在社會動盪的時候，警察是維持社會秩序的重要角色，而他們的工作必須承受極高的危險性和壓力。本量化研究探討職業認同及職業滿意度間的正向關係並以情緒療物為調節變數。本研究使用紙本問卷，並有395為台灣警察參與此研究。研究結果顯示職業認同與職業滿意間為正向關係，而情緒勞務則負向調節此正向關係。最後，此研究結果提供建議予政府、從事人力資源方面之工作者及民眾，希望藉此研究提升目前警察的工作環境。

Police officer is an important role to keep order in the society, especially in the turbulent situation. Their job has been considered with high pressure and high danger. This study examined the positive relationship between career identity and career satisfaction with the moderating effect of emotional labor. A quantitative approach was used in this study. 395 valid samples were surveyed by paper-based questionnaires from police officers in Taiwan. The result of the study indicated that career identity was positively related to career satisfaction and the emotional labor negatively moderates moderated the relationship. This study provided implications and suggestions for the government, HR practitioners and citizens to improve the current working environment for police officers.

Abraham, R. (1998). Emotional dissonance in organizations: Antecedents, consequences, and moderators. Genetic, Social, and General Psychology Monographs, 124(2), 229.

Adelmann, P . (1995). Emotional labor as a potential source of job stress. In S. L. Sauter & L. R. Murphy (Eds.), Organizational risk factors for job stress (pp. 371-382). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

Arita, H. T. (2005) Range size in mid-domain models of species diversity. Journal of Theoratical Biology, 232, 119-126.

Arthur, M. B., Khapova, S. N., & Wilderom, C. P. M. (2005). Career success in a boundaryless career world. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 26(2), 177-202.

Aryee, S. (1993). A path-analytic investigation of the determinants of career withdrawal intentions of engineers: Some HRM issues arising in a professional labor market in Singapore. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 4, 213–230.

Aryee, S., Wyatt, T., & Stone, R. (1994). Early career outcomes of graduate employees: An examination of the effect of mentoring and ingratiation. Manuscript submitted for publication.

Aryee, S., & Luk, V. (1996). Balancing the two major parts of adult life experience: work and family identity among dual career couples. Human Relations, 49(4), 465-487.

Ashforth, B. E., & Humphrey, R. H. (1993). Emotional laborin service role: the influences of identity. Academy of Management Reviews, 18(1), 88-115.

Ashforth, B. E., & Fugate, M. (2011). Role transitions and the life span. In B.E. Ashforth (Eds.), Role transitions in organizational life: An identity-based perspective (pp. 225-257). Mahwah, NJ: lawrence Erlbaum.

Ashkanasy, N.M. and Daus, C.S. (2002), Emotion in the workplace: The new challenge for managers, Academy of Management Executive, 16, 76-86.
Bayley, D. H. & Bittner, E. (1984). Learning the skills of policing. Law and Contemporary problems, 47(4), 35-59.

Bayley, D. H., & Shearing, C. D. (1996). The future of policing. Law and Society Review, 30,
585-606.

Beutell, N. J, & Wittig-Berman, U. (1999). Predictors of work-family conflict and satisfaction with family, job, career, and life. Psychological Reports, 85(3), 893-903.

Bittner, E. (1967). The functions of police in modern society. Bethesda, MD: National Institutes of Mental Health.

Blau, G. J. (1989). Testing the generalizability of a career commitment measure and its impact on employee turnover. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 35, 88-103.

Brotheridge, C.M., & Grandey, A.A. (2002). Emotional labor and burnout: comparing two perspectives of “people work”. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 60, 17-39.

Brotheridge, C. M., & Lee, R. T. (2003). Development and validation of emotional labor scale. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 76, 365-379.

Brown, J. M., & Campbell, E. A. (1994). Stress and policing: sources and strategies. Chichester: Wiley.

Carson, K.D., & Bedeian A. G. (1994). Career commitment: construction of a measure and examination of its psychometric properties. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 44, 237-262.

Castells, N. (1998). End of millennium : The information age–economy, society and culture, 3rd edition, Oxford: Blackwell.

Chen, S. L. & Li, J. S. (2015). Police officers retired earlier due to the lack of sense of achievement. udn. Retrieved from http://udn.com/news/story/7314/908820

Chen, C. M., Wu, D. R., & Wu, Y. C. (2015. May 18). The social expectation of police officers is bad that lead to high retirement. TVBS. Retrieved from http://news.tvbs.com.tw/life/580661/

Chiaburu, D. S., Diaz, I., & De Vos, A. (2013). Employee alienation: relationships with careerism and career satisfaction. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 28(1), 4-20.

