在2011年的法國坎城影展上，丹麥怪才導演拉斯·馮·提爾（Lars von Trier，1956– ）推出電影《驚悚末日》（Melancholia）。除了大量引用藝術史、文學以及其他電影作為素材，藏在這部電影背後的還有來自導演本身罹患抑鬱症的經驗。思考導演對於片名的選擇，不禁使我們想問，為何其所選用的是今日較為少見的憂鬱（melancholia）一字，而非常見的抑鬱（depression）。而對於這個問題的進一步探討，則開啟了整個論述。
　　將憂鬱（melancholia）放在歷史的脈絡中來理解，可以發現它的矛盾性在於，作為一個病症或是情緒狀態，憂鬱被認為是與天才並列的。這一矛盾理念首次由亞里斯多德（Aristotle，384–322 BC）提出，在文藝復興時期受到馬爾西利奧·費奇諾（Marsilio Ficino，1433–1499）的歌頌，並被杜勒（Albrecht Dürer，1471–1528）以圖像具體呈現。
　　本論文分兩大章，首先藉由探討憂鬱（melancholia）此一理念的形成與轉變，於第一章檢視拉斯·馮·提爾如何將其矛盾性體現在《驚悚末日》一片之中。並在第二章進一步探討導演於片中直接援引的畫作，這些繪畫出現在婚禮場景之中一個插曲，發生在新娘賈絲汀進到圖書室後開始重新擺放展示在書櫃上的畫作。而除了就繪畫的意涵進行分析並與電影整體理念相扣之外，其中拉斯·馮·提爾藉老彼得·布勒哲爾的《雪中獵人》（Hunters in the Snow），作為對安德烈·塔可夫斯基《索拉力星》（Solaris）一片的致敬，也將在論文的最後一章節中提出，作為電影援引同張繪畫的比較，結束整個論述。

In 2011, Lars von Trier (1956– ), the enfant terrible of Danish cinema, presented his film Melancholia at Festival de Cannes. The film is shaped by the filmmaker’s personal experience as a long term sufferer of depressive disorder and is blended with accumulations of quotations borrowed from art history, literature and cinema. A question arises when one considers the film title: why Lars von Trier chose melancholia instead of depression, a term with which we are more familiar today, as the title? The decision is well worth pondering and thus forms the starting point of argument.
Through a discussion of melancholic genius, a paradoxical notion recognized by Aristotle (384–322 BC), glorified by Marsilio Ficino (1433–1499), and visualized by Albrecht Dürer (1471–1528), the thesis sets out to show how the paradoxical nature of melancholia, established as a key feature of its iconography, is pictured in Lars von Trier’s Melancholia, and with an in-depth discussion of the paintings incorporated in the film to elucidate the artistic context out of which the notion is elaborated.
Began with a historical retrospect of melancholia, chapter one explores how the whole piece is shaped by melancholia’s paradoxical nature. Chapter two focuses on a certain moment in the film when the protagonist Justine displays the art books in the library, endeavors to unravel the meaning denoted in the present paintings, and suggests a comparison with Andrei Tarkovsky (1932–1986)’s Solaris (1972) through the prominence of Bruegel’s Hunters in the Snow (1565) in both films.

