研究生: |
葉于瑄 Yeh, Yu-Hsuan |
---|---|
論文名稱: |
馬類成語的隱喻、文化和兩岸語言現象研究 A Study on Horse Idioms: Metaphor, Cultural Imagery, and Cross-Strait Chinese Linguistic Phenomena |
指導教授: |
洪嘉馡
Hong, Jia-Fei |
口試委員: |
謝佳玲
Hsieh, Jia-Ling 許展嘉 Hsu, Chan-Chiah |
口試日期: | 2021/08/02 |
學位類別: |
碩士 Master |
系所名稱: |
華語文教學系 Department of Chinese as a Second Language |
論文出版年: | 2021 |
畢業學年度: | 109 |
語文別: | 中文 |
論文頁數: | 193 |
中文關鍵詞: | 動物成語 、概念隱喻 、文化意象 、語境 |
英文關鍵詞: | animal idioms, conceptual metaphor, cultural imagery, context |
研究方法: | 主題分析 、 內容分析法 、 語料庫分析 |
DOI URL: | http://doi.org/10.6345/NTNU202100954 |
論文種類: | 學術論文 |
相關次數: | 點閱:191 下載:32 |
分享至: |
查詢本校圖書館目錄 查詢臺灣博碩士論文知識加值系統 勘誤回報 |
成語在口說和書面中使用廣泛,其中動物成語具有豐富的隱喻意涵,可以觀察到比喻的手法,因此常作為成語教學的內容,然而,動物成語在兩岸的語境中存在使用上的差異,可能影響理解成語,此外,動物成語中又以馬類成語在語料庫的所占筆數最多,顯示華人的生活與馬息息相關,故本研究以馬類成語為研究對象,探討馬類成語的隱喻運作、文化意象以及兩岸語境的使用現象
,以期有益於教學。首先,從臺灣《成語典》篩選出符合本研究的馬類成語,接著,為了從客觀的角度分析成語的實際情況,以中央研究院平衡語料庫和北京語言大學語料庫作為語料來源,從語義分析探討隱喻的基本義,並運用概念隱喻理論分析隱喻運作的情形,探討馬類成語的概念隱喻和文化意象,再進行語境主題分析以探究兩岸語境的差異。
本研究先對成語的基本義進行基礎的分析,再以此為基礎進行隱喻分析,並歸納、整理出馬類成語的概念隱喻,進而探究文化意象,此外,再分析兩岸語境的主題以探討成語在兩岸語境的語言現象。研究結果發現,馬類成語藉由子隱喻互相支持,構成兩大概念隱喻:一為「人是馬」,二為「做事態度是人對馬施予的行為」,在文化意象上,馬具有正向的形象,是推動時代變化、環境更迭的動物。在兩岸馬類成語的使用上,隱喻運作差異造成兩岸部分的成語具有不同的義項,或是偏好提取特定的概念;在語法功能上,大陸的語法功能多元,出現與臺灣相異的用法,此外,在語境主題上,大陸經常在經濟、內政、商管領域使用常用馬類成語,重視馬類成語正向的寓意,臺灣則主要在經濟、內政、生活等領域使用成語,在感情色彩上較無特定偏好。
The present study aims to explore the metaphorical mechanism, cultural imagery, and different usage of the horse idioms between Taiwan and mainland China. All the data are collected from the “Dictionary of Chinese Idioms” of Taiwan. Sinica Corpus of Taiwan and BCC from mainland China are also used as sources to explore the linguistic phenomena in the cross-strait area. For data analysis, the study opts the Conceptual Theory of Metaphor as the theoretical framework to analyze how the metaphorical mechanism and cultural imagery jointly contribute to the various use of horse idioms in the cross-strait area.
This study first examines the semantic of the idioms, then conducts the metaphor analysis and the theme-based analysis of the context. The findings of the research suggest that horse idioms are derived from two conceptual metaphors: “PEOPLE IS HORSE” and “ATTITUDE TO DO THINGS IS THE BEHAVIOR OF MAN TO A HORSE.” In terms of cultural imagery, the horse is an animal that facilitates changes in times as well as changes in the environment. It was also found that Taiwan and mainland China idioms present respective semantic features and metaphoric concept preferences. In terms of context, horse idioms in mainland China are often used in the fields of economy,and domestic affairs. The positive meaning of idioms is strongly emphasized. In contrast, horse idioms in Taiwan are mainly used in economics, domestic affairs, and everyday life. The emotional coloring is not as much emphasized as that in mainland China. In summary, this study explores the cultural imagery of horse idioms and shows the importance of authentic context to interpret idioms.