Chope, R., & Johnson, R. A. (2008). Career identity in turbulent world. Perspectives in Education, 26(3), 45-54.

Conrad, C., & Witte, K. (1994). Is emotional expression repression oppression? Myths of organizational affective regulation. Communication Yearbook, 17, 417-428.

Crocetti, E., Rubini, M., Luyckx, K., & Meeus, W. (2008). Identity formation in early and middle adolenscents from various ethnic groups: from three dimensions to five statuses. Journal of Youth and Adolenscence, 37, 983-996.

Cumming, E., Cumming, I., & Edell, L. (1965). Doing Justice, Doing Gender: Women in Law and Criminal Justice Occupation. California: Sage Publication.

Culié, J. D, Khapova, S.N., & Arthur, M.B. (2014). Careers, clusters, and employment mobility: the influence of psychological mobility and organizational support. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 84(2), 164-176.

Diener, Ed. & Biswas-Diener, R. (2000). Will money increase subjective well-being? Social Indicator Research, 57(2), 119-169.

Dutton, J. E., Roberts, L.M., & Bednar, J. (2010). Pathways for positive identity construction at work: Four types of positive identity and the building of social resources. Academy of Management Review, 35(2), 265-293.

Drucker, P. F. (1993). The post-capitalist society. Oxford: Butterworth Heinemann.
Easterlin, R. A. (1974). Does economic growth improve the human lot? Some empirical evidence. In P. A. David & M. W. Reder (Eds.), Nations and households in economic growth (pp. 89-125). New York: Academic Press.

Eby, L.T., Butts, M., & Lockwood, A. (2003). Predictor of success of the era of boundaryless career. Journal of the Organziational Behavior, 24(6), 689-708.
Ehrlich, S., Martin, N., & Jurik, C. (1996). Doing Justice, Doing Gender: Women in Law and Criminal Justice Occupation. California: Sage Publication.

Erikson, E. (1968). Identity: youth and crisis. New York: Norton.

ETtoday (2013). Police work over 88 hours per month. ETtoday. Retrieved from http://www.ettoday.net/news/20130409/189506.htm

Ellstrom, P. E. (1999, August). Integration learning and work: problems and prospects. Paper presented at EARLI conference, Gothenburg, Sweden.

England, P., & Farkas, G. (1986). Households, employment, and caring as gendered work. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Feldman, D. C., & Bolino, M. C. (1996). Careers within careers: Reconceptualizing the nature of career anchors and their consequences. Human Resource Management Review, 6(2), 89-112.

Fugate, M., Kinicki, A. J., & Ashforth, B. E. (2004). Employability: a psycho-social construct, its dimensions and applications. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 65(1), 14-34.

Feldman, D. C., & Bolino, M. C. (1996). Careers within careers: conceptualizing the nature of career anchors and their consequences. Human Resource Management Review, 6(2), 89-112.

Frija, N. H., Ortony, A., Sonnemans, J., & Clore, G.L. (1992). The complexity of intensity: issues concerning the structure of emotion intensity. In M. Clark (Eds.) Review of personality and social psychology (Vol. 13, pp. 60-89). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.

Gardener, W. L., & Martinko, M. J. (1988). Impression management in organization. Journal of Management, 14(2), 321-338.

Gottfredson, L. S. (2002). Gottfredson’s theory of circumscription, compromise, and self-creation In D. Brown & Associates (Eds.), Career choice and development (4th ed., pp. 85-148). San Francisco: Joosey-Bass.

Gottfredson, L. S. (2005). Applying Gottfredson’s theory of circumscription and career guidance and counseling. In S. D. Brown & R. W. Lent (Eds.), Career development and counseling: Putting theory and research to work (pp. 71-100). Hoboken, NJ:Wiley.

Goffman, E. (1959). The presentation of self in everyday life. New York: Doubleday Anchor.

Grandey, A.A. (2000). Emotion regulation in the workplace: a new way to conceptualize emotional labor. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 5(1), 95-110.

Grandey, A. A. (2003). When “the show must go on”: Surface acting and deep acting as determinant of emotional exhaustion and peer-rated service delivery. Academy of Management Journal, 40(1), 86-96.

Greenhaus, J. H., Parasurman, S., & Wormley, W. M. (1990). Effect of race on organizational experiences, job performance evaluation, and career outcomes. Academy of Management Journal, 33(1), 64-86.