Primary Sources
Cannes Press Kit at http://www.festival-cannes.com/assets/Image/Direct/042199.pdf
Carlsen, Per Juul, The Only Redeeming Factor is The World Ending, 2011, online at http://www.dfi.dk/Service/English/News-and-publications/FILM-Magazine/Artikler-fra-tidsskriftet-FILM/72/The-Only-Redeeming-Factor-is-the-World-Ending.aspx
Cieutat, Michel et Michel Ciment, “Entretien avec Lars von Trier: la mélancholie n'est pas une maladie, c'est un état d'esprit,” in: Positif 607, Septembre 2011, pp. 17-21
Delorme, Stéphane, “La douceur de la mélancolie. Entretien avec Lars von Trier,” in: Cahiers du cinéma, No. 669, juillet-août 2011, pp. 37-41
Eugene Hernandez, “Lars Von Trier: "When I make comedies they become very melancholy",” in: Film Society of Lincoln Center, 2011, https://www.filmlinc.org/daily/lars-von-trier-when-i-make-comedies-they-become-very-melancholy/
Feinstein, Howard, “Lars von Trier: “I will never do a press conference again.”,” in: Indiewire, May 2011, online at http://www.indiewire.com/2011/05/lars-von-trier-i-will-never-do-a-press-conference-again-54069/
Lars von Trier and others tell about Melancholia's visual style at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HAMOR898yyc
Lars von Trier Melancholia Interview at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4qtr-7pkTxI
Le Vern, Romain, “Melancholia: Interview Lars Von Trier,” in: MYTF1News, http://lci.tf1.fr/cinema/news/melancholia-interview-lars-von-trier-6592138.html
Macnab, Geoffrey, “Lars Von Trier: 'If I am an idiot in the eyes of the world, so be it',” in: Independent, online at: http://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/profiles/lars-von-trier-if-i-am-an-idiot-in-the-eyes-of-the-world-so-be-it-2346972.html
Official Website of Melancholia at http://www.melancholiathemovie.com/
PHAM, ANNIKA “Lars Von Trier - Persona Non Grata In Cannes - Speaks About Melancholia,” in: Nordisk Film & TV Fond, 2011, http://www.nordiskfilmogtvfond.com/news/stories/lars-von-trier-persona-non-grata-in-cannes-speaks-about-melancholia/
White, Rob, “Interview with Manuel Alberto Claro,” in: FILM QUART 65, No. 4, summer, 2012, pp. 17-20

Published Books and Dissertations
Babb, Lawrence, The Elizabethan malady: a study of melancholia in English literature from 1580 to 1642, East Lansing 1951
Bachelard, Gaston, L'eau et les rêves: essai sur l'imagination de la matière, Paris 1942
Badley, Linda, Lars von Trier, Urbana 2010
Bailey, Robert (ed.), Richard Wagner: Prelude and Transfiguration from Tristan und Isolde, New York and London 1985
Bainbridge, Caroline, The cinema of Lars von Trier: authenticity and artifice, London 2007
Bauer, Jeffrey Peter, Women and the changing concept of salvation in the operas of Richard Wagner, Salzburg 1994
Bell, Matthew, Melancholia: The Western Malady, Cambridge 2014
Benjamin, Walter, The origin of German tragic drama, London 1997
Berger, John, Ways of Seeing: Based on the BBC Television Series, New York 1977
Bowring, Jacky, A Field Guide to Melancholy, Harpenden 2008
Bubenik, Andrea, Five centuries of melancholia, exhibition catalog, The University of Queensland Art Museum, Australia (30August–30 November 2014), St Lucia, Qld. 2014
Burton, Robert, The Anatomy of Melancholy, New York 2001
Carey, Frances (ed.), The Apocalypse and the shape of things to come, Toronto and Buffalo 1999
Christopher D. Johnson, Memory, Metaphor, and Aby Warburg’s Atlas of Images, New York 2012
