研究生: |
鄭惠文 Hui-wen Winni Cheng |
---|---|
論文名稱: |
社會支持對文化智商及社會文化適應間的調節效果:以在台灣的國際學生為例 Moderating Effect of Social Support on the Relationship between Cultural Intelligence and Socio-cultural Adjustment: A Study of International Students in Taiwan |
指導教授: |
林怡君
Lin, Yi-Chun |
學位類別: |
碩士 Master |
系所名稱: |
國際人力資源發展研究所 Graduate Institute of International Human Resource Developmemt |
論文出版年: | 2013 |
畢業學年度: | 101 |
語文別: | 英文 |
論文頁數: | 94 |
中文關鍵詞: | 文化智商 、社會文化適應 、社會支持 |
英文關鍵詞: | cultural Intelligence, socio-cultural adjustment, social support |
論文種類: | 學術論文 |
相關次數: | 點閱:262 下載:31 |
分享至: |
查詢本校圖書館目錄 查詢臺灣博碩士論文知識加值系統 勘誤回報 |
The increasing numbers of international students go abroad to seek for high level education. They may face the cultural adjustment problems in a new country. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of cultural intelligence on socio-cultural adjustment. Also, examine the moderating effect social support on the relationship between cultural intelligence and socio-cultural adjustment. The target sample in this study was international students studying in Taiwan universities. The paper-based questionnaire was used to collect data. The analysis methods included Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA), descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation, and hierarchy regression by running SPSS v 18.0 and AMOS 8.0 software. The results showed that there was a positive relationship between cultural intelligence (CQ) and socio-cultural adjustment. The social support was examined that it positively moderated the relationship between cultural intelligence (CQ) and socio-cultural adjustment. Also, the interaction of each dimensions showed the significant impact on socio-cultural adjustment. The results of this study contribute to increase the evidence in the cross-cultural research field and provide the suggestions to help international students deal with problems in a different country or culture.
The increasing numbers of international students go abroad to seek for high level education. They may face the cultural adjustment problems in a new country. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of cultural intelligence on socio-cultural adjustment. Also, examine the moderating effect social support on the relationship between cultural intelligence and socio-cultural adjustment. The target sample in this study was international students studying in Taiwan universities. The paper-based questionnaire was used to collect data. The analysis methods included Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA), descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation, and hierarchy regression by running SPSS v 18.0 and AMOS 8.0 software. The results showed that there was a positive relationship between cultural intelligence (CQ) and socio-cultural adjustment. The social support was examined that it positively moderated the relationship between cultural intelligence (CQ) and socio-cultural adjustment. Also, the interaction of each dimensions showed the significant impact on socio-cultural adjustment. The results of this study contribute to increase the evidence in the cross-cultural research field and provide the suggestions to help international students deal with problems in a different country or culture.
Adelman, M. B. (1988). Cross-cultural adjustment: a theoretical perspective on social support. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 12, 183-204.
Ait Ouarasse, O. & Van De Vijver, F. J. R. (2005). The role of demographic variables and acculturation attitudes in predicting sociocultural and psychological adjustment in Moroccans in the Netherlands. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 29, 251-272.
Allen, T., McManus, S., & Russell, J. (1999). Newcomer socialization and stress: formal peer relationships as a source of support. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 54, 453-470.
Alon, I., & Higgins, J. (2005). Global leadership success through emotional and cultural intelligences. Business Horizons, 48(6), 501–512.
Anderson, L. E. (1994). A new look at an old construct: cross-cultural adaptation. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 18(3), 293-328.
Ang, S., Van Dyne, L., & Koh, C. (2006). Personality correlates of the four-factor model of cultural intelligence. Group&Organization Management, 31, 100-123.
Ang, S., Van Dyne, L., Koh, C., Ng, K. Y., Templer, K. J., Tay, C., & Chandrasekar, N. A. (2007). Cultural intelligence: Its measurement and effects on cultural judgment and decision making, cultural adaptation, and task performance. Management and Organization Review, 3, 335-371.
Aycan, Z. (1997). Expatriate adjustment as a multifaceted phenomenon: individual and organizational level predictors. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 8(4), 434-456.
