研究生: |
王光慈 Wang, Kuang-Tzu |
---|---|
論文名稱: |
The Relationship between Organizational Career Management and Career Plateau: The Moderating Role of Career Stage among Insurance Sales in Taiwan The Relationship between Organizational Career Management and Career Plateau: The Moderating Role of Career Stage among Insurance Sales in Taiwan |
指導教授: |
林怡君
Lin, Yi-Chun |
口試委員: |
張媁雯
Chang, Wei-Wen 張玉萱 Chang, Yu-Hsuan 林怡君 Lin, Yi-Chun |
口試日期: | 2022/07/20 |
學位類別: |
碩士 Master |
系所名稱: |
國際人力資源發展研究所 Graduate Institute of International Human Resource Developmemt |
論文出版年: | 2022 |
畢業學年度: | 110 |
語文別: | 英文 |
論文頁數: | 116 |
英文關鍵詞: | career plateau, career stage, organizational career management |
DOI URL: | http://doi.org/10.6345/NTNU202201376 |
論文種類: | 代替論文:專業實務報告(專業實務類) |
相關次數: | 點閱:94 下載:0 |
分享至: |
查詢本校圖書館目錄 查詢臺灣博碩士論文知識加值系統 勘誤回報 |
Insurance sector is a crucial industry in Taiwan, the companies have progressively expanded its business and employees. However, the insurance companies have faced the difficulties as losing of an experienced existing salesperson. The retention rate is far from ideal, having only reached a low percentage of 48% in 2019 (Taiwan Insurance Institute [TII], 2019). The low retention rate is mainly due to the employees encounter the plateau on their career development such as no promotion opportunities and routine job content. Therefore, in attempt to address the problems among the insurance sales in the insurance sector, the present study proposes organizational career management as a possible intervention to alleviate the employees’ career plateau. In addition, this study also investigates the career stage as a moderator and suggests that organization can have different interventions with different career stages employees. This study was conducted among 403 sales, brokers, and agents in Taiwan insurance industry. IBM SPSS 23.0 was used to conduct descriptive statistics, Spearman correlation analysis, independent-samples T-test analysis, one-way ANOVA analysis and hierarchical regression analysis to analyze participants and test hypotheses. The results show that organizational career management is vital to alleviate both hierarchical plateau and job content plateau, and the career stage plays the role of moderating effect between the relationship of organizational career management and job content plateau. The implications derived from the findings are also discussed.
Allen, T. D., Poteet, M. L., & Russel, J. E. (1998). Attitudes of managers who are more or less career plateaued. The Career Development Quarterly, 47(2), 159–172. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2161-0045.1998.tb00549.x
Allen, T. D., Russell, J. E., Poteet, M. L., & Dobbins, G. H. (1999). Learning and development factors related to perceptions of job content and hierarchical plateauing. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 20(7), 1113–1137. https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1099-1379(199912)20:7<1113::aid-job944>3.0.co;2-7
Anakwe, U. P., Hall, J. C., & Schor, S. M. (2000). Knowledge‐related skills and effective career management. International Journal of Manpower, 21(7), 566–579. https://doi.org/10.1108/01437720010379024
Armstrong‐Stassen, M. (2008). Factors associated with job content plateauing among older workers. Career Development International, 13(7), 594–613. https://doi.org/10.1108/13620430810911074
Armstrong-Stassen, M., & Ursel, N. D. (2009). Perceived organizational support, career satisfaction, and the retention of older workers. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 82(1), 201–220. https://doi.org/10.1348/096317908x288838
Bagdadli, S., & Gianecchini, M. (2019). Organizational career management practices and objective career success: A systematic review and framework. Human Resource Management Review, 29(3), 353–370. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrmr.2018.08.001
Baird, L., & Kram, K. (1983). Career dynamics: Managing the superior/subordinate relationship. Organizational Dynamics, 11(4), 46–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/0090-2616(83)90038-4
Bambacas, M. (2010). Organizational handling of careers influences managers' organizational commitment. Journal of Management Development, 29(9), 807–827. https://doi.org/10.1108/02621711011072513
Bardwick, J. M. (1986). The plateauing trap: How to avoid it in your career ... and your life. American Management Association.
Barley, S. R. (1989). Careers, identities, and institutions: The legacy of the Chicago school of sociology. Handbook of Career Theory, 41–65. https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511625459.005
Baruch, Y. (1999). Integrated career systems for the 2000s. International Journal of Manpower, 20(7), 432–457. https://doi.org/10.1108/01437729910292239
Baruch, Y., & Peiperl, M. (2000). Career management practices: An empirical survey and implications. Human Resource Management, 39(4), 347–366. https://doi.org/10.1002/1099-050x(200024)39:4<347::aid-hrm6>3.0.co;2-c
Bowen, D. D., & Hall, D. T. (1977). Career planning for employee development: A primer for managers. California Management Review, 20(2), 23–35. https://doi.org/10.2307/41164749
Buchanan, B. (1972). Building organizational commitment: The socialization of managers in work organizations. Yale University.