Clair, Jean, Mélancolie: génie et folie en Occident, exhibition catalog, Galeries nationales du Grand Palais, Paris (10 Octobre 2005–13 Janvier 2006)―Neue Nationalgalerie, Berlin (17 Février–7 Mai 2006), Paris 2005
Curry, Patrick and Angela Voss (eds.), Seeing with different eyes: essays in astrology and divination, Cambridge 2007
Cvetkovich, Ann, Depression: A Public Feeling, Durham and London 2012
Dalle Vacche, Angela, Cinema and painting: how art is used in film, Austin 1996
Dixon, Laurinda S., The dark side of genius: the melancholic persona in art, ca. 1500-1700, Pennsylvania 2013
Drake, David, Sartre, London 2005
Dunne, Nathan (ed.), Tarkovsky, London 2008
Elsaesser, Thomas, European cinema: face to face with Hollywood, Amsterdam 2005
Eng, David L. and David Kazanjian (eds.), Loss: the politics of mourning, Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London 2003
Felleman, Susan, Art in the Cinematic Imagination, Austin 2006
Ferguson, George, Signs & symbols in Christian art, New York 1959
Fletcher, John, Abjection, melancholia, and love: the work of Julia Kristeva, London and New York 1990
Földényi, László F., Melancholy, New Haven and London 2016
Fried, Michael, The moment of Caravaggio, Princeton 2010
Fussell, Susan R. (ed.), The verbal communication of emotions: interdisciplinary perspectives, New York, 2008
Gilman, Sander L., Disease and representation: images of illness from madness to AIDS, Ithaca 1988
Hjort, Mette and Ib Bondebjerg, The Danish directors: dialogues on a contemporary national cinema, Bristo and Portland 2001
Honour, Hugh, Romanticism, London 1991
Impelluso, Lucia, Nature and its symbols, Los Angeles 2004
Ingram, Allan, Stuart Sim, Clark Lawlor, Richard Terry, John Baker and Leigh Wetherall Dickson, Melancholy experience in literature of the long eighteenth century: before depression, 1660-1800, Basingstoke 2011
Ingvar Bergström “The Master of the Vanitas-Still-Life,” in: Dutch still-life painting in the seventeenth century, New York 1956, pp.154-190.
Jackson, Stanley W., Melancholia and Depression: From Hippocratic Times to Modern Times, New Haven 1986
Joe, Jeongwon and Sander L. Gilman, Wagner and cinema, Bloomington 2010
Johnson, Christopher D., Memory, Metaphor, and Aby Warburg’s Atlas of Images, New York 2012
Johnson, Vida T. and Graham Petrie, The films of Andrei Tarkovsky: a visual fugue, Bloomington and Indianapolis 1994
Klibansky, Raymond, Erwin Panofsky and Fritz Saxl, Saturn and Melancholy: Studies in the History of Natural Philosophy, Religion and Art, Nendeln 1979
Koutsourakis, Angelos, Politics as Form in Lars von Trier: A Post-Brechtian Reading, New York and London 2013
Kristeva, Julia, Black sun: depression and melancholia, New York 1989
Lawlor, Clark, From melancholia to prozac: a history of depression, Oxford 2012
Lumholdt, Jan, Lars von Trier: interviews, Jackson 2003
Magee, Bryan, The Tristan chord: Wagner and philosophy, New York 2000
Mercado, Gustavo, The Filmmaker's Eye: Learning (and Breaking) the Rules of Cinematic Composition, Amsterdam 2011
Michaud, Philippe-Alain, Aby Warburg and the image in motion, New York 2004
Middeke, Martin and Christina Wald (eds.), The literature of melancholia: early modern to postmodern, New York 2011
Panofsky, Erwin, The Life and Art of Albrecht Dürer, Princeton 1955
Parris, Leslie (ed.), The Pre-Raphaelites, London 1994
Porter, Roy, A Social History of Madness: Stories of the Insane, New York 2002
Prigent, Hélène, Mélancolie: les métamorphoses de la depression, Paris 2005
Radden, Jennifer, The Nature of Melancholy: From Aristotle to Kristeva, Oxford 2000
