The overarching purpose of the extant research was to investigate the impact of salient future work selves on proactive career behaviors, given the moderating effect of perceived control. Having an image of the self in the future would promote proactive career behaviors aimed at self-development. Additionally, perceived control would further strengthen the relationship by providing additional motivation for individuals to engage in such behaviors. To test the relationships, the study collected data from 249 Taiwanese final-year students including local and international ones who are proficient in Chinese. The data was then processed by SPSS AMOS 23 and IBM SPSS to run confirmation factor analysis and to test the hypothesis results. Findings statistically confirmed that future work self salience positively predicted career planning and proactive skill development and perceived control as a moderator strengthened the relationships. This study contributed several theoretical and practical significances to the extant career literature. The study responded to a call for more research regarding the role of autonomous motivation (future work selves) to proactivity and filled research gaps by suggesting an effective mechanism under which the relationship between the selves and proactive behaviors is enhanced. Furthermore, relevant parties can cultivate insights in this study to promote individuals' proactivity by increasing individuals’ level of future self salience or nurturing an environment that signals high perceived control.

REFERENCES
Ashford, S. J., & Barton, M. (2012). Identity-based issue selling. In C. Bartel, S. Blader, & A. Wrzesniewski (Eds.), Identity and the modern organization (pp. 223-244). Mahwah, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Ashforth, B. E., D. M., & Saks, A. M. (2007). Socialization tactics, proactive behavior, and newcomer learning: Integrating socialization models. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 70(3), 447–462.
Bandura, A., & Wood, R. (1989). Effect of Perceived Controllability and Performance Standards on Self-Regulation of Complex Decision Making. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56(5), 805-814.
Batt, R. (1996). From bureaucracy to enterprise? In P. Osterman (Ed.), Broken ladders (pp. 55–80). New York: Oxford Press.
Beckman, S. L. (1996). Evolution of management roles in a networked organization. In P. Osterman (Ed.), Broken ladders (pp. 155–184). New York: Oxford Press.
Belschak, F. D., Hartog, D. N., & Fay, D. (2010). Exploring positive, negative and context-dependent aspects of proactive behaviours at work. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 83(2), 267-273.
Bentler, P. M. (1990). Overall Fit in Covariance Structure Models: Two Types of Sample Size Effects. Psychological Bulletin, 107(2), 256-259.
Bentler, P. M., & Bonett, D. G. (1980). Significance tests and goodness of fit in the analysis of covariance structures. Psychological Bulletin, 88(3), 588-606.
Bindl, U. K., & Parker, S. K. (2010). Proactive work behavior: Forward-thinking and change-oriented action in organizations. In S. Zedeck (Ed.), APA handbook of industrial and organizational psychology (pp. 567-598). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Bindl, U. K., Parker, S. K., Totterdell, P., & Hagger-Johnson, G. (2012). Fuel of the Self-Starter: How Mood Relates to Proactive Goal Regulation. Journal of Applied Psychology, 97(1), 134–150. doi:10.1037/a0024368
Brislin, R. W. (1970). Back-translation for cross-cultural research. Journal of cross-cultural psychology, 1(3), 185-216.
Brockner, J., Grover, S., Reed, T., & DeWitt, R. L. (1992). Layoffs, job insecurity, and survivors’ work effort: Evidence of an inverted-U relationship. Academy of Management Journal, 35(2), 413–425.
Byrne, B. M. (1991). The Maslach Burnout Inventory: Validating factorial structure and invariance across intermediate, secondary and university educators. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 26(4), 583-605.
Carver, C. S., & Scheier, M. F. (1998). On the Self-Regulation of Behavior. New York: Cambrigde University Press.