Burke, R. J. (1989). Examining the career plateau: Some preliminary findings. Psychological Reports, 65(1), 295–306. https://doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1989.65.1.295
Chao, G. T. (1990). Exploration of the conceptualization and measurement of career plateau: A comparative analysis. Journal of Management, 16(1), 181–193. https://doi.org/10.1177/014920639001600113
Chay, Y. W., Aryee, S., & Chew, I. (1995). Career plateauing: Reactions and moderators among managerial and professional employees. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 6(1), 61–78. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585199500000003
Choy, R. M., & Savery, L. K. (1998). Employee plateauing: Some workplace attitudes. Journal of Management Development, 17(6), 392–401. https://doi.org/10.1108/02621719810210983
Clarke, M. (2013). The organizational career: Not dead but in need of redefinition. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 24(4), 684–703. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2012.697475
Cohen, A. (1991). Career stage as a moderator of the relationships between organizational commitment and its outcomes: A meta-analysis. Journal of Occupational Psychology, 64(3), 253–268. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8325.1991.tb00558.x
Cron, W. L. (1984). Industrial salesperson development: A career stages perspective. Journal of Marketing, 48(4), 41–52. https://doi.org/10.2307/1251509
De Vos, A., Dewettinck, K., & Buyens, D. (2009). The professional career on the right track: A study on the interaction between career self-management and organizational career management in explaining employee outcomes. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 18(1), 55–80. https://doi.org/10.1080/13594320801966257
Doyle, M. (2000). Managing careers in organisations. The Future of Career, 228–242. https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511520853.015
Eastin, V. M. J., & Schein, E. H. (1977). Toward a theory of organizational socialization. M.I.T. Alfred P. Sloan School of Management.
Eby, L. T., Allen, T. D., & Brinley, A. (2005). A cross-level investigation of the relationship between career management practices and career-related attitudes. Group & Organization Management, 30(6), 565–596. https://doi.org/10.1177/1059601104269118
Ettington, D. R. (1998). Successful career plateauing. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 52(1), 72–88. https://doi.org/10.1006/jvbe.1997.1584
Fagenson, E. A. (1989). The mentor advantage: Perceived career/job experiences of proteges versus non-proteges. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 10(4), 309–320. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.4030100403
Financial Informations - BNP Paribas Cardif. (2019, December 31). Www.bnpparibascardif.com. https://www.bnpparibascardif.com/en/financial-informations
Feldman, D. C. (1988). Managing careers in organizations. Scott, Foresman and Company.
Ference, T. P., Stoner, J. A., & Warren, E. K. (1977). Managing the career plateau. Academy of Management Review, 2(4), 602–612. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.1977.4406740
Fernandez, D. R. (1995). Career Plateau response as a function of personal coping strategies. The Florida State University.
Gattiker, U. E., & Larwood, L. (1990). Predictors for career achievement in the corporate hierarchy. Human Relations, 43(8), 703–726. https://doi.org/10.1177/001872679004300801
Giannantonio, C. M., & Hurley-Hanson, A. E. (2006). Applying image norms across Super's career development stages. The Career Development Quarterly, 54(4), 318–330. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2161-0045.2006.tb00197.x
Gould, S., & Penley, L. E. (1984). Career strategies and salary progression: A study of their relationships in a municipal bureaucracy. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 34(2), 244–265. https://doi.org/10.1016/0030-5073(84)90006-0
Granrose, C. S., & Portwood, J. D. (1987). Matching individual career plans and organizational career management. Academy of Management Journal, 30(4), 699–720. https://doi.org/10.5465/256156
Greenhaus, J. H., Callanan, G. A., & Godshalk, V. M. (2019). Career management for life. Routledge.