Ritzenhoff, Karen A. and Angela Krewani (eds.), The Apocalypse in Film: Dystopias, Disasters, and Other Visions about the End of the World, Maryland 2015
Roberts-Jones, Philippe and Francoise Roberts-Jones, Pierre Bruegel, New York 2002
Sade, Marquis de, Juliette, New York 1968
Sade, Marquis de, La nouvelle Justine, ou, Les malheurs de la vertu, Paris 1987
Sala, Charles, Caspar David Friedrich: The Spirit of Romantic Painting, Paris 1994
Schiesari, Juliana, The Gendering of Melancholia: Feminism, Psychoanalysis, and the Symbolics of Loss in Renaissance Literature, Ithaca and London 1992
Schütze, Sebastian, Caravaggio: the complete works, Köln 2009
Sellink, Manfred, Bruegel: the complete paintings, drawings, and prints, Ghent 2007
Shatskikh, Aleksandra, Black square: Malevich and the origin of suprematism, New Haven and London 2012
Showalter, Elaine, The female malady: women, madness, and English culture, 1830-1980, London 1987
Simons, Jan, Playing the waves: Lars Von Trier's game cinema, Amsterdam 2007
Skakov, Nariman, The cinema of Tarkovsky: labyrinths of space and time, London and New York 2012
Sontag, Susan, Under the sign of Saturn, New York 1981
Starobinski, Jean, La Mélancolie au miroir: Trois lectures de Baudelaire, Paris 1997（讓.斯塔羅賓斯基，《鏡中的憂鬱：關於波特萊爾的三篇闡譯》，上海，2012。）
Starobinski, Jean, L'Encre de la mélancolie, Paris 2012
Stevens, Anthony, Ariadne's Clue: A Guide to the Symbols of Humankind, Princeton and New Jersey 2001
Stevenson, Jack, Dogme uncut: Lars von Trier, Thomas Vinterburg, and the gang that took on Hollywood, Santa Monica 2003
Stevenson, Jack, Lars von Trier, London 2002
Susan Foister, Holbein and England, New Haven 2004
Szendy, Peter, L'apocalypse cinéma: 2012 et autres fins du monde, Nantes 2012
Utterson, Andrew (ed.), Technology and culture, the film reader, London and New York 2005
Wald, Christina, Hysteria, trauma and melancholia: performative maladies in contemporary anglophone drama, New York 2007
Wang, Shang-Sing, When the End of the World Comes - A Study of Contemporary (1996-2011) Hollywood Apocalyptic Disaster Films, Master thesis, Tamkang University, 2013 (王勝興，《末日來臨時-當代（1996-2011）好萊塢末日災難類型電影研究》，淡江大學大眾傳播學系，碩士論文， 2013年。)
Wittkower, Margot, and Rudolf Wittkower, Born under Saturn: the character and conduct of artist: a documented history from antiquity to the French Revolution, New York 1963
Zhadova, Larissa A., Malevich: suprematism and revolution in Russian art 1910-1930, London 1982
羅基敏，《愛之死—華格納的〈崔斯坦與伊索德〉》。台北，2003。

Articles
Anselmi, William and Lise Hogan, “Time Is Money-The Acceleration of Time and the Vanquishing of Space in Melancholia, Another Earth and In Time,” in: Film International, Issue 62, 2013, pp. 44-53
Bouchindomme, Marie-Camille, “La mélancolie des images (Melancholia de Lars von Trier),” in: Antony Fiant, Pierre-Henry Frangne et Gilles Mouëllic (eds.), Les œuvres d’art dans le cinéma de fiction, Rennes 2014, pp. 205-217
Bourget, Jean-Loup, “Melancholia: Pâle Ophélia,” in: Positif, No. 607, September, 2011, pp.15-16.
Cerisuelo, Marc, “Ce que nous apprend Melancholia,” in: Critique 68, No. 783, 2012, pp. 766-774
Dienstag, J. F., “Evils of Representation: Werewolves, Pessimism, and Realism in Europaand Melancholia,” in: Theory & Event 18, Issue 2, 2015, from Project MUSE database, https://muse.jhu.edu/ (accessed September 26, 2015)
Doyle, Briohny, “Prognosis End-Time: Madness and Prophecy in Melancholia and Take Shelter,” in: Altre Modernità 9, 2013, pp. 19-37
Elsaesser, Thomas, “Black Suns and a Bright Planet: Lars von Trier’s Melancholia as Thought Experiment,” in: Theory & Event 18, Issue 2, 2015, from Project MUSE database, https://muse.jhu.edu/ (accessed September 26, 2015)