Bandura, A. (1968). A social learning interpretation of psychological dysfunctions. In: Longon, D., Rosenham, D., editors. Foundations of abnormal psychology. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.
Bandura, A. (2002). Social cognitive theory in cultural context. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 51, 269-290.
Baron, R. M. & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(6), 1173-1182.
Berry, J. W. (1997). Immigration, acculturation, and adaptation. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 46, 5-34.
Berry, J. W. (2005). Acculturation: living successfully in two cultures. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 29, 697-712.
Black, J. S. (1990). The relationship of personal characteristics with the adjustment of Japanese expatriate managers. Management International Review, 30, 119-134.
Black, J. S., & Mendenhall, M. (1990). Cross-cultural training effectiveness: A review and a theoretical framework for future research. Academy of Management Review, 15(1), 113-136.
Black, J. S. & Mendenhall, M. (1991). The U-curve adjustment hypothesis revisited: a review and theoretical framework. Journal of International Business Studies, 22(2), 225-247.
Black, J. S., Mendenhall, M., & Oddou, G. (1991). Toward a comprehensive model of international adjustment: An integration of multiple theoretical perspectives. Academy of Management Review, 16(2), 291-317.
Blau, P. M. (1964). Exchange and power in social life. Wilcy, New York.
Brislin, R., Worthley, R., & MacNab, B. (2006). Cultural intelligence: Understanding behaviors that serve people’s goals. Group and Organization Management, 31, 40-55.
Browne, M. W., & Cudeck, R. (1993). Alternative ways of assessing model fit. In K. A. Bollen, & J. S. Long (Eds.), Testing Structural Equation Models, 136-162. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Byrne, B. M. (1998). Structural equation modeling with LISREL, PRELIS, and SIMPLIS: Basic concepts, applications, and programming. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
Caligiuri, P. & Lazarova, M. (2002). A model for the influence of social interaction and social support on female expatriates’ cross-cultural adjustment. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 13(5), 761-772.
Centinkaya-Yildiz, E., Cakir, S. G., & Kondakci, Y. (2011). Psychological distress among international students in Turkey. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 35, 534-539.
Chen, A. S. Y., Lin, Y. C., & Sawangpattanakul, A. (2011). The relationship between cultural intelligence and performance with the mediating effect of culture shock: a case from Philippine laborers in Taiwan. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 35, 246-258.
Church, A. T. (1982). Sojourner adjustment. Psychological Bulletin, 91, 540–572.
Constantine, M. G., Okazaki, S., & Utsey, S. O. (2004). Self-concealment, social self-efficacy, acculturative stress, and depression in African, Asian, and Latin American international college students. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 74(3), 230-241.
Crano, S. L. & Crano, W. D. (1993). A measure of adjustment strain in international students. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 24(3), 267-283.
Crittenden, W. F. (2005). A social learning theory of cross-functional case education. Journal of Business Research, 58, 960-966.
Cortes, D. E., Rogler, L. H., & Malgady, R. G. (1994). Biculturality among Puerto Rican adults in the United States. American Journal of Community Psychology, 22, 707-721.
Cutrona, C. E., & Russell, D. W. (1990). Types of social support and specific stress: Toward a theory of optimal mating. In B. R. Sarason, I. G. Sarason & G. R. Pierce (Eds.), Social support: An interactional view. New York: John Wiley.
Earley, P. C. (2002). Redefining interactions across cultures and organizations: moving forward with cultural intelligence. Research in Organizational Behavior, 24, 271-299.
Earley, P. C., & Ang, S. (2003). Cultural intelligence: Individual interactions across cultures. Stanford, CA: Stanford Business Books.
Elenkov, D. S. & Manev, I. M. (2009). Senior expatriate leadership’s effects on innovation and the role of cultural intelligence. Journal of World Business, 44, 357-369.
Eshel, Y. & Rosenthal-Sokolov, M. (2000). Acculturation attitudes and sociocultural adjustment of sojourner youth in Israel. The Journal of Social Psychology, 140(6), 677-691.
Fontaine, G. (1986). Roles of social support systems in overseas relocation: implications for intercultural training. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 10, 361-378.