Grotevant, H. D. (1997). Toward a process of model of identity formation. Journal of Adolescent, 2(3), 202-222.

Grove, S.J., & Fisk, R.P. (1983). The dramaturgy of services exchange: an analytical
framework for services marketing. In Berry, L., Shostack, L., and Upah, G.D. (Eds). Emerging Perspectives in Services Marketing. Chicago, IL: American Marketing Association.

Hackman, J. R., & Oldman, G. R. (1980). Work redesign. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.

Hall, D. T., Briscoe, J. P., & Kram, K. E. (1997). Identity, values and learning in protean career. In C. L. Cooper & S. E. Jackson (Eds.), Creating tomorrow’s organization (pp. 321-322). Chichester: John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

Hall, D. T., & Chandler, D. E. (2005). Psychological success: when the career is a calling. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 26(2), 155-176.

Hall, D. T., & Foster, L. W. (1977). A psychological success cycle and goal setting: Goals, performance, and attitudes. Academy of Management Journal, 20, 282-290.

Hageman, M. J. C. (1979). Who join for what reasons: an argument for the “new breed”. Journal of Police Science and Administration, 7(2), 206-210.

Heslin, P. A. (2005). Conceptualizing and evaluating career success. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 26(2), 113-136.

Hirschi, A. (2012). Vocational identity trajectories: Differences in personality and development of well-being. European Journal of Personality, 26, 2-12.

Hochschild, A. R. (1983). The managed heart: commercialization of human feeling. Berkeley: University of California Press.

Holland, J. L., Johnston, J. A., & Asama, N. F (1993). The Vocational Identity Scale: A diagnostic and treatment tool. Journal of Career Assessment, 1, 1-11.

Humphrey, R. H., Pollack, J. M., & Hawver, T. (2008). Leading with emotional labor. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 23(2), 151-168.

Johnson, H.M. (2004). The Story Behind Service With A Smile: The Effects of Emotional Labor on Job Satisfaction, Emotional Exhaustion, and Affective Well-Being (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/1097

Kidd, J. M. (2008). Exploring the components of career well-being and the emotions associated with significant career experiences. Journal of Career Development, 35(2), 166-186.
Kimmel, D. C., Price, K, F., & Walker, J. W. (1978). Retirement choice and retirement satisfaction. Journal of Gerontology, 33, 575-585.

Korman, A. K., Mahler, S. R., & Omran, K. A. (1983). Work ethics and satisfaction, alienation, and other reactions. Handbook of Vocational Psychology, 2, 181-206.

LaPointe, K. (2010). Narrating career, positioning identity: Career identity as a narrative practice. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 77, 1-9.

Lee, H. F. & Chu, C. F. (2015, June 7). The serious shortage of police officers that government have to recruit 10000 police officers within 5 years. Liberty Time Net. Retrieved from http://news.ltn.com.tw/news/politics/paper/887185

Linde, C. (1993). Life stories. The creation of coherence. New York: Oxfords University Press.

Lounsbury, J. W., Loveland, J. W., & Sundstrom, E.D. (2003). An investigation of personality traits in relation to career satisfaction. Journal of Career Assessment, 11(3), 287-307.

Lounsbury, J.W., Park, S., Sundstrom, E., Williamson, J.M., & Pemberton, A.E. (2004), Personality, career satisfaction, and life satisfaction: test of a directional model, Journal of Career Assessment, 12(4), 395-406.

Lounsbury, J.W., Steel, R., Gibson, L., & Drost, A. (2008). Personality traits and career satisfaction of human resource professionals. Human Resource Development International, 11(4), 351-66.

London, M. (1983). Toward a theory of career motivation. Academy of Management Review, 8, 620-630.

London, M., & Mone, E.M. (1987). Career management and survival in the workplace. San Fransisco: Jossey-Bass.

London, M., & Stumpf, S. A. (1983). Effects of candidate characteristics on management promotion decisions: An experimental study. Personnel Psychology, 36, 241-259.

Loseke, D. R., & Cahill, S. E. (1984). The social construction of deviance: Experts on battered women. Social Problems, 31(3), 296-310.

Loseke, D. R., & Cahill, S. E. (1986). Actors in search of a character: Student social workers' quest for professional identity. Symbolic Interaction, 9(2), 245-258.

Luyckx, K., Goossens, L., Soenens, B., Beyers, W., & Vansteenkiste, M. (2005). Identity stuatus based on 4 rather than 2 identity dimensions: extending and refining Marcia’s paradigm. Journal of Youth and Adolenscence, 34, 605-618.