Miller, G. (2002). 詞的學問:發現語言的科學(洪蘭:1版). 遠流(原著出版1991)。
中央研究院資訊所、語言所詞庫小組(1998)。中央研究院漢語語料庫的內容與說明(技術報告第 95-02/98-04號)。http://asbc.iis.sinica.edu.tw/
冉永平(2006)。語用學︰現象與分析。北京:北京大學出版社。
束定芳(2000)。隱喻學研究。上海:上海外語教育出版社。
何自然、冉永平(2015)。新編語用學概論。北京:北京大學出版社。
何欣宜(2019)。漢語飲食詞彙「吃」作為情慾隱喻的歷時性探討。台北市:國立臺灣大學華語教學碩士學位學程碩士論文,未出版。
吳孟芯(2019)。中文四字格動物類成語之隱喻運作及教學應用——以十二生肖為例。台北市:國立政治大學華語教學碩士學位學程,未出版。
李恩柔(2017)。華語鳥類詞語的文化隱喻對華語教學的啟示。台北市:國立臺北教育大學語文與創作學系華語文教學碩士班,未出版。
李啟文(1990)。從成語特點看漢語詞義的人文性。廣東民族學院學報,3,85-91。
Doi: 10. 13408 /j . cnki . gjsxb. 1990. 03. 014
李慧妍(2018)。文化背景與成語理解—以「酒」有關的四字格成語為例。台北市:國立臺灣大學華語教學碩士學位學程碩士論文,未出版。
竺家寧(1999)。漢語詞彙學。台北:五南。ISBN:9789571119106。
周何(編)(2004)。國語活用辭典(三版)。臺北市:五南。
周世箴(2005)。成語中的譬喻運作:初始建構語義延伸及其文化內涵(I)(編號:NSC93-2411-H029-013:行政院國家科學委員會專題研究計畫。
周世箴(2008)。成語中的譬喻運作:初始建構語義延伸及其文化內涵(III)(編號:NSC95-2411-H029-002:行政院國家科學委員會專題研究計畫。
周世箴(2011)。感官類成語、閩俗諺語認知語用研究(編號:NSC98-2410-H029-041:行政院國家科學委員會專題研究計畫。
周荐(1994)。熟語的經典性和非經典性。語文研究,3,33-38。
周荐(1998)。詞彙學問題。【超星電子書】。取自http://img.chinamaxx.net/n/abroad/hwbook/chinamaxx/10196500/a44b597f9fd44eb4a4ce11af3446d9f1/33f53c49e996b41bd42f2f58a5410f40.shtml?tp=jpabroad&fenlei=&t=1&username=TSD
胡壯麟(2004)。認知隱喻學。北京:北京大學出版社。
徐瑞紅(2015)。動物隱喻視角下的對外漢語成語教學研究。哈爾濱:哈爾濱師範大學漢語國際教育碩士論文,未出版。
徐韶君(2015)。客家動物諺語的隱喻表現。台北市:國立政治大學語言學研究所碩士論文,未出版。
徐耀民(1997)。成語的劃界、定型和釋義問題,中國語文,1,11-17。
徐續紅(2003)。成語分類問題研究,宜春學院學報,25(5),86-88。
崔希亮(1997)。漢語熟語與中國人文世界,頁1-231。北京:北京大學出版社。
高婉瑜(2017)。從三個因素看禪義成語的形成與發展,漢學研究,35 (3), 325-358。
孫毅(2013)。認知隱喻學多維跨域研究。北京:北京大學出版社。
馬輝(2017)。漢語對舉動物成語研究。河北:河北師範大學語言學及應用語言學碩士論文,未出版。
連金發(2009)。固定語式探索。蘇以文 、畢永峨編,語言與認知,頁229-262。 臺北市:臺大出版中心。
袁隴珍、王小龍(2012)。漢語動物詞流行語的隱喻意義構建,社科縱橫,27(9),170-171。
荀恩東、饒高琦、肖曉悦、臧嬌嬌(2016)。大資料背景下BCC語料庫的研製,語料庫語言學,3 (1),93-118。
黃居仁(2009)。從詞彙看認知:詞彙語意學研究的趣味。蘇以文 、畢永峨編,語言與認知,頁203-228。 臺北市:臺大出版中心。
符淮青(2008)。現代漢語詞彙。台北市:新學林。
項成東(2009)。英漢動物隱喻的跨文化研究,現代外語,32(3),239-247。
陳爾薇 (2017)。華人婚姻語言使用與成語教材設計。台北市:國立臺灣大學華語教學碩士學位學程碩士論文,未出版。
陳娟(2013)。英漢動物類成語的隱喻對比。湖北:長江大學外國語言學及應用語言學系碩士論文,未出版。
陳靜(2016)。漢語動物成語研究。陝西:西安外國語大學語言學及應用語言學 碩士論文,未出版。
郭庭安(2019)。中文母語者及外籍學習者對構式成語之認知歷程──以「無X無Y」為例。台北市:國立臺灣大學華語教學碩士學位學程碩士論文,未出版。
郭憲春(2015)。漢語成語中動物對舉的形式及文化因素分析,語文建設,11,63-64。
溫端政(2005)。漢語詞彙學。北京:商務印書館。