Chan, D. (2006). Interactive effects of situational judgement effectiveness and proactive personality on work perceptions and work outcomes. Journal of Applied Psychology, 91(2), 475-481. doi:doi: 10.1037/0021-9010.91.2.475
Chatterjee, S., Afshan, N., & Chhetri, P. (2015). Exploring the Linkage Between the Components of Motivational Systems Theory and Career Decisiveness: The Mediating Role of Career Optimism. Journal of Career Assessment, 23(4), 597-614. doi:10.1177/1069072714553081
Cheung, M. W., & Chan, W. (2004). Testing Dependent Correlation Coefficients via Structural Equation Modeling. Organizational Research Methods, 7(2), 206-223. doi:10.1177/1094428104264024
Cheung, M. W.¬L., & Cheung, S. F. (2016). Random ¬Effects Models for Meta¬Analytic Structural Equation Modeling: Review, Issues, and Illustrations. Research Synthesis Methods, 7(2), 140-155.
Chiesa, R., Heijden, B. I., Mazzetti, G., Mariani, M. G., & Guglielmi, D. (2019). “It Is All in the Game!”: The Role of Political Skill for Perceived Employability Enhancement. Journal of Career Development, 1-14. doi:10.1177/0894845319832666
Chughtai, A. (2019). Servant leadership and perceived employability: proactive career behaviours as mediators. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 40(2), 213-229. doi:10.1108/LODJ-07-2018-0281
Claes, R., & Ruiz-Quintanilla, S. A. (1998). Influences of Early Career Experiences, Occupational Group, and National Culture on Proactive Career Behavior. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 52(3), 357-378.
De Vos, A., & Soens, N. (2008). Protean attitude and career success: The mediating role of self-management. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 73(3), 449-456.
Deci, E. L. (1995). Why we do what we do. New York: Penguin.
Dong, Y., Bartol, K. M., Zhang, Z.-X., & Li, C. (2017). Enhancing employee creativity via individual skill development and team knowledge sharing: Influences of dual-focused transformational leadership. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 38(3), 439–458. doi:10.1002/job.2134
Eby, L. T., Butts, M., & Lockwood, A. (2003). Predictors of success in the era of the boundaryless career. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 24(6), 689–708. doi:10.1002/job.214
Everington, K. (2017, May 31). 65% of workers in Taiwan have given up on career goals. Taiwan News. Retrieved from Taiwan News: https://www.taiwannews.com.tw/en/news/3176201
Ford, M. E. (1992). Motivating Humans: Goals, Emotions, and Personal Agency Beliefs. California: Sage Publications.
Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39-50.
Frese, M., Garst, H., & Fay, D. (2007). Making things happen: Reciprocal relationships between work characteristics and personal initiative in a four-wave longitudinal structural equation model. Journal of applied psychology, 92(4), 1084.
Gao, L., Janssen, O., & Shi, K. (2011). Leader trust and employee voice: The moderating role of empowering leader behaviors. The Leadership Quaterly, 22(4), 787–798.
Grant, A. M., & Ashford, S. J. (2008). The dynamics of proactivity at work. Research in Organizational Behavior, 28, 3-34. doi:10.1016/j.riob.2008.04.002
Greenhaus, J., Callanan, G., & DiRenzo, M. (2008). A boundaryless perspective on careers. In J. Barling, & C. Cooper (Eds.), The Sage Handbook of Organizational Behavior (Vol. 1, pp. 277-299). London: SAGE Publications Ltd.
Guan, Y., Guo, Y., Bond, M. H., Cai, Z., Zhou, X., Xu, J., . . . Ye, L. (2014). New job market entrants' future work self, career adaptability and job search outcomes: Examining mediating and moderating models. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 85(1), 136-145.
Guan, Y., Zhuan, M., Cai, Z., Ding, Y., Wang, Y., Huang, Z., & Lai, X. (2017). Modeling dynamics in career construction: Reciprocal relationship between future work self and career exploration. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 101, 21-31.
Haar, J. M., Russo, M., Suñe, A., & Ollier‐Malaterre, A. (2014). Outcomes of work–life balance on job satisfaction, life satisfaction and mental health: A study across seven cultures. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 85(3), 361–373.