Frey, L. L. & Roysircar, G. (2006). South Asian and East Asian international students’ perceived prejudice, acculturation, and frequency of help resource utilization. Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development, 34, 208-222.
Friedman, T. L. (2005). The world is flat: Abrief history of the twenty-first century. NewYork: Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
Furnham, A., & Bochner, S. (1982). Social difficulty in a foreign culture: An empirical analysis of culture shock. In S. Bochner (Ed.), Cultures in contact: Studies in cross-cultural interaction (pp. 161-198). Oxford: Pergamon Press.
Guieford, J. P. (1965). Fundamental Statistics in Psychology and Education (4th ed.). New York: McGram-Hill.
Hays, R. D. & DiMatteo, M. R. (1987). A short-form measure of loneliness. Journal of Personality Assessment, 51(1), 69-81.
Hays, L. H. & Lin, H. R. (1994). Coming to America: developing social support systems for international students. Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development, 22, 7-16.
Heppner, P. P. (2006). The benefits and challenges of becoming cross-culturally competent counseling psychologists: Presidential address. The Counseling Psychologist, 34, 147–172.
Homans, G. C. (1958). Social behavior as exchange. American Journal of Sociology, 63, 597-606.
Hwang, K. P., Wang, M. K., Sodanine, S. (2011). The effects of stressors, living support, and adjustment on learning performance of international students in Taiwan. Social Behavior and Personality, 39(3), 333-344.
Imai, L. & Gelfand, M. J. (2010). The culturally intelligent negotiator: the impact of cultural intelligence (CQ) on negotiation sequences and outcomes. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 112(2), 83-98.
International Cooperation Development Foundation. Retrieved from http://www.icdf.org.tw/
Ischinger, B. (2008). Education at a glance 2008: OECD indicators. Paris: Organization For Economic Co-operation and Development.
Jiali Ye, M. A. (2005). Acculturative stress and use of the internet among East Asian international students in the United States. CyberPsychology and Behavior, 8(2), 154-161.
Jung, E., Hecht, M. L., & Wadsworth, B. C. (2007). The role of identity in international students’ psychological well-being in the United States: a model of depression level, identity gaps, discrimination, and acculturation. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 31, 605-624.
Kashima, E. S. & Loh, E. (2006). International students’ acculturation: effects of international, conational, and local ties and need for closure. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 30, 471-485.
Kuo, B. C. H. & Roysircar, G. (2006). An exploratory study of cross-cultural adaptation of adolescent Taiwanese unaccompanied sojourners in Canada. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 30, 159-183.
Lee, J. S., Koeske, G. F., & Sales, E. (2004). Social support buffering of acculturative stress: a study of mental health symptoms among Korean international students. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 28, 399-414.
Manuel Barrera, J., Sandler, I. N., & Ramsay, T. B. (1981). Preliminary development of a scale of social support: studies on college students. American Journal of Community Psychology, 9(4), 435-447.
Marville, A. (1981). The case of international students: A foreign student reports. College Board Review, 120, 23-26.
McClure, J. W. (2007). International graduates’ cross-cultural adjustment: experiences, coping strategies, and suggested programmatic responses. Teaching in Higher Education, 12(2), 199-217.
Ministry of Education. Retrieved from http://www.edu.tw/
Ong, A. S. J. & Ward, C. (2005). The construction and validation of a social support measure for sojourners: The index of sojourner social support (ISSS) scale. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 36(6), 637-661.
Pedersen, P. (1991). Counseling international students. The Counseling Psychologist, 19, 10-58.
Podsakoff, P.M., MacKenzie, S.M., Lee, J., & Podsakoff, N.P. (2003). Common method variance in behavioral research: A critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88, 879-903.
Poyrazli, S., Kavanaugh, P. R., Baker, A., & AI-Timimi, N. (2004). Social support and demographic correlates of acculturative stress in international students. Journal of College Counseling, 7, 73-82.
Ramalu, S. S., Rose, R. C., Kumar, N., & Uli, J. (2010). Doing business in global arena: an examination of the relationship between cultural intelligence and cross-cultural adjustment. Asian Academy of Management Journal, 15(1), 79-97.