雷瀟、鍾毅平(2010)。語境和熟悉度對中文成語理解的影響。湖南師範大學教育科學學報,9 (3),111-114。
楊孟蓉、周世箴(2008)。譬喻運作的圖示解析於中文成語教學之應用,華語文教學研究,5(1), 29-44。
趙杰(2011)。基於語料庫的漢語動物部位隱喻研究。湖南:湖南師範大學,未出版。
潘蓉蓉(2014)。漢英成語中動物隱喻對比研究。雲南:雲南師範大學語言學碩士,未出版。
張斌(2000)。現代漢語短語,頁323-324。上海:華東師範大學出版社。
張輝(2003)。熟語及其理解的認知語義學研究。【超星電子書】。取自http://img.chinamaxx.net/n/abroad/hwbook/chinamaxx/11521474/1ef2558810c5429cb175a2aa83ac11ff/b24b7cb460cecb82598e3c40676e3271.shtml?tp=jpabroad&fenlei=&t=1&username=TSD
張樹(2019)。漢語動物成語研究。山東:山東師範大學語言學及應用語言學碩士論文,未出版。
鄭雅丰、梁雲霞(2014)。中文成語理解的雙翼:語境與可分析性,教育與心理研究,37(1),95-121。
劉彥廷(2018)。語境緊密度與語義透明度對華語學習者理解成語詞義的影響。新竹:國立清華大學中國語文學系所碩士論文,未出版。
劉德馨(2018)。兩岸華語教材收錄成語比較。華文世界,121,27-43。
蕭惠貞&梁安琪(2018)。 提升隱喻意識對二語詞彙學習和記憶存留之探究。Chinese as a Second Language Research, 7(1), 141-170. https://doi.org/10.1515/caslar-2018-0006
譚秀瓊(2019)。含動物語素的漢越成語對比研究。湖北:華中師範大學博士論文,未出版。
Aitchison, J. (2003). Words in the mind: an introduction to the Mental lexicon (3rd edition). Blackwell.
Bourke, J. (2014). Pain: metaphor, body, and culture in Anglo-American societies between the eighteenth and twentieth centuries. Rethinking history, 18 (4), pp. 475-498. ISSN 1364-2529.
Cain, K., Towse, A. S., & Knight, R. S. (2009). The development of idiom comprehension: an investigation of semantic and contextual processing skills. Journal of experimental child psychology, 102(3), 280-298. DOI: 10.1016/j.jecp.2008.08.001
Carter, R., & Nash, W. (1990). Seeing through language: a guide to styles of English writing. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
Deignan, A. (2003). Metaphorical expressions and culture: an indirect link. Metaphor & symbol, 18(4), 255-271.
Dirven, R. (1994). Metaphor and nation: metaphors Afrikaners live by. New York: P. Lang.
Dobrovolʹskij, D., &Piirainen, E. (2005). Figurative language: cross-cultural and cross-linguistic perspectives. (pp.205-250.). Netherlands: Elsevier.
Fauconnier, G., & Turner, M. (2002). The way we think: conceptual blending and the mind's hidden complexities. Oxford: Oxford Publicity Partnership.
Gibbs, R. W. Jr., & O'Brien, J. E. (1990). Images and mental imagery: the metaphorical motivation for idiomatic meaning. Cognition, 36, 35-68.
