摘要
本研究主要目的在於了解國小高年級學童蔬果攝取行為之現況，並進一步探討個人背景因素、社會心理因素、社會環境因素與蔬果攝取行為之間的關係。以台北市葫蘆國小高年級學童為研究對象，共得有效樣本266人。所得資料以t檢定、單因子變異數分析、皮爾森積差相關，以及多元迴歸分析等統計方法進行分析，重要結果歸納如下：
一、近四成的研究對象有每天攝取三份蔬菜，近六成的研究對象有每天攝取二份水果。
二、研究對象的「自覺健康狀況」愈好，其蔬果攝取行為也愈佳。
三、蔬果攝取自我效能、蔬果攝取結果期望、蔬果攝取社會支持、蔬果攝取角色楷模、蔬果攝取可獲性、蔬果攝取可近性與蔬果攝取行為間呈現正相關；蔬果攝取知覺障礙與蔬果攝取行為間呈現負相關。
四、自覺健康狀況、蔬果攝取自我效能、蔬果攝取知覺障礙、蔬果攝取結果期望、蔬果攝取社會支持、蔬果攝取角色楷模、蔬果攝取可獲性、蔬果攝取可近性，共可解釋蔬果攝取行為總變異量的49.6%，影響力最大的為蔬果攝取自我效能。
最後，依據研究結果，對未來研究與實務工作提出建議。

關鍵字：國小高年級學童、蔬果攝取行為

The purpose of this study is to investigate the current vegetable & fruit intake behavior of elementary school senior students, and to inquire personal background factors, social psychology factors and social environment factors in relationship with vegetable & fruit intake behavior. The sample of questionnaire survey included 266 senior students which from the Hulu Elementary School. T-test, One Way ANOVA, Pearson’s Product-moment Correlation and Multiple Regression were used to analyze the data and results were as follows：
1.About 40% of subjects consume 3 portions of vegetable a day. About 60% of subjects consume 2 portions of fruit a day.
2.Subjects who perceive their health status to be better are more likely to eat vegetable ＆ fruit.
3.Vegetable ＆ fruit intake behavior was positively correlated with Self-efficacy, Outcome expectancy, Social support, Role modeling, Availability and Accessibility, then negatively correlated with Perceived barriers.
4.49.6% of the variation of vegetable ＆ fruit intake behavior was explained by Perceived health status, Self-efficacy, Perceived barriers, Outcome expectancy, Social support, Role modeling, Availability and Accessibility. The strongest predictor of vegetable ＆ fruit intake behavior was Self-efficacy.
Finally, these results were discussed and applied in the practical experience and future studies.

Key words：vegetable & fruit intake behavior, senior students of elementary school

參考文獻
一、 中文部分
王保進（2007）。中文視窗版SPSS與行為科學。台北：心理出版社。
王雪芳（1992）。結直腸癌與食物,營養素攝取量及α-2-巨球蛋白值之相關性。私立靜宜大學食品營養研究所碩士論文。
王士珉、林薇（1997）。台北市國小學童營養知識、態度及飲食行為調查研究。家政教育，13(4)，52-60。
王慧琦（1995）。實施學校午餐指導活動對國小中年級學童飲食行為改變之研究。國立臺灣師範大學家政教育研究所碩士論文。
行政院衛生署（2002）。行政院衛生署學校健康促進計畫。行政院衛生署。
行政院衛生署（2007a）。中華民國95年主要死因結果分析。96年5月16日取自http://www.doh.gov.tw/statistic/data/衛生統計叢書2/95/專區/95年主要死因結果分析.doc
行政院衛生署（2007b）。天天5蔬果，健康又樂活。96年5月6日取自http://www.doh.gov.tw/CHT2006/DM/DM2.aspx?now_fod_list _no= 8712&class_no = 25&level_no= 1
行政院衛生署（2007c）。每日飲食指南。96年5月10日取自http://www.doh.gov.tw/lane/health_edu/m2.html。