Evans, Nicola, “How to Make your Audience Suffer: Melodrama, Masochism and Dead Time in Lars von Trier's Dogville,” in: Culture, Theory and Critique, 2014, pp. 1-18
Failes, Ian, “Melancholia: when worlds collide, beautifully,” in: fxguide, 2011, https://www.fxguide.com/featured/melancholia-when-worlds-collide-beautifully/
Figlerowicz, Marta, “Comedy of Abandon: Lars von Trier's Melancholia,” in: Film Quarterly 65, No. 4, summer, 2012, pp. 21-26
Gombrich, E. H., “Bosch's "Garden of Earthly Delights": A Progress Report,” in: Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes 32, 1969, pp. 162-170
Gunnarsson, Torsten "Carl Fredrik Hill" at Oxford Art Online, http://0-www.oxfordartonline.com.opac.lib.ntnu.edu.tw/subscriber/article/grove/art/T038124
Honig, Bonnie, “‘Out Like a Lion’: Melancholia with Euripides and Winnicott,” in: Theory & Event 18, Issue 2, 2015, from Project MUSE database, https://muse.jhu.edu/ (accessed September 26, 2015)
James, Nick, “The confessions of Lars von Trier,” in: Sight and Sound 21, Issue 10, October, 2011, p. 30
Kollig, Danielle Verena, “Filming the World's End. Images of the Apocalypse in Lars von Trier's Epidemic and Melancholia,” in: Amaltea 5, 2013, pp.85-102
Kovtun, Evgeny, “The Beginning of Suprematism,”in: Evgenia A. Petrova (ed.), Malevich: artist and theoretician, Paris 1990, pp. 104-141
Larkin, David, ““Indulging in Romance with Wagner”: Tristan in Lars von Trier’s Melancholia (2011),” in: Music and the Moving Image 9, No. 1, Spring, 2016, pp. 38-58
Le Vern, Romain, “La dernière interview de Lars Von Trier avant l’apocalypse,” in Chaos Reigns, 2014, online at http://www.chaosreigns.fr/la-derniere-interview-de-lars-von-trier-lapocalypse/
Lippe, Richard, “Lars von Trier and Melancholia,” in: Cineaste 86, 2011, pp. 61-64
Lyons, Siobhan, “The Dialectics of Crisis: The Romanticised Apocalypse in J.G. Ballard´s The Drowned World and Lars von Trier´s Melancholia,” in: Diffractions, Issue 1, 2013, online at http://www.diffractions.net/issue.php?cd_issue=1
McFadden, Dan, “The End of the World: A Heideggerian Interpretation of Apocalyptic Cinema,” in: CineAction 95, 2015, pp. 40-47
Micu, Iulia, “Wandering in the Apocalyptical Schlaraffenland. Symbols, Tropes and Motifs in Lars von Trier’s Melancholia,” in Ekphrasis, Issue 2, 2012, pp. 117-130
Peterson, Christopher, “The Gravity of Melancholia: A Critique of Speculative Realism,” in: Theory & Event 18, Issue 2, 2015, from Project MUSE database, https://muse.jhu.edu/ (accessed September 26, 2015)
Peterson, Christopher, “The Magic Cave of Allegory: Lars von Trier's Melancholia,” in: Discourse 35, Issue3, 2013, pp. 400-422
Power, Nina and Rob White, “Lars von Trier’s ‘Melancholia’: A Discussion,” in: Film Quarterly 2012, http://www.filmquarterly.org/2012/01/lars-von-triers-melancholia-a-discussion/ (accessed November 17, 2015)
Rapold, Nicolas, “The End,” in: Film Comment 47, Issue 5, September-October, 2011, pp. 32-35
Rhode, Kimberly, “Degenerate Detail: John Everett Millais and Ophelia’s ‘Muddy Death’,” in: Debra N. Mancoff (ed.), John Everett Millais: beyond the Pre-Raphaelite brotherhood, New Haven, 2001, pp. 43-68
Rockwell, John “Lars von Trier, Bayreuth and the 'Ring',” in: Opera 53, Issue 1, 2002, pp 30-34
Rousseau, George, “Depression's forgotten genealogy: notes towards a history of depression,” in: History of Psychiatry 11, Mars, 2000 pp. 71-106
Schwarzbaum, Lisa, “My Lars von Trier Problem,’ in: Time 183, No. 10, 2014, p. 68