Macdonald, C. L., & Sirianni, C. (1996). Working in the service society. Philadephia: Temple University Press.

Marcia, J. E. (1980). Indentity in adolescence. In J. Adelson (Eds.), Handbook of Adolescent Psychology (pp. 158-187). New York: Wiley.

Marcia, J. E. (1989). Identity and intervention. Journal of Adolenscence, 12, 401-410.

Marcia, J. E. (1996). Development and validation of ego identity status. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 3(5), 551-558.

Martin, S.E. (1990). On the move: the status of women in policing. Washington, DC: Police Foundation.

Martin, S. E. (1999). Police force or police service? gender and emotional labor. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science,561, 111-126.

Markides, K. S., & Martin, H. W. (1979). A causal model of life satisfaction among the elderly. Journal of Gerontology, 34, 86-93.

Mancini, J. A., & Orthner, D. K. (1980). Situations influences on leisure satisfaction and morale in old age. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 28, 466- 471.
Manning, P. (1997). Police work: The Social Organization of Policing. 2nd Ed. Prospect Height, IL: Waveland Press.

McGregor, I., McAdams, D. P., & Little, B. R. (2006). Personal projects, life stories, and happiness: On being true to traits. Journal of Research in Personality, 40, 551-572.

McLean, K. N. (2012). Mental health and well-being in resident mine workers: out of the fly-in fly-out box. Australian Journal of Rural Health, 20, 126-130.

McQueen, A.C.H. (2004) Emotional intelligence in nursing work. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 47(1), 101–108.

Meagher, M.S., & Yentes, N. A. (1986). Choosing a career in policing: a comparison of male and female perceptions. Journal of Police Science and Administration, 14, 320-327.

Meeus, W., Dekovic, M., & Iedema, J. (1997). Unemployment and identity in adolenscence: a social comparison perspective. Career Development Quarterly, 45, 369-380.

Meeus, W., Iedema, J., Helsen, M., & Vollebergh, W. (1999). Patterns of adolenscent identity development : review of literature and longitudinal analysis. Development Review, 19, 419-461.

Meijers, F. (1998). The development of a career identity. International Journal for the Advancement of Councelling, 20, 191-207.

Meijers, F., Kuijpers, M., & Gundy, C. (2013). The relationship between career competencies, career identity, motivation and quality of choice. International Journal of Education Vocational Guidance, 13, 47-66.

Meijers, F., & Lengelle, R. (2012). Narratives at work: the development of career identity. British Journal of Guidance & Couselling, 40(2), 157-176.

Middleton, D. R. (1989). Emotional style: the cultural ordering of emotions. Ethos, 17(2), 187-201.

Mills, T., & Kleinman, S. (1988). Emotions, reflextivity, and action: an interactionsit analysis. Social Forces, 66(4), 1009-1027.

Mikolajczak, M., Menil, C., & Luminet, O. (2007). Explaining the protective effect of trait emotional intelligence regarding occupational stress: Exploration of emotional labor processes. Journal of Research in Personality, 41(5), 1107-1117.

Morris, J. A., & Feldman, D.C. (1996). The dimensions, antecedents, and consequences of emotional labor. Academy of Management Review, 21(4), 986-1010.

Morris, A. F., & Husman, B. F. (1978). Life quality changes following an endurance conditioning program. American Correctional Therapy Journal, 32, 3-6.

Mortimer, J. T., Zimmer-Gembeck, M. J., Holmes, M., & Shanahan, M. J. (2002). The process of occupational decision making: patterns during the transition to adulthood. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 61, 439-465.

Nauta, M.M., & Kahn, J. H. (2007). Identity status, consistency and differentiation of interests, and career decision self-efficacy. Journal of Career Assessment, 15, 55-65.

Näring, G., Briët, M., & Brouwers, A. (2007). Validation of the Dutch Questionnaire on Emotional Labor (D-QEL) in Nurses and Teachers. In P. Richter, J. M. Peiro & W. B.
Schaufeli (Eds.), Psychosocial resources in human services work (pp. 135-145). München: Hampp Publishers.

Near, J. P, Rice, R. W., & Hunt, R. G. (1980). The relationship between work and nonwork domains: A review of empirical research. Academy of Management Review, 5, 415-429.

Newman, D. B., Tay, L., & Diener, E. (2014). Leisure and subjective well-being: A model of psychological mechanisms as mediating factors. Journal of Happiness Studies, 15, 555-578.