行政院衛生署（2008）。兒童與青少年肥胖定義。97年2月30日取自http://www.doh.gov.tw/CHT2006/DM/SEARCH_MAIN.aspx? keyword=%u80a5%u80 d6%u5b9a%u7fa9
李蘭、陸玓玲、李隆安、黃美維、潘怜燕、鄧肖琳（1995）。台灣地區成人的健康行為探討：分布情形、因素結構和相關因素。中華公共衛生雜誌：14（4），358-367。
李蘭、曾東松、翁慧卿等:（1999）。青少年危害健康行為研究:八十六學年度台北市國中生之現況。公共衛生，26 (2): 75-89。
李蘭、潘文涵、葉文婷（1996）。1993-1996台灣民眾之營養飲食知識及飲食行為調查結果。行政院衛生署。96年5月20日取自http://ood.doh.gov.tw/chinese/academic/PDF/academic3_3/07.pdf
何英忠（2004）。苗栗縣國小高年級學生營養知識、態度、飲食行為及其相關因素之調查研究。國立台中師範學院自然科學教育系碩士論文。
何素梅（2007）。桃園縣中壢國中學生攝取蔬果行為相關因素研究。國立臺灣師範大學衛生教育學系碩士論文。
巫雯雯（1986）。台北市國中學生之營養知識、態度、行為調查研究。國立臺灣師範大學家政教育研究所碩士論文。
林生傳（2005）。教育社會學。台北：句流圖書公司。
林佳樺、陳怡靜、黃韶顏（1997）。臺北縣市老人營養知識、態度、行為之研究。輔仁民生學誌，3(1)，56-68。
林育如（2002）。增加年輕人飲食中蔬果的攝取對血漿類胡蘿蔔素濃度的影響。台北醫學大學保健營養研究所碩士論文。
林薇（1998）。幼兒飲食行為行為行成及影響因素。家政教育學報，1，42-58。
林薇、楊小淇、杭極敏、潘文涵 （2007）。台灣國小學童營養健康狀況調查- 2001-2002台灣國小學童飲食營養知識、態度與行為調查結果。行政院衛生署。96年5月20日取自http://food.doh.gov.tw/chinese/academic/C.pdf
吳幸娟、潘文涵、葉乃華、張新儀（2007）。台灣國小學童營養健康狀況調查2001-2002以24小時飲食回顧法評估國小學童膳食營養狀狀況。行政院衛生署。96年5月20日取自http://food.doh.gov.tw/chinese/academic/B.pdf
吳幸娟、章雅惠、方佳雯、潘文涵（2007）。國民營養狀況變遷調查1993-1996台灣地區成人攝取的食物總重量、熱量及三大營養素的食物來源。行政院衛生署。96年5月20日取自http://food.doh.gov.tw/chinese/academic/PDF/academic3_3/04.pdf
邱靜如（2003）。國小四年級學童健康行為集群類型研究。國立台灣大學衛生政策與管理研究所碩士論文。
姚元青（1994）。國立臺灣師範大學學生飲食行為及其影響因素之研究。國立臺灣師範大學衛生教育研究所碩士論文。
祝年豐（2002）。台灣國小學童營養康狀況調查2001-2002台灣國小學童肥胖及相關合併症流行病學。行政院衛生署。97年4月10日取自http://food.doh.gov.tw/chinese/academic/C.pdf
張富琴（2001）。台北市高中生危害健康行為之研究。國立台灣師範大學衛生教育研究所碩士論文。
張玉鳳（2001）。台北市某國中學生攝取蔬果行為相關因素之研究。國立台灣師範大學衛生教育研究所碩士論文。
張喜寧（2002）。蔬菜與水果的防癌性。科學農業 50，1（2），168-173。
許惠玉（2001）。台北市兒童體位、飲食行為與家長營養知識、行為及飲食教養之關係。台北醫學大學保健營養研究所碩士論文。
陳玉欣（1998）。國中生飲食行為及相關因子的流行病學研究。國立台灣大學流行病學研究所碩士論文。
陳政友（1999）。大學生健康生活型態與相關因素研究－以國立臺灣師範大學四年級學生為例。衛生教育學報，12，115-135。
陳福士（2005）。中老年人的飲食型態對生活習慣病的影響與預防。長期照護雜誌，9（1），32-38
黃伯超、游素玲（1997）：營養學精要。台北：健康。
黃韶顏（2003）。食物製備原理。台北：華香園出版。
黃惠斌（2003）。「全校性健康五蔬果」介入計劃對國中學生每日攝取五蔬果及相關因素之影響—以彰化縣立鹿鳴國中學生為例。國立台灣師範大學衛生教育學系碩士論文。
曾明淑、高美丁、葉文婷、潘文涵（2007）。國民健康狀況變遷調查1993-1996台灣地區居民之飲食特性。行政院衛生署。96年5月20日取自http://food.doh.gov.tw/chinese/academic/PDF/academic3 _3/05.pdf
曾美娟（2005）。國中生體型意識、身體活動及飲食行為相關之探討。國立台北護理學院醫護教育研究所碩士論文。
董佳欣（2004）。台北縣市職校餐飲科學生蔬果知識、態度及行為研究。輔仁大學生活應用科學研究所碩士論文。
蔡晏儒（2006）。運用跨理論模式於職場員工蔬菜攝取行為之探討－以全景企管顧問有限公司往來客戶為例。國立台灣師範大學衛生教育學系碩士論文。
鄭惠美（2000）。學童家長與學童蔬果攝取行為研究。衛生教育學報，13，91-106。
盧秋雲（1997）。消費者在吃到飽餐廳食物取用行為之研究。國立台灣師範大學家政教育研究所碩士論文。
蕭千佑（2007）。每日五蔬果抗癌效果好。健康圖書館。96年6月4日取自http://health.wedar.com/show.asp?id=3587。
魏米秀、陳建宏、呂昌明(2005)。應用市場區隔分析大專生蔬果攝取行為之研究—以某技術學院二專部學生為例。衛生教育學報，23 ， 1-18。
魏米秀（2006）。大學生蔬果攝取行為影響因素模式發展之研究。國立臺灣師範大學衛生教育學系博士論文。
二、英文部分
Bandura, A. (1982). Self-efficacy mechanism in human agency. American Psychologist, 87, 122-147.