Sharrett, Christopher, “Woman Run Amok: Two films by Lars von Trier,” in: Film International 10, Issue 6, 2012, pp. 11-36
Shaviro, Steven, “MELANCHOLIA, or, The Romantic Anti-Sublime,” in: Sequence 1.1, 2012, http://reframe.sussex.ac.uk/sequence1/1-1-melancholia-or-the-romantic-antisublime/ (accessed July 12, 2015)
Showalter, Elaine “Representing Ophelia: women, madness, and the responsibilities of feminist criticism,” in: Patricia Parker and Geoffrey Hartman (eds.), Shakespeare and the question of theory, New York 1985, pp. 77-94
Silver, Larry, “Labor and Leisure: The Peasant,” in: Peasant scenes and landscapes: the rise of pictorial genres in the Antwerp art market, Philadelphia 2006, pp. 103-132
Simut, Andrei, “The Apocalypse according to Lars von Trier,” in: Ekphrasis 2, 2011, pp. 77-84
Sinnerbrink, Robert, “ANATOMY OF MELANCHOLIA,” in: Angelaki 19, Issue 4, 2014, pp. 111-126
Sontag, Susan, “Imagination of Disaster,” in: Against Interpretation and Other Essays, New York 2001, pp. 209-225
Sontag, Susan, “Wagner’s Fluids,” in: Where the stress falls: essays, New York 2001, pp. 197-209
Stone, David M., “Self and Myth in Caravaggio’s David and Goliath,” in: Genevieve Warwick (ed.), Caravaggio: realism, rebellion, reception, Newark 2006, pp. 36-46
孫松榮，〈間際性影像：電影與繪畫〉，《放映週報》，第399期，2013年7月。Available online in: Funscreen, http://www.funscreen.com.tw/fan.asp?F_No=1059
鄭運鴻，〈末日‧科幻‧啟示錄〉，《科學月刊》，第43卷第1期，2012年1月，頁43-52。 Available online in: Pan Sci, http://pansci.asia/archives/12363

Other Sources
Carl Fredrik Hill from Malmö Art Museum online at http://malmo.se/download/18.24cd1b3f140824774572e0a/1383646245884/C+F+Hill+collection+text.pdf
Higgins, Charlotte “Von Trier pulls out of the Ring,” in: The Guardian, http://www.theguardian.com/uk/2004/jun/09/film.arts
La Nausée, in: Wikipedia, https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Nausée#cite_note-3
Lars Von Trier banned from Cannes after Nazi comments, in: BBC NEWS, http://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-13454999
Lars von Trier, in: IMDB, http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0001885/?ref_=tt_ov_dr#director
Making of Melancholia, in: Pixomondo, http://www.pixomondo.com/portfolio/melancholia-2/
Melancholia (2011 film), in: Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melancholia_(2011_film)
Melancholia, in: IMDB, http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1527186/
Official Website of Zentropa at http://www.zentropa.dk/home/
Pre-visualisations and storyboard to the prologue of Melancholia, in: Platige, http://www.platige.com/#search=melancholia
Raup, Jordan “See Andrei Tarkovsky’s Influence on the Films of Lars von Trier in Side-By-Side Video,” at The Film Stage, 2016, online at https://thefilmstage.com/news/see-andrei-tarkovskys-influence-on-the-films-of-lars-von-trier-in-side-by-side-video-essay/
The clip of Melancholia’s press conference at the Cannes Film Festival, online at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QpUqpLh0iRw
William Black’s A Negro hung alive by the ribs to a gallows from Victoria and Albert Museum online at http://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O127411/a-negro-hung-alive-by-print-blake-william/

Cited Films
Andrei Rublev (Andrei Tarkovsky, 1966)
Ivan’s Childhood (Andrei Tarkovsky, 1962)
La Notte (Michelangelo Antonioni, 1961)
Last Year at Marienbad (Alain Resnais, 1961)
Nostalghia (Andrei Tarkovsky, 1983)
Sacrifice (Andrei Tarkovsky, 1986)
Solaris (Andrei Tarkovsky, 1972)
Stalker (Andrei Tarkovsky, 1979)