Ng, T. W. H., Eby, L. T., Sorensen, K. L., & Feldman, D. C. (2005). Predictors of objective and subjective career success: A meta-analysis. Personnel Psychology, 58, 367–408.
Ogungbamila, B., Balogun, A. G., Ogungbamila, A., & Oladele,R.S. (2014). Job stress, emotional labor and emotional intelligence as predictors of turnover intention: Evidence from two service occupations. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, 5(6), 2039-2117.

Onstenk, J. (1997). The integration of learning, work and innovation. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Delft: Eburon.

Othman, A. K., Abdullah, H. S., & Ahmad, J. (2011). Emotional intelligence and career role effectivemenss in service organizations: the moderating effect of emotional labor. Business & Management Quarterly Review, 2(3), 126-137.

Petrides, K. V., & Furnham, A. (2006). The role of trait emotional intelligence in a gender-specific model of organizational variables. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 36, 552-569.

Pugh, S. D., Groth, M., & Hennig-Thurau, T. (2010). Willing and able to fake emotions: A closer examination of the link between emotional dissonance and employee well-being. Journal of Applied Psychology, 96(2), 377-390.

Plunkett, M. (2001). Serendity and agency in narratives of transition: Young adult women. In D. P. McAdams, R. Josselson, A. Lieblich (Eds), Turns in the road: Narratives studies of lives in transition (pp. 151-175). Washinton, DC: American Psychological Association.

Poon, J. M. L. (2004). Career commitment and career success: Moderating role of emotion perception. Career Development International, 9(4), 374-390.

Prontin, E., Schwannauer, T., Tai, S., & Kinderman, P. (2013). A UK validation of a general measure of subjective well-being: the modified BBC subjective well-being scale (BBC-SWB). Health and Quality of Life Outcome, 11, 1-9.

Pryor, R. G. L. , & Bright, J. E. H. (2011). The chaos of theory of careers: a new perspective on working in the twenty-first century. New York: Routledge.

Rafaeli, A. (1989). When cashiers meet customers: An analysis of the role of supermarket cashiers. Academy of Management Journal, 32, 245-273.

Rafaeli, A., & Sutton, R. (1991). Emotional contrast strategies as means of social influence:lessons from criminal interrogators and bill collectors. Academy of Management Journal, 34(4), 749-775.

Ray, R. O. (1979). Life satisfaction and activity involvement: Implications for leisure service. Journal of Leisure Research, 11,112-119.

Reffruschini, J. O. (1978). Some multi-dimensional and value aspects of happiness (Doctoral dissertation, Uni- versity of Arizona, 1978). Dissertation Abstracts International, 39, 2479B. (University Microfilms No. 78- 20,402).

Richards, J., & Gross, J. J. (1999). Composure at any cost? The cognitive consequences of emotion suppression. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 25(8), 1033-1044.

Riddick, C. C. (1980). The life satisfaction of retired and employed older women: A re-examination of the disengagement theory, Gerontologist, 20(5), 187-187.

Roth, T., Kramer, M., & Roehrs, T. (1976). Mood before and after sleep. The Psychiatric Jounal of the University of Ottwa, 1, 123-127.

Rutter, D. R., & Fielding, P. J. (1988). Sources of occupational stress: An examination of British prison officers. Work and Stress, 2(4), 291-299.

Sandvik, E., Diener, E., & Seidlitz, L. (2009). Subjective well-being: The convergence and stability of self-report and non-self-report measures. In Assessing Well-Being (pp. 119-138). Springer Netherlands.

Savivkas, M. L. (1997). Career adaptability: An integrative construct for life-span, life-space theory. Career Development Quarterly, 45(3), 247-259.

Savickas, M. L. (2005). The theory and practice of career construction. In S. D. Brown & R.W. Lent (Eds.), Career development and counseling: putting theory and research to work (pp. 42-70). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.

Schaufeli, W. B., & Enzmann, D. (1998). The burnout companion to study and practice: a critical analysis. Washington, DC: Taylor & Francis.

Schaible, L.M., & Gecas, V. (2010). The impact of emotional labor and value dissonance on burnout among police officers. Police Quarterly, 13(3), 316-341.

Schein, E. H. (1975). How career anchors hold executives to their career paths. Personnel, 52, 11-24.

Schein, E. H. (1987). Individuals and careers. In J. Lorsch (Ed.), Handbook of organizational behavior (pp. 155–171). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.

Shuler, S., & Sypher, B. D. (2000). Seeking emotional labor: when managing the heart enhances the work experience. Management Communication Quarterly, 14(1), 50-89.