Griffin, M. L., Hogan, N. L., & Lambert, E. G. (2014). Career stage theory and turnover intent among correctional officers. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 41(1), 4–19. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093854813503638
Guan, Y., Zhou, W., Ye, L., Jiang, P., & Zhou, Y. (2015). Perceived organizational career management and career adaptability as predictors of success and turnover intention among Chinese employees. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 88, 230–237. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2015.04.002
Heilmann, S. G., Holt, D. T., & Rilovick, C. Y. (2008). Effects of career plateauing on turnover. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, 15(1), 59–68. https://doi.org/10.1177/1548051808317999
Ho, L. A. (2008). What affects organizational performance? Industrial Management & Data Systems, 108(9), 1234–1254. https://doi.org/10.1108/02635570810914919
Holtschlag, C., Masuda, A. D., Reiche, B. S., & Morales, C. (2020). Why do millennials stay in their jobs? The roles of protean career orientation, goal progress and organizational career management. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 118, 103366. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2019.103366
Hurst, C. S., Baranik, L. E., & Clark, S. (2016). Job content plateaus: Justice, job satisfaction, and citizenship behavior. Journal of Career Development, 44(4), 283–296. https://doi.org/10.1177/0894845316652250
Hurst, C. S., Kungu, K., & Flott, P. (2012). Stress, organizational citizenship behaviors, and coping: Comparisons among plateaued and non-plateaued employees. Business and Management Research, 1(3), 17–27. https://doi.org/10.5430/bmr.v1n3p17
Kail, R. V., & Cavanaugh, J. C. (2018). Human development: A life span view. Cenguage Learning.
Kaneko, M., & Munechika, M. (2012). Extraction procedure of competitive advantage factors in a target business area for conducting self‐assessment and re‐design of quality management system. Asian Journal on Quality, 13(1), 53–66. https://doi.org/10.1108/15982681211237824
Kim, Y. M., & Kang, Y. S. (2013). The relationship among career plateau, self-efficacy, job embeddedness and turnover intention of nurses in small and medium sized hospitals. Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society, 14(10), 5078-5090. https://doi.org/10.5762/KAIS.2013.14.10.5078
King, Z. (2003). New or traditional careers? A study of UK graduates' preferences. Human Resource Management Journal, 13(1), 5–26. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-8583.2003.tb00081.x
Kong, H., Cheung, C., & Song, H. (2012). Determinants and outcome of career competencies: Perspectives of hotel managers in China. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 31(3), 712–719. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2011.09.007
Lam, S. S. K., Ng, T. W. H., & Feldman, D. C. (2012). The relationship between external job mobility and salary attainment across career stages. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 80(1), 129–136. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2011.05.002
Lambert, E. G., Hogan, N. L., & Griffin, M. L. (2017). Research note: A career-stage analysis of correctional staff outcomes. The Prison Journal, 97(4), 411–430. https://doi.org/10.1177/0032885517710910
Langenhan, M. K., Leka, S., & Jain, A. (2013). Psychosocial risks: Is risk management strategic enough in business and policy making? Safety and Health at Work, 4(2), 87–94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.shaw.2013.04.003
Lee, H.-H., & Lee, C.-Y. (2013). The effects of total quality management and organisational learning on business performance: Evidence from Taiwanese insurance industries. Total Quality Management & Business Excellence, 25(9–10), 1072–1087. https://doi.org/10.1080/14783363.2013.814291
Lemire, L., Saba, T., & Gagnon, Y. C. (1999). Managing career plateauing in the Quebec public sector. Public Personnel Management, 28(3), 375–391. https://doi.org/10.1177/009102609902800305
Lin, Y.-C. & Chen, A. S. (2020). Experiencing career plateau on a committed career journey: A boundary condition of career stages. Personnel Review, 50(9), 1797–1819. https://doi.org/10.1108/pr-03-2020-0192
Lynn, S. A., Cao, L. T., & Horn, B. C. (1996). The influence of career stage on the work attitudes of male and female accounting professionals. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 17(2), 135–149. https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1099-1379(199603)17:2<135::aid-job737>3.0.co;2-v
Maanen, J., & Katz, R. (1976). Individuals and their careers: Some temporal considerations for work satisfaction. Personnel Psychology, 29(4), 601–616. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.1976.tb02083.x
Mayo, A. (1994). Managing careers: Strategies for organizations. Institute of Personnel Management.
McCleese, C. S., & Eby, L. T. (2006). Reactions to job content plateaus: Examining role ambiguity and hierarchical plateaus as moderators. The Career Development Quarterly, 55(1), 64–76. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2161-0045.2006.tb00005.x
McCleese, C. S., Eby, L. T., Scharlau, E. A., & Hoffman, B. H. (2007). Hierarchical, job content, and double plateaus: A mixed-method study of stress, depression and coping responses. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 71(2), 282–299. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2007.05.001
McElroy, J. C., Morrow, P. C., & Wardlow, T. R. (1999). A career stage analysis of police officer work commitment. Journal of Criminal Justice, 27(6), 507–516. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0047-2352(99)00021-5
Near, J. P. (1980). The career plateau: Causes and effects. Business Horizons, 23(5), 53–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/0007-6813(80)90072-5
Orpen, C. (1986). The relationship between perceived task attributes and job satisfaction and performance among plateaued and nonplateaued managers. Human Systems Management, 6(1), 15–20. https://doi.org/10.3233/hsm-1986-6104
Peterson, R. T., & Jun, M. (2007). The plateau syndrome: The problem and alternative solutions. J Sell Major Acc Manag, 7(2), 18–36.