Bazzano, L.A., Jiang, H., Ogden, L. G., Loria, Ca. M., Whelton, P. K.(2003). Dietary Fiber Intake and Reduced Risk of Coronary Heart Disease in US Men and Women: The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey I Epidemiologic Follow-up Study. Archives of Internal Medicine, 163 (16), 1897-1905.
Beech, B.M., Rice, R. Myers, L., Johnson, C., Nicklas, T.A. (1999). Knowledge Attitudes and Practices Related to Fruit and Vegetable Consumption of High School Students. Journal of Adolescent Health, 24, 244-250.
Blanchette, L., Brug, J. (2006) Determinants of fruit and vegetable consumption among 6-12-year-old children and effective interventions to increase consumption. Journal of Human Nutrition Dietet, 18, 431-443.
Buratti, S., N. Pellegrini, Brenna, O.V., Mannino, S. (2001) Rapidelectrochemical method for the evaluation of the antioxidant power of some lipophilic food extracts. J. Agric. Food Chem, 49, 5136-5141.
Cullen, K.W., Bartholomew, L.K., Parcel, G.S. & Koehly, L. (1998). Measuring stage of change for fruit and vegetable consumption in 9-to-12- year-old girls. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 21(3), 241-255.
Cullen, K.W., Baranowski, T., Owens, E., Marsh, T., Rittenberry, L. & de Moor, C. (2003). Availability, accessibility, and preferences for fruit, 100% fruit juice, and vegetables influence children’s dietary behavior. Health Education and Behavior, 30(5), 615-626.
Cullen, K.W., Baranowski, T., Rittenberry, L., Cosart, C., Hebert, D. & de Moor, C. (2001). Child-reported family and peer influences on fruit, juice and vegetable consumption: reliability and validity of measures. Health Education Research, 16(2), 187-200.
Dibsdall, L.A, Lambert, N., Bobbin, R.F. & Frewer, L.J. (2003). Low-income consumers’ attitudes and behaviour towards access, availability and motivation to eat fruit and vegetables. Public Health Nutrition, 6(2), 159-169.
Dittus, K.L., Hillera, V.N. & Beerman, K.N. (1995). Benefits and Barriers to Fruit and Vegetable Intake: Relationship between Attitudes and Consumption. Journal of Nutrition Education , 27(3), 120-126.
Domel, S.B., Baranowski, T., Thompson, W.O., Davis, H.C., Leonard, S.B. & Baranowski, J.（1996）.Psychosocial predictors of fruit and vegetable consumption among elementary school children. Health Education Research,11, 299-308.
Gibson, E., Wardle, J. & Watt, C.(1998).Fruit and vegetable consumption, nutrition knowledge and beliefs in mother and children. Appetite, 31, 205-228.
Gillander Gadin K, Hammarstrom A.（2002）.Can school-related factors predict future health behaviour among young adolescents? Public Health, 116, 22-29.
Hanson, N., Neumark-Sztainer, D., Eisenberg, M., Story, M. & Wall, M.(2005). Associations between parental report of the home food enviroment and adolescent intake of fruits, vegetable and dairy foods. Public Health Nutrition,8(1),77-85.
Hearn, M.D., Baranowski, T., Baranowski, J., Doyle, C., Smith, M., Lin, L.S. et al. (1998). Environmental influences on dietary behavior among children: availability and accessibility of fruits and vegetables enable consumption. Journal of Health Education, 29(1), 26-32.