Hardre, P. L. (2003). Beyond Two Decades of Motivation: A Review of the Research and Practice in Instructional Design and Human Performance Technology. Human Resource Development Review, 2(1), 54-81. doi:10.1177/1534484303251661
Hauke, J., & Kossowski, T. (2011). Comparision of Values of Pearson's and Spearman's Correlation Coefficients on The Same Sets of Data. Quaestiones geographicae, 30(2), 87-93.
Hayes, A. F., Montoya, A. K., & Rockwood, N. J. (2017). The analysis of mechanisms and their contingencies: PROCESS versus structural equation modeling. Australasian Marketing Journal, 25(1), 76–81. doi:10.1016/j.ausmj.2017.02.001
Hayes, F. A. (2012). PROCESS: A versatile computational tool for observed variable mediation, moderation, and conditional process modeling. Andrew F. Hayes, Ph.D. Retrieved from http://www.afhayes.com/public/process2012.pdf
Hirschi, A. (2009). Career adaptability development in adolescence: Multiple predictors and effect on sense of power and life satisfaction. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 74(2), 145-155. doi:10.1016/j.jvb.2009.01.002
House, R. J., Hanges, P. J., Javidan, M., Dorfman, P. W., & Gupta, V. (Eds.). (2004). Culture, leadership, and organizations: The GLOBE study of 62 societies. Thousand Oaks, CAL: Sage.
Hoyle, R. H., & Sherrill, M. R. (2006). Future orientation in the selfsystem: Possible selves, self-regulation, and behavior. Journal of Personality, 74(6), 1673–1696. doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.2006.00424.x
Hu, L. T., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure. Structural Equation Modeling, 6(1), 1-55.
Jones, E. E., & Nisbett, R. E. (1971). The actor and the observer: Divergent perceptions of the causes of behavior. New York: General Learning Press.
Kanfer, R., & Ackerman, P. L. (1989). Motivation and Cognitive Abilities: An Integrative/Aptitude-Treatment Interaction Approach to Skill Acquisition. Journal of Applied Psychology, 74(4), 657-690.
Khapova, S. N., Briscoe, J. P., & Dickmann, M. (2012). Careers in cross‐cultural perspective. In J. P. Briscoe, D. T. Hall, & W. Mayrhofer (Eds.), Careers around the world. Individual and contextual perspectives (pp. 15–38). New York: Routledge.
Kickul, J., & Gundy, L. K. (2002). Prospecting for strategic advantage: The proactive entrepreneurial personality and small firm innovation. Journal of Small Business, 40(2), 85-97. doi:10.1111/1540-627X.00042
King, L. A., & Raspin, C. (2004). Lost and found possible selves, subjective well-being, and ego development in divorced women. Journal of Personality, 72(3), 603-632. doi:10.1111/j.0022-3506.2004.00274.x
King, Z. (2004). Career self-management: Its nature, causes and consequences. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 65(1), 112-133.
Kofta, M., Weary, G., & Sedek, G. (Eds.). (1998). Personal Control in Action: Cognitive and Motivational Mechanism. New York: Plenum Press.
Kuhl, J. (1981). Motivational and Functional Helplessness: The Moderating Effect of State Versus Action Orientation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 40(1), 155-170.
Lin, S.-H., Wu, C.-h., & Chen, L. H. (2015). Unpacking the role of self-esteem in career uncertainty: A self-determination perspective. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 10(3), 231–239. doi:10.1080/17439760.2014.950178
Lin, W., Wang, L., Bamberger, P. A., Zhang, Q., Wang, H., Guo, W., . . . Zhang, T. (2016). Leading future orientations for current effectiveness: The role of engagement and supervisor coaching in linking future work self salience to job performance. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 92, 145-156.
Locke, E. A., & Latham, G. P. (1990). A theory of goal setting & task performance. Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Lunenburg, F. C. (2011). Goal-Setting Theory of Motivation. International Jounal of Management, 15(1), 1-6.
