J. E. (1996). Sociological perspectives on identity formation: The culture-identity link and identity capital. Journal of Adolescence, 19, 417-428.
Douglass, C. B. (2007). From duty to desire: Emerging adulthood in Europe and its consequences. Child Development Perspectives, 1, 101-108.
Erikson, E. H. (1968). Identity: Youth and crisis. New York: Norton.
Flach, F. (1997). Resilience: How to bounce back when the going gets tough. New York: Hatherleigh Press.
Frank, J. D., & Frank, J. B. (1991). Persuation and healing: A comparative study of psychotherapy (3rd ed.) Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Fritz, H. (1999). The role of rumination in adjustment to a first coronary event. Unpublished doctoral dissertateion, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA.
Fuligni, A. J. (2007). Family obligation, college enrollment, and emerging adulthood in Asian and Latin American families. Child Development Perspectives, 1, 96-100.
Galambos, N. L., & Martínez, M. L. (2007). Poised for emerging adulthood in Latin America: A pleasure for the privileged. Child Development Perspectives, 1, 109-114.
Galambos, N. L., Barker, E. T., & Krahn, H. J. (2006). Depression, self-esteem, and anger in emerging adulthood: Seven-year trajectories. Developmental Psychology, 42, 350-365.
Gecas, V. (1989). The social psychology of self-efficacy. Annual Review of Sociology, 15, 291.
Gresham, F. M., & Elliott, S. N. (1984). Assessment of children's social skills: A review of methods and issues. School Psychology Review, 13, 292-301.
Habermas, T., & Bluck, S. (2000). Getting a life: The emergence of the life story in adolescence. Psychological Bulletin, 126, 748-769.
Hair, J. F., Anderson, R. E., Tatham, R. L., & Black, W. (1998). Multivariate data analysis (5th ed). UK: Prentice Hall International.
Hamilton, C. E. (2000). Continuity and discontinuity of attachment from infancy through adolescence. Child Development, 71, 690-694.
Hanna, F. J., & Richie, M. H. (1995). Seeking the active ingredients of psychotherapeutic change: Within and outside the context of therapy. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 26, 176-183.
Hawkins, M. T., Letcher, P., Sanson, A., Smart, D., & Toumbourou, J. W. (2009). Positive development in emerging adulthood. Australian Journal of Psychology, 61, 89-99.
Helsen, M., & Vollebergh, W., & Meeus, W. (2000). Social support from parents and friends and emotional problems in adolescence. Journal of Youth and Adolescene, 29, 319-335.
Hermann, K. S., & Betz, N. E. (2006). Path models of the relationships of instrumentality and expressiveness, social self-efficacy, and self-esteem to depressive symptoms in college students. Journal of Social and Clinical psychology, 25, 1086-1106.
Hortacsu, N., & Oral, A. (1991). Factors affecting relationships of Turkish adolescents with parents and same-sex friends. Journal of Social Psychology, 131, 413-427.
Hu, L. T., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structure Equation Modeling, 6, 1-55.
Kear, M. (2000). Concept Analysis of Self-Efficacy. Graduate Research in Nursing, 2, 33-45.
King, L. A., Scollon, C. K., Ramsey, C., & Williams, T. (2000). Stories of life transition: Subjective well-being and ego development in parents of children with down syndrome. Journal of Research in Personality, 34, 509–536.
Kwan, V. S.Y., Bond, M. H., & Singelis, T. M. (1997). Pancultural explanations for life satisfaction: Adding relationship harmony to self-esteem. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73, 1038-1051.
LeBreton, J. M., & Senter, J. L. (2008). Answers to 20 questions about interrater reliability and interrater agreement. Organizational Research Methods, 11, 815-852.
Lent, R. W., Lopez, F. G., Brown, S. D., & Gore, P. A. (1996). Latent structure of the sources of mathematics self-efficacy. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 49, 292-308.
Lent, R., Lopez, F., & Bieschke, K. (1991). Mathematics self-efficacy: Sources and relation to science-based career choice. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 38, 424-430.
Leung, C. (2001). The psychological adaptation of overseas and migrant students in Australia. International Journal of Psychology, 36, 251-259.
Libby, L. K., & Eibach, R. P. (2007). How the self affects and reflects the content and subjective experience of autobiographical memory. In C. Sedikides, & S. J. Spencer (Ed.), The Self (pp. 75-91). New York: Psychology Press.
Lin, S. P. (2006). An Exploration of Chinese international students’ social self-efficacies. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, The Ohio State University.