Rotenberry, P. F., & Moberg, P. J. (2007). Assessing the impact of job involvement on performance. Management Research News, 30(3), 203–215. https://doi.org/10.1108/01409170710733278
Rotondo, D. M., & Perrewé, P. L. (2000). Coping with a career plateau: An empirical examination of what works and what doesn't. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 30(12), 2622–2646. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.2000.tb02453.x
Russell, J. E. A. (1991). Career development interventions in organizations. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 38(3), 237–287. https://doi.org/10.1016/0001-8791(91)90030-p
Sarathy, S. P. (2012). Sales people's performance and change in career in their maintenance stage. The International Journal of Organization Innovation, 14(3), 216–234
Sargent, L. D., & Domberger, S. R. (2007). Exploring the development of a protean career orientation: Values and image violations. Career Development International, 12(6), 545–564. https://doi.org/10.1108/13620430710822010
Schein, E. H. (1961). Management development as a process of influence. Industrial Management Review, 2(2), 421–438.
Smith-Ruig, T. (2009). Exploring career plateau as a multi-faceted phenomenon: Understanding the types of career plateaux experienced by accounting professionals. British Journal of Management, 20(4), 610–622. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8551.2008.00608.x
Soares, M. E., & Mosquera, P. (2021). Linking career management practices with individual outcomes: The mediating role of perceived employability. Journal of Business Research, 124, 547–559. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2020.10.049
Song, M. Y., & Kim, S. Y. (2019). The effects of employee's perception of HR practices on organization commitment and turnover intention: The mediated effect of career plateau. The Journal of the Korea Contents Association, 19(8), 453–464. https://doi.org/10.5392/JKCA.2019.19.08.453
Sturges, J., Conway, N., Guest, D., & Liefooghe, A. (2005). Managing the career deal: The psychological contract as a framework for understanding career management, organizational commitment and work behavior. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 26(7), 821–838. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.341
Sturges, J., Guest, D., Conway, N., & Davey, K. M. (2002). A longitudinal study of the relationship between career management and organizational commitment among graduates in the first ten years at work. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 23(6), 731–748. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.164
Sulbout, J., Pichault, F., Jemine, G., & Naedenoen, F. (2021). Are skilled contingent workers neglected? Evidence from a cross-sector multiple case study on organizational career management practices. European Management Journal, 40(3), 429–440. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.emj.2021.07.005
Super, D. E. (1957). The Psychology of Careers: An Introduction to vocational development. New York, NY: Harper & Row.
Super, D. E., & Bohn, M. J. (1970). Occupational psychology. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.
Tremblay, M., & Roger, A. (1993). Individual, familial, and organizational determinants of career plateau. Group & Organization Management, 18(4), 411–435. https://doi.org/10.1177/1059601193184003
Tremblay, M., Roger, A., & Toulouse, J.M. (1995). Career plateau and work attitudes: An empirical study of managers. Human Relations, 48(3), 221–237. https://doi.org/10.1177/001872679504800301
Veiga, J. F. (1981). Plateaued versus nonplateaued managers: Career patterns, attitudes, and path potential. Academy of Management Journal, 24(3), 566–578. https://doi.org/10.5465/255575
Wang, M., & Wanberg, C. R. (2017). 100 years of applied psychology research on individual careers: From career management to retirement. Journal of Applied Psychology, 102(3), 546–563. https://doi.org/10.1037/apl0000143
Wang, Y.H., Hu, C., Hurst, C. S., & Yang, C. C. (2014). Antecedents and outcomes of career plateaus: The roles of mentoring others and proactive personality. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 85(3), 319–328. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2014.08.003
Whitely, W. T., & Coetsier, P. (1993). The relationship of career mentoring to early career outcomes. Organization Studies, 14(3), 419–441. https://doi.org/10.1177/017084069301400305
Xie, B., & Xia, M. (2005). An empirical research on causes and effects of career plateau. In Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Innovation & Management (pp. 1729-1732).
Xie, B., Xin, X., & Bai, G. (2016). Hierarchical plateau and turnover intention of employees at the career establishment stage. Career Development International, 21(5), 518–533. https://doi.org/10.1108/cdi-04-2015-0063
Yang, W.-N., Johnson, S., & Niven, K. (2018). “That's not what I signed up for!” A longitudinal investigation of the impact of unmet expectation and age in the relation between career plateau and job attitudes. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 107, 71–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2018.03.006
Yang, W.-N., Niven, K., & Johnson, S. (2019). Career plateau: A review of 40 years of research. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 110, 286–302. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2018.11.005
Zhou, W., & Li, B. (2008). Study on the relationship between organizational career management and job involvement. Frontiers of Business Research in China, 2(1), 116–136. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11782-008-0007-6