Smith, P. (1992). The emotional labour of nursing. Basingstoke, England: Macmillan.

Stenross, B., & Kleinman, S. (1989). The highs and lows of emotional labor: detectives’ encounters with criminals and victims. Journal of Contemporary Ethnography, 17(4), 435-452.

Steinberg, R. J., & Figart, D. M. (1999). Emotional labor since: the managed heart. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 561, 8-26.

Spreitzer, E., & Snyder, E. E. (1974). Correlates of life satisfaction among the aged. Journal of Gerontology, 29, 454-458.


Sutton, R. I. (1991). Maintaining norms about expressed emotions: The case of bill collectors. Administrative Science Quarterly, 36, 245–268.

Sveningsson, S., & Alvesson, M. (2003). Managing manergerial identities: organization fragmentation, discourse and identity struggle. Human Relations, 56(10), 1163-1193.

Tarng, M. Y., Hsieh, C. H. , & Deng, T. J. (2001). Personal background and reasons for choosing a career in policing: an empirical study of police students in Taiwan. Journal of Criminal Justice, 29, 45-56.

Teichler, U. (1999). Research on the relationships between higher education and the world of work: past achievement, problems and new challenges. Higher Education, 38(2), 169-190.
Thoits, P. A. (1989). The sociology of emotions. Annual Review of Sociology, 15, 317-342.

Thoits, P. A. (1991). On merging identity theory and stress research. Social Psychology Quarterly, 54, 101-112.

Tolich, M. B. (1993). Alienating and liberating emotions at work: Supermarket clerks' performance of customer service. Journal of Contemporary Ethnography, 22,361-381.

Toseland, R., & Rasch, J.(1979-1980). Correlates of life satisfaction: An AID analysis. International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 10, 203-211.

Tracy, S. J. (2005). Locking up emotion: moving beyond dissonance for understanding emotion labor discomfort. Communication Monographs, 72(3), 261-283.

Tredway, V. A, (1978). Mood and exercise in older adults (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from ProQuest. (DP30527)

VanCoevering, V. G. R. (1974). An exploratory study of middle-aged and older widows to investigate those variables that differentiate high and low life satisfaction (Doctoral Dissertation). Retrieved from ProQuest. (7331788).

Van Dick, R., & Wagner, U. (2002). Social identification among school teachers: Dimensions, foci, and correlates. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 11, 129–149.


Van Maanen, J., & Kunda, G. (1989). "Real feelings": Emotional expression and organizational culture. In L. L. Cummings & B. M. Staw (Eds.), Research in organizational behavior (Vol. 11, pp. 43-103). Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
Verbruggen, M., Sels, L., & Forrier, A. (2007). Unraveling the relationship between organizational career management and the need for external career counseling. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 71(1), 69-83.

Warton, A.S. (1993). The affective consequence of service work: managing emotions on the job. Work and Occupation, 20, 205-232.

Warton, A. S. (1999). The psychosocial consequence of emotional labor. The ANNALS of American Academy of Political and Social Science, 561, 158-176.

Weiber, K., & Ladkin, A. (2011). Career identity and its relation to career anchors and career satisfaction: the case of convention and exhibition industry professional in Asia. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 16(2), 167-182.

Wessman, A. E. (1956). A psychological inquiry into satisfactions and happiness. (Doctoral Dissertation). Retrieved from ProQuest. (301983413)

Weiner, Y., Muczyk, J.P. & Martin, H.J. (1992). Self-esteem and job involvement as moderators of the relationship between work satisfaction and well-being. Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 7(4), 539-554.

Wijers, G., & Meijers, F. (1996). Career guidance in the knowledge society. British Journal of Guidance and Counselling, 24(2), 185-198.

Wilson, W. R. (1960). An attempt to determine some correlates and dimensions of hedonic tone (Doctoral dissertation). Retrived from ProQuest. (6006588)

Wilson, J. Q. (1968). Varieties of police behavior. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Wilson, J. M. (2012). Articulating the dynamic police staffing challenge. A examination of supply and demand. Policing: an International Journal of Police Strategies & Management, 35(2), 327-355.

Yao Wu, T. (2010). The impact of work stress and work value on Taiwanese police job satisfaction. Taiwan Police Academy Journal, 4(8), 127–142.
Yang, M. L, & Ho, C. Y. (2012). Police are ordinary people. Common Wealth. Retrieved from http://www.cw.com.tw/article/article.action?id=5034729#

York, M., & Knight, P. (2006). Curricula for economic and social gain. Higher Education, 51(4), 565-588.