Lopez, F. G., & Lent, R. L. (1992). Sources of mathematics self-efficacy in high school students. Career Development Quarterly, 41, 3-12.
Lopez, F. G., Watkins, C. E., Manus, M., & Hunton-Shoup, J. (1992). Conflictual independence, mood regulation, and generalized self-efficacy: Test of a model of late-adolescent identity. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 39, 375-381.
Luyckx, K., Soenens, B., Vansteenkiste, M., Goossens, L., & Berzonsky, M. D. (2007). Psychological control and dimensions of identity formation in emerging adulthood. Journal of Family Psychology, 21, 546-550.
Marsh, H. W., Balla, J. R., & McDonald, R. P. (1988). Goodness-of-fit indices in confirmatory factor analysis: The effect of sample size. Psychological Bulletin, 103, 391-410.
Matsushima, R., & Shiomi, K. (2003). Social self-efficacy and interpersonal stress in adolescence. Social Behavior & Personality, 31, 323-332.
McAdams, D. P. (1982). Experiences of intimacy and power: Relationships between social motives and autobiographical memory. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 42, 292-302.
McAdams, D. P. (1985). Power, intimacy, and the life story: Personological inquiries into identity. New York: Guilford Press.
McAdams, D. P. (1993). The stories we live by: Personal myths and the making of the self. New York: Morrow.
McAdams, D. P. (1996). Personality, modernity, and the storied self: A contemporary framework for studying persons. Psychological Inquiry, 7, 295-321.
McAdams, D. P. (1998). Contamination sequence coding guildlines. Unpublished manuscript, Northwestern University.
McAdams, D. P. (1999a). Coding narrative accounts of autobiographical scenes for redemption sequences. Unpublished manuscript, Northwestern University.
McAdams, D. P. (1999b). Personal narratives and the life story. In L. Pervin & O. John (Eds.), Handbook of Personality: Theory and Research, 2nd edition (pp. 478-500). New York: Guilford Press.
McAdams, D. P. (2001). The psychology of life stories. Review of General Psychology, 5, 100-122.
McAdams, D. P. (2004). The redemptive self: Narrative identity in America today. In D. R. Beike, J. M. Lampinen, & D. A. Behrend (Eds)., The Self and Memory (pp. 95-115). New York: Psychology Press.
McAdams, D. P. (2006). The role of narrative in personality psychology today. Narrative Inquiry, 16, 11-18.
McAdams, D. P., Anyidoho, N. A., Brown, C., Huang, Y. T., Kaplan, B., & Machado, M. A. (2004). Traits and stories: Links between dispositional and narrative features of personality. Journal of Personality, 72, 761-784.
McAdams, D. P., Bauer, J. J., Sakaeda, A. R., Anyidoho, N. A., Machado, M. A., Magrino-Failla, K., White, K. W., & Pals, J. L. (2006). Continuity and change in the life story: A longitudinal study of autobiographical memories in emerging adulthood. Journal of Personality, 74, 1371-1400.
McAdams, D. P., Diamond, A., de St. Aubin, E., & Mansfield, E. (1997). Stories of commitment: The psychosocial construction of generative lives. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72, 678-694.
McAdams, D. P., Healy, S., & Krause, S. (1984). Social motives and patterns of friendship. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 47, 828-838.
McAdams, D. P., Hoffman, B. J., Mansfield, E. D., & Day, R. (1996). Themes of agency and communion in significant autobiographical scenes. Journal of Personality, 64, 339-377.
McAdams, D. P., & Pals, J. L. (2006). A new big five: Fundamental principles for an integrative science of personality. American Psychologist, 61, 204-217.
McAdams, D. P., Reynolds, J., Lewis, M., Patten, A. H., & Bowman, P. J. (2001). When bad things turn good and good things turn bad: Sequences of redemption and contamination in life narrative and their relation to psychosocial adaptation in midlife adults and in students. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 27, 474-484.
McDonald, R. P., & Ho, M. R. (2002). Principles and practice in reporting structural equation analysis. Psychological Methods, 7, 64-82.
McDonough, M. L., Carlson, C., & Cooper, C. R. (1994). Individuated marital relationships and the regulation of affect in families of early adolescents. Journal of Adolescent Research, 9, 67-87.
McLean, K. C. (2005). Late adolescent identity: Narrative meaning making and memory telling. Developmental Psychology, 41, 683-391.
McLean, K. C., & Breen, A. (2009). Processes and content of narrative identity development in adolescence: Gender and well-being. Developmental Psychology, 45, 702-710.
McLean, K. C., & Lilgendahl, J. P. (2008). Why recall our highs and lows: Relations between memory functions, age, and well-being. Memory, 16, 751-762.