MacCallum, R. C., Browne, M. W., & Sugawara, H. M. (1996). Power analysis and determination of sample size for covariance structure modeling. Psychological methods, 1(2), 130-149.
Markus, H., & Nurius, P. (1986). Possible Selves. American Psychologist, 41(9), 954-969.
Mazahreh, L. G., Stoltz, K. B., & Wolff, L. A. (2019). Validation of the Career Adapt-Abilities Scale in the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan. Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development, 52(2), 108-118. doi:10.1080/07481756.2017.1358058
Mihail, D. M. (2008). Proactivity and work experience as predictors of career-enhancing strategies. Human Resource Development International, 11(5), 523–537.
Morrison, E. W., & Phelps, C. C. (1999). Taking Charge at Work: Extrarole Efforts to Initiate Workplace Change. The Academy of Management Journal, 42(4), 403-419.
Murrell, A. J., Frieze, I. H., & Olson, J. E. (1996). Mobility strategies and career outcomes: A longitudinal study of MBAs. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 49(3), 324–335.
Nabi, G. R. (2003). Situational characteristics and subjective career success. International Journal of Manpower, 24(6), 653-672.
Norman, C. C., & Aron, A. (2003). Aspects of possible self that predict motivation to achieve or avoid it. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 39(5), 500-507.
Oettingen, G., & Thorpe, J. (2006). Fantasy realization and the bridging. In L. J. Sanna, & E. C. Chang (Eds.), Judgments over time: The interplay of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors (pp. 120-144). New York: Oxford University Press.
Oyserman, D. (2015). Pathways to success through identity-based motivation. New York: Oxford University Press.
Oyserman, D., & Destin, M. (2010). Identity-based motivation: Implications for intervention. The Counseling Psychologist, 38(7), 1001-1043. doi: 10.1177/0011000010374775
Oyserman, D., Bybee, D., & Terry, K. (2006). Possible Selves and Academic Outcomes: How and When Possible Selves Impel Action. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 91(1), 188 –204. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.91.1.188
Oyserman, D., Fryberg, S. A., & Yoder, N. (2007). Identity-based motivation and health. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 93(6), 1011-1027. doi: 10.1037/0022
Parker, S. K., & Collins, C. G. (2010). Taking Stock: Integrating and Differentiating Multiple Proactive Behaviors. Journal of Management, 36(3), 633-662. doi:10.1177/0149206308321554
Parker, S. K., Bindl, U. K., & Strauss, K. (2010). Making Things Happen: A Model of Proactive Motivation. Journal of Management, 36(4), 827-856.
Parker, S. K., Williams, H. M., & Turner, N. (2006). Modeling the Antecedents of Proactive Behavior at Work. Journal of Applied Psychology, 91(3), 636-652. doi: 10.1037/0021-9010.91.3.636
Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Lee, J.-Y., & Podsakoff, N. P. (2003). Common method biases in behavioral research: A critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(5), 879-903.
Rohe, W. M., & Stegman, M. A. (1994). The effects of homeownership on the self-esteem perceived control and lif satisfaction of low-income people. Journal of the American Planning Association, 60(2), 173-184.
Rothbaum, F., Weisz, J. R., & Snyder, S. S. (1982). Changing the World and Changing the Self: A Two-Process Model of Perceived Control. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 42(1), 5-37.
Samovar, L. A., Porter, R. E., McDaniel, E. R., & Roy, C. S. (2013). Communication Between Cultures. Boston: Wadsworth.
Seibert, S. E., Kraimer, M. L., & Liden, R. C. (2001). A social capital theory of career success. Academy of Management Journal, 44(2), 219-237.
Skinner, E. A. (1995). Perceived Control, Motivation, & Coping. California: Sage Publications, Inc.
Skinner, E. A. (1996). A Guide to Constructs of Control. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71(3), 549-570.