Rotter, J. B. (1960). Some implications of a social learning theory for the prediction of goal directed behavior from testing procedure. Psychological Review, 67, 301-316.
Sam, D. L. (2001). Satisfaction with life among international students: an exploratory study. Social Indicators Research, 53, 315-337.
Sandhu, D. S. & Asrabadi, B. R. (1998). An acculturative stress scale for international students: a practical approach to stress measurement. In C. P. Zalaquett & R. J. Wood (Eds.), Evaluating stress. A book of resources, V. 2. (p.1-33). Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press.
Sarason, I. G., Levine, H. M., Basham, R. B., & Sarason, B. R. (1983). Assessing social support: the social support questionnaire. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 44(1), 127-139.
Searle, W. & Ward, C. (1990). The prediction of psychological and sociocultural adjustment during cross-cultural transitions. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 14, 449-464.
Swagler, M. A. & Jome, L. M. (2005). The effects of personality and acculturation on the adjustment of North American sojourners in Taiwan. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 52(4), 527-536.
Swami, V., Arteche, A., Chamorro-Premuzic, T., & Furnham, A. (2010). Sociocultural adjustment among sojourning Malaysian students in Britain: a replication and path analytic extension. Soc Psychiat Epidemiol, 45, 57-65.
Takeuchi, R., Yun, S., & Tesluk, P. E. (2002). An examination of crossover and spillover effects of spouse and expatriate adjustment on expatriate outcomes. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87, 655-666.
Tsai, T. S. T., Lai, C. C. S., & Wu, L. J. L. (2009). Bridging the cultural gaps: issues of and strategies for helping foreign students. Paper presented at the conference of the University Purchasing Great Theory and Practice, Miaoli, TW. [text in Chinese]
Tsang, E. W. K. (2001). Adjustment of mainland Chinese academics and students to Singapore. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 25, 347-372.
Templer, K. J., Tay, C., & Chandrasekar, N. A. (2006). Motivational cultural intelligence, realistic job preview, realistic living conditions preview, and cross-cultural adjustment. Group and Organization Management, 31(1), 154-173.
Ward, C., Bochner, S. & Furnham, A. (2001). The psychology of culture shock. East Sussex, UK: Routledge.
Ward, C. & Kennedy, A. (1999). The measurement of sociocultural adaptation. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 23(4), 659-677.
Ward, C., & Rana-Deuba, A. (1999). Acculturation and adaptation revisited. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 30, 422–442.
Ward, C. & Berno, T. (2011). Beyond social exchange theory: attitudes toward tourists. Annals of Tourism Research, 38(4), 1556-1569.
Wei, M., Heppner, P. P., Mallen, M. J., Ku, T. Y., Liao, Y. H., Wu, T. F. (2007). Acculturative stress, perfectionism, years in the United States, and depression among Chinese international students. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 54(4), 385-394.
Westwood, M. J., & Quintrell, N. (1994). Economic and social changes in the Pacific Rim: Implications for the counseling profession in Canada and Australia. International Journal for the Advancement of Counseling, 17, 205–212.
Yang, B. & Clum, G. A. (1995). Measures of life stress and social support specific to an Asian student population. Journal of Psychology and Behavioral Assessment, 17(1), 51-67.
Ying, Y-W. & Liese, L. H. (1990) Initial adaptation of Taiwanese foreign students to the United States: The impact of pre-arrival variables. American Journal of Community Psychology ,18, 825-845.
Ying, Y. & Liese, L. H. (1994). Initial adjustment of Taiwanese students to the United States. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 25, 466-477.
Zhang, J. & Goodson, P. (2011a). Acculturation and psychological adjustment of Chinese international students: examining mediation and moderation effects. International Journal of Intercultural Relations,35, 614-627.
Zhang, J. & Goodson, P. (2011b). Predictors of international students’ psychological adjustment to life in the United States: a systematic review. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 35, 139-162.
Zimet, G. D., Dahlem, N. W, Zimet, S. G., & Farley, G. K. (1988). The multidimensional scale of perceived social support. Journal of Personality Assessment, 52(1), 30-41.