McLean, K. C. & Pratt, M. W. (2006). Life’s little (and big) lessons: Identity statuses and meaning-making in the turning point narratives of emerging adulthood. Developmental Psychology, 42, 714-722.
McLean, K. C., & Thorne, A. (2001). Coding Manual for Relationship Narratives. Unpublished manuscript, University of California, Santa Cruz.
McLean, K. C., & Thorne, A. (2003). Late adolescents’self-defining memories about relationships. Developmental Psychology, 39, 635-645.
Moffitt, K. H., & Singer, J. A. (1994). Continuity in the life story: Self-defining memories, affect, and approach/avoidance personal strivings. Journal of Personality, 62, 21-43.
Montgomery, M. J. (2005). Psychosocial intimacy and identity from early adolescence to emerging adulthood. Journal of Adolescent Research, 20, 346-374.
Mrazek, P. J., & Mrazek, D. A. (1987). Resilience in child maltreatment victims: A conceptual exploration. Child Abuse and Neglect, 11, 357-366.
Nelson, L. J. (2009). An examination of emerging adulthood in Romanian college students. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 33, 402-411.
Nelson, L. J., Badger, S., & Wu, B. (2004). The influence of culture in emerging adulthood: Perspectives of Chinese college students. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 28, 26-36.
Nelson, L. J., & Chen, X. (2007). Emerging adulthood in China: The role of social and cultural factors. Child Development Perspectives, 1, 86-91.
Niles, S. G., & Sowa, C. J. (1992). Mapping the nomological network of career self-efficacy. Career Development Quarterly, 41, 13-21.
Nolen-Hoeksema, S., Morrow, J., & Fredrichson, B. L. (1993). Response styles and the duration of episodes of depressed mood. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 102, 20-28.
Pals, J. L. (2006). The narrative identity processing of difficult life experiences: Pathways of personality development and positive self-transformation in adulthood. Journal of Personality, 74, 2-31.
Pals, J. L., & McAdams, D. P. (2004). The transformed self: A narrative understanding of posttraumatic growth. Psychological Inquiry, 15, 65-69.
Pasupathi, M., Mansour, E., & Brubaker, J. R. (2007). Developing a life story: Constructing relations between self and experience in autobiographical narratives. Human Development, 50, 85-110.
Pillemer, D. B. (1998). Momentous events, vivid memories. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Pillemer, D. B. (2001). Momentous events and the life story. Review of General Psychology, 5, 123-134.
Pillemer, D. B. (2003). Directive functions of autobiographical memory: The guiding power of the specific episode. Memory, 11, 193-202.
Polach, J. L. (2004). Understanding the experience of college graduates during their first year of employment. Human Resource Development Quarterly, 15, 5-23.
Rak, C. F., & Patterson, L. E. (1996). Promoting resilience in at-risk children. Journal of Counseling and Development, 74, 368-373.
Reeves, P. C., & Johnson, M. E. (1992). Relationship between family-of-origin functioning and self-perceived correlates disorders among female college students. Journal of College Student Development, 33, 44-49.
Rime, B., Mesquita, B., Philippot, P., & Boca, S. (1991). Beyond the emotional event: Six studies on the social sharing of emotion. Cognition and Emotion, 5, 435-465.
Roisman, G, I., Masten, A. S., Coatsworth, J. D., & Tellegen, A. (2004). Salient and emerging developmental tasks in the transition to adulthood. Child Development, 75, 123-133.
Rubin, K. H., Bukowski, W., & Parker, J. G. (1998). Peer interactions, relationships, and groups. In N. Eisenberg & W. Damon (Series Ed.), Handbook of Child Psychology: Social, Emotional, and Personality Development (pp. 619-700). New York: Wiley.
Schwartz, S. J., Côté. J. E. & Arnett, J. J. (2005). Identity and agency in emerging adulthood: Two developmental routes in the individualization process. Youth and Society, 37, 201-229.
Sherer, M., Maddux, J. E., Mercandante, B., Prentice-Dunn, S., Jacobs, B., & Rogers, R. W. (1982). The self-efficacy scale: Construction and validation. Psychology Reports, 51, 663-671.
Singer, J. A. (1995). Seeing one’s self: Locating narrative memory in a framework of personality. Journal of Personality, 63, 429-457.
Singer, J. A. (2004). Narrative identity and meaning making across the adult lifespan: An introduction. Journal of Personality, 72, 437-459.