Heavey, P.M., McKenna, D., Rowland, I.R. (2004). Colorectal Cancer and relationship between genes and the environment. Nutrition Cancer, 48(2), 124-141.
Kannel WB, D''Agostino RB, Belanger AJ. (1995). Concept of bridging the gap from youth to adulthood. American Journal of the Medical Science, 310(suppl 1), S15-S21.
Kaur, C., and H.C.Kapoor .(2001). Antioxidants in fruits and vegetables – the millennium’s health. Int. J. Food Sci. Technol. 36, 703-725.
Kratt, P., Reynolds, K. & Shewchuk, R. (2000). The role of availability as a moderator of family fruit and vegetable consumption. Health Education and Behavior, 27(4), 471-482.
Kirby, S. D., Baranowski, T., Reynods, K.D., Taylor, G., Binkley, D. (1995). Children’s Fruit Vegetable Intake: Socioeconomic, Adult-Child, Regional, and Urban-Rural Influence. Jornal of Nutrition Education, 27, 261-271.
Klein, B.P., and A. C. Kurilich (2000) Processing effects on dietary
antioxidants from plant food. HortScience, 35, 580-584.
Krejcie, R. V., & Morgan, D.W. (1970). Determining Sample Size For Research Activities. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 30(3), 88.
Liebman, M., Propst, K., Moore, S.A., Pelican, S., Holmes, B., Wardlaw, M.K. et al. (2003). Gender differences in selected dietary intakes and eating behaviors in rural communities in Wyoming, Montana, and Idaho. Nutrition Research, 23, 991-1002.
Ling, A. M. C. & Horwath, C. (2001). Perceived Benefits and Barriers of Increased Fruit and Vegetable Consumption: Validation of a Decisional Balance Scale. Journal of Nutrition Education, 33, 257-265.
Lock, K., Pomerleau, J., Causer, L., Altmann, D.R. & McKee, M. (2005). The global burden of disease attributable to low consumption of fruit and vegetables: implications for the global strategy on diet. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 83(2), 100-108.
Maes, L., Lievens J. (2003). Can the school make a difference? A multilevel analysis of adolescent risk and health behaviour. Social Science and Medicine, 56, 517-529.
Maffeis, C., Zaffanello M., Pinelli L., et al. (1996). Total energy expenditure and patterns of activity in 8-10-year-old obese and nonobese children. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutrition , 23, 256-61.
Neumark-Sztainer, D., Story, M., Resnick, M.D. & Blum, R.W.M. (1996). Correlates of inadequateand fruit and vegetable consumption among adolescents. Preventive Medicine, 25, 497-505.
Neumark-Sztainer, D., Wall, M., Perry, C. & Story, M. (2003). Correlates of fruit and vegetable intake among adolescents: findings from Project EAT. Preventive Medicine, 37, 198-208.
Nystrom, A.A., Schmitz, K.H., Perry, C., Lytle, L.A. & Neumark-Sztainer, D.(2005). The relationship of weight-related perceptions, goals, and behaviors with fruit and vegetable consumption in young adolescents. Preventive Medicine, 40, 203-208.
Nichter, M.(2001). Body image, dieting and smoking: Parental influence on the adolescent.【CD-ROM】Abstract from: Proquest File: Dissertation Abstract Item: 9531156.
Position of the American Dietetic Association (2004) .Dietary guidance for healthy children aged 2 to 11 years. J Am Diet Assoc 104: 660-677.
Reinaerts, E., Nooijer, J., Candel, M., Vries., N. (2007). Explaining school children’s fruit and vegetable consumption: The contributions of availability, accessibility, exposure, parental consumption and habitt in addition to psychosocial factors. Appetite, 48, 248-258.
Resnicow, K., Davis-Hearn, M., Baranowski, T., Lin,L.S., Baranowski, J.,Doyle, C. & Wang, D.T.(1997). Social-cognitive predictors of fruit and vegetable intake in children. American Psychological Association, 16(3), 272-276.
Reynolds, K.D., Franklin, F.A.,Binkley, D., Raczynski, J.M.,Harrington, K.F., Kirt, K.A. & Person, S.(2000). Increasing fruit and vegetable consumption of fourth-graders: results from the high 5 project. Prev. Med. 30, 309-319.
Reynolds, K.D. & Hinton, A.W.(1999). Social cognitive model of fruit and vegetable consumption in elementary school children. Journal of Nutrition Education,31(1), 23-30.
Roberts, S.B., Savage J, Coward WA, et al. (1988). Energy expenditure and intake in infants born to lean and overweight mothers. N Engl J Med 318, 461-6.