Smale, A., Bagdadli, S., Cotton, R., Russo, S. D., Dickmann, M., Dysvik, A., . . . Verbruggen, M. (2019). Proactive career behaviors and subjective career success: The moderating role of national culture. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 40(1), 105–122.
Spector, P. E. (1986). Perceived Control by Employees: A Meta-Analysis of Studies Concerning Autonomy and Participation at Work. Human Relations, 39(11), 1005-1016.
Strauss, K., & Kelly, C. (2016). An identity-based perspective on proactivity: Future work selves and beyond. In S. Parker, & U. Bindl, Proactivity at work; Making things happen in organizations (pp. 330-354). Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge.
Strauss, K., & Parker, S. K. (2014). Effective and sustained proactivity in the workplace: A self-determination theory perspective. In The Oxford handbook of work engagement, motivation, and self-determination theory (pp. 50-71).
Strauss, K., & Parker, S. K. (2018). Intervening to Enhance Proactivity in Organizations: Improving the Present or Changing the Future. Journal of Management, 44(3), 1250–1278.
Strauss, K., Griffin, M. A., & Parker, S. K. (2012). Future Work Selves: How Salient Hoped-For Identities Motivate Proactive Career Behaviors. Journal of Applied Psychology, 94(3), 580–598 . doi:10.1037/a0026423
Sullivan, S. E. (1999). The Changing Nature of Careers: A Review and Research Agenda. Journal of Management, 25(3), 457–484. doi:10.1177/014920639902500308
Taber, B. J. (2015). Enhancing Future Time Perspective and Exploring Occupational Possible Selves. In P. J. Hartung, M. L. Savickas, & a. W. Walsh (Eds.), APA Handbook of Career Intervention: Vol. 2. Applications (Vol. 2, pp. 101-111). Washington DC: American Psychological Association.
Taber, B. J., & Blankemeyer, M. (2015). Future work self and career adaptability in the prediction of proactive career behaviors. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 86, 20-27.
Thompson, J. A. (2005). Proactive personality and job performance: A social capital perspective. Journal of Applied Psychology, 90(5), 1011-1017. doi:10.1037/0021
Tien, H.-L. S., Lin, C.-H., & Chen, S.-C. (2005). A Grounded Analysis of Career Uncertainty Perceived by College Students in Taiwan. The Career Development Quarterly, 54(2), 162-174.
Tramow, D., Sheeran, P., Conner, M., & Finlay, K. A. (2002). Evidence that perceived behavioural control is a multidimensional construct: Perceived control and perceived difficulty. British Journal of Social Psychology, 41(1), 101–121.
vanDellen, M. R., & Hoyle, R. H. (2008). Possible Selves as Behavioral Standards in Self-regulation. Self and Identity, 7(3), 295 – 304. doi:10.1080/15298860701641108
Vasquez, N. A., & Buehler, R. (2007). Seeing Future Success: Does Imagery Perspective Influence Achievement Motivation? Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 33(10), 1392-1405. doi:10.1177/0146167207304541
Verbruggen, M., Sels, L., & Forrier, A. (2007). Unraveling the relationship between organizational career management and the need for external career counseling. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 71(1), 69-83.
Vos, A. D., Dewilde, T., & Clippeleer, I. D. (2009). Proactive Career Behaviors and Career Success During The Early Career. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 82(4), 761-777.
Wakslak, C. J., Nussbaum, S., Liberman, N., & Trope, Y. (2008). Representations of the Self in the Near and Distant Future. Journal of personality and social psychology, 95(4), 757–773.
Wall, T. D., Jackson, P. R., Mullarkey, S., & Parker, S. K. (1996). The demand-control model of job-strain: A more specific test. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 69(2), 153–167.
Yu, K., Lin, W., Wang, L., Ma, J., Wei, W., Wang, H., . . . Shi, J. (2016). The role of affective commitment and future work self salience in the abusive supervision–job performance relationship. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 89(1), 28-45.