Singer, J. A., & Blagov, P. (2004). The integrative function of narrative processing: Autobiographical memory, self-defining memories, and the life story of identity. In D. R. Beike, J. M. Lampinen, & D. A. Behrend (Ed.), The Self and Memory (pp. 117-138). New York: Psychology Press.
Singer, J. A., & Bluck, S. (2001). New perspectives on autobiographical memory: The integration of narrative processing and autobiographical reasoning. Review of General Psychology, 5, 91-99.
Singer, J. A., & Moffitt, K. H. (1991-1992). An experimental investigation of specificity and generality in memory narratives. Imagination, Cognition, and Personality, 11, 233-257.
Singer, J. A., & Salovey, P. (1993). The remembered self. New York: The Free Press.
Singer, J., Rexhaj, B., & Baddeley, J. (2007). Older, wiser, and happier? Comparing older adults' and college students' self-defining memories. Memory, 15, 886-898.
Sirsch, U., Dreher, E., Mayr, E., & Willinger, U. (2009).What does it take to be an adult in Austria? Views of adulthood in Austrian adolescents, emerging adults, and adults. Journal of Adolescent Research, 24, 275-292.
Smith, H. M., & Betz, N. E. (2000). Development and validation of a scale of perceived social self-efficacy. Journal of Career Assessment, 8, 283-301.
Staudinger, U. M. (1996). Wisdom and the social-interactive foundation of the mind. In P. B. Baltes, & U. M. Staudinger (Eds.), Interactive Minds: Life-span Perspectives on the Social Foundation of Cognition (pp. 276-315). New York: Cambridge University Press.
Staudinger, U. M. (2001). Life reflection: A social-cognitive analysis of life review. Review of General Psychology, 5, 148-160.
Steger, M. F., Kashdan, T. B., Sullivan, B. A., & Lorentz, D. (2008). Understanding the search for meaning in life: Personality, cognitive style, and the dynamic between seeking and experiencing meaning. Journal of Personality, 76, 199-228.
Steger, M. F., Oishi, S., & Kashdan, T. B. (2009). Meaning in life across the life span: Levels and correlates of meaning in life from emerging adulthood to older adulthood. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 4, 43-52.
Steyn, R., & Mynhardt, J. (2008). Factors that influence the forming of self-evaluation and self-efficacy perceptions. South African Journal of Psychology, 38, 563-573.
Sturaro, C., Denissen, J. J. A., van Aken, M. A. G., & Asendorpf, J. B. (2008). Person-environment transactions during emerging adulthood: The interplay between personality characteristics and social relationships. European Psychologist, 13, 1-11.
Sutin, A. R., & Robins, R. W. (2005). Continuity and correlates of emotions and motives in self-defining memories. Journal of Personality, 73, 793-824.
Tedeschi, R. G., & Calhoun, L. G. (2004). Posttraumatic growth: Conceptual foundations and empirical evidence. Psychological Inquiry, 15, 1-18.
Thorne, A., & McLean, K. C. (2001). Manual for coding events in self-defining memories. Unpublished manuscript, University of California, Santa Cruz.
Thorne, A., & McLean, K. C. (2002). Gendered reminiscence practices and self-definition in late adolescence. Sex Roles: A Journal of Research, 46, 261-271.
Thorne, A., & Michaelieu, Q. (1996). Situating gender and self-esteem with personal memories. Child Development, 67, 1374-1390.
Thorne, A., McLean, K. C., & Lawrence, A. M. (2004). When remembering is not enough: Reflecting on self-defining memories in late adolescence. Journal of Personality, 72, 513-542.
Tomkins, S. S. (1979). Script theory. In H. E. Howe Jr. & R. A. Dienstbier (Eds.), Nebraska Symposium on Motivation (Vol. 26, pp. 201-236). Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
Tomkins, S. S. (1987). Script theory. In J. Aronoff, A. I. Rabin, & R. A. Zucker (Eds.), The Emergence of Personality (pp. 147-216). New York: Springer.
Wei, M., Russell, D. W., & Zakalik, R. A. (2005). Adult attachment, social self-efficacy, self-disclosure, loneliness, and subsequent depression for freshman college students: A longitudinal study. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 52, 602-614.
Woike, B. A. (1995). Most-memorable experiences: Evidence for a link between implicit and explicit motives and social cognitive processes in everyday life. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 68, 1081-1091.
Woike, B. A., Gersekovich, I., Piorkowski, R., & Polo, M. (1999). The role of motives in the content and structure of autobiographical memory. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76, 600-612.
Wood, W., & Conway, M. (2006). Subjective impact, meaning making and current recalled emotions for self-defining memories. Journal of Personality, 74, 811-846.