Sandvik,C., Bourdeaudhuij, I.D., Due, P., Brug, J., Wind, M., Bere, E., Pérez-Rodrigo, C., Wolf, A., Elamadfa, I., Thórsdóttir, I., Almeida, M., Yngve, A., Klepp, K.(2005). Personal, Social and Environmental Factors regarding Fruit and Vegetable Intake among Schoolchildren in Nine European Countries. Annalsn of Nutrition & Metabollism, 49, 255-266.
Schneider, D.J., Carithers, T., Coyle, K., Endahl, J., Robin, L., Debrot, K., Seymour, J.(2006) Evaluation of a Fruit and Vegetable Distribution Program Mississippi, 2004-2005 School Year. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 55(35), 957-962.
Slater, M.D.(1989). Social influences and cognitive control as predictors of self-efficacy and eating behavior. Cognitive Therapy & Research, 13(3), 231-245.
Slattery, M.L., Moucher, K.M., Caan, B.J., Potter, J.D., Ma, K.(1998). Eating patterns and risk of colon cancer. American Journal of epidemiology, 148(1), 4-16.
Sorensen, G., Stoddard, A.,Peterson, K.,Cohen, N.,Hunt, M.K., Stein, E., Palombo, R. & Lederman,R. (1999). Increasing fruit and vegetable consumption through workside and families in the treatwell 5-A-Day study. American Jounal of Public Health, 89(1), 54-60.
Steptoe A, Wardle J. Locus of control and health behaviour revisited. (2001). A multivariate analysis of young adults from 18 countries. British Journal of Psychology, 92, 659-672.
Story, M., Neumark-Sztainer, D. & French, S. (2002). Individual and environmental influences on adolescent eating behaviors. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 102(3), 40S-51S.
Theresa A. Nicklas, Carolyn C.Johnson,Rosanne Farris, et al. (1997). Development of a school-based Nutrition Intervention for High School Students：Gimme5. American Journal of Health Promotion, 11(5), 315-322
Theresa A.Nicklas.et al (1998) Outcomes of a High School Program to Increase Fruit and Vegetable Consumption: Gimme 5-A Fresh Nutrition Concept for Students. Journal of School Health,68, 248-253.
Trudeau, E., Kristal, A.R., Li, S. & Patterson, R.E. (1998). Demographic and psychosocial predictors of fruit and vegetable intakes differ: implications for dietary interventions. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 98, 1412-1417.
Tsugane, S. (2004). Dietary factor and cancer risk - evidence from epidemiological studies. Gan To Kagaku Ryoho, 31(6), 847-852.
Tucker K. (1999). Dietary patterns and blood pressure in African Americans. Nutrition Reviews, 57(11), 356-8.
United State Department of Agriculture (2007). My pyramid plan. Retrieved May 15, 2007, from United State Department of Agriculture, Web site:
http://www.mypyramid.gov/guidelines/index.html
Vereecken, C.A., Damme, W.V. & Maes, L. (2005). Measuring attitudes, self-efficacy, and social and environmental influences on fruit and vegetable consumption of 11- and 12-year-old children: Reliability and validity. Journal of the American Dietetic Association,105(2), 257-261.
Ward, S. E. (1990). Characterizing adolescent eating behaviors with Bandura’s social learning theory. University of Virginia. unpublished dissertation.
Willer W. Vitamin A and lung cancer (1990). Nutrition Review,48(5), 201-211.
Wind, M., Velde, S.J.T, Brug, J., Bourdeaudhuij, I.D., Sandvik, C., Klepp, K. & Due, P. (2006). Correlates of fruit and vegetable consumption among 11-Year-Old Belgian-Flemish and Dutch schoolchildren. Journal of Nutrition Education & Behavior, 38(4), 211-221.
Yngve, A., Wolf, A., Poortvliet, E., Elmadfa, I., Brug, J.,Ehrenblad, B., Franchini, B., Haraldsdóttir, J., KrøIner, R., Maes, L., Pérez-Rodrigo, C., Sjöström, M., Thórsdóttir, I., Klepp, K. (2005). Fruit and Vegetable Intake in a Sample of 11-Year-Old Children in 9 European Countries: The Pro Children Cross-Sectional Survey. Annalsn of Nutrition & Metabollism, 49, 236-245.
Young, E.M., Fors, S.W. (2001).Factors related to the eating habits of students in grades 9-12. Journal of School Health, 71(10), 483-488.
Young, E.M., Fors, S.W., Hayes, D.M. (2004). Associations between perceived parent behaviors and middle school student fruit and vegetable consumption. Journal of Nutrition Education & Behavior, 36(1), 2-12.