Gibbs, R. W. Jr. (1991). Semantic analyzability in children's understanding of idioms. Journal of speech, language, and hearing research, 34(3),613-620.
Gibbs, R. W. Jr. (1994). The poetics of mind: figurative thought, language, and understanding. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Gibbs, R. W. Jr., Bogdanovich, J. M., Sykes, J. R., and Barr, D. J. (1997). Metaphor in idiom comprehension. Journal of memory and language, 37, 141-154.
Gibbs, R. W. Jr. (1999). Taking metaphor out of our heads and putting it into the cultural world. In G. J. Steen, & R. W. Gibbs, Jr.(eds.). Metaphor in cognitive linguistics. (pp.145-166.). Netherlands: John Benjamin.
Gibbs, R. W. Jr. (2003). Embodied experience and linguistic meaning. Brain and language, 84(1),1-15.
Gibbs, R. W. Jr., Nayak, N. P., & Cutting, C. (1989). How to kick the bucket and not decompose: analyzability and idiom processing. Journal of memory and language, 28(5), 576-593.
Goatly, A. (2006). Humans, animals, and metaphors. Society & animals: journal of human-animal studies, 14(1), 15-37. https://doi.org/10.1163/156853006776137131
Grady, J. (1997). Foundations of meaning: primary metaphors and primary scenes. Retrieved from https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3g9427m2
Grice, H. P. (1975). Logic and conversation. In P. Cole, & J. L. Morgan (Eds.), Syntax and semantics (pp. 41-58). New York: Academic Press.
Hsieh, C. Y., & Hsu, C. C. (2010). Idiom comprehension in Mandarin-speaking children. Journal of psycholinguistic research, 39(6),505-522.
Irujo, S. (1993). Steering clear avoidance in the production of idioms. International review of applied linguistics in language teaching, 31(3), 204-219.
Johnson, M. (1987). The body in the mind: the bodily basis of meaning, imagination, and reason. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Johnson, M. (1999). Embodied reason. In G. Weiss, & H. F. Haber (eds.), Perspectives on embodiment: the intersections of nature and culture. New York: Routledge
King, B. (1989). The conceptual structure of emotional experience in Chinese. Ph.D. diss, Ohio State University.
Kövecses, Z. (1995). The “Container” metaphor of anger in English, Chinese, Japanese and Hungarian. In Radman, Z. (eds.) From a metaphorical point of view: a multi-disciplinary approach to the cognitive content of metaphor. (pp.117-147). Berlin and New York: Walter de Gruyter.
Kövecses, Z., & Szabó, P. (1996). Idioms: a view from cognitive semantics. Applied linguistics, 17(3),325-355. Doi: 10.1093/applin/17.3.326
Kövecses, Z.(eds.) (2010). Metaphor: a practical introduction (2nd ed.). New York: Oxford University Press.
Lai, V. T., & Curran, T. (2013). ERP evidence for conceptual mappings and comparison processes during the comprehension of conventional and novel metaphors. Brain and language, 127(3), 484-496. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bandl.2013.09.010
Lakoff, G., &Turner, M. (1989). More than cool reason: a field guide to poetic metaphor. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Lakoff, G. (1987). The death of dead metaphor. Metaphor & symbolic activity, 2(2), p143-147.
Lakoff, G., & Johnson, M. (1980). Metaphors we live by. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Lakoff, G. (1993). The contemporary theory of metaphor. In A. Ortony (eds.), Metaphor and thought (2nd edition). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Lakoff, G., & Kövecses, Z. (1987). The cognitive model of anger inherent in American English. In D. Holland, & N. Quinn (eds.), Cultural models in language and thought. Cambridge University Press.
Levorato, M. C., & Cacciari, C. (1995). The effects of different tasks on the comprehension and production of idioms in children. Journal of experimental child psychology,60(2),261-83.
Lin, C. J. Y. (2009). What makes Chinese idioms so difficult to understand? A study of the semantic transparency of Chinese idioms. Journal of Chinese language teaching,6(2),63-188.
Liu, L., & Cheung, H. T. (2014). Acquisition of Chinese quadra-syllabic idiomatic expressions: effects of semantic opacity and structural symmetry. First language, 34,336-353.
Matsuki, K. (1995). Metaphors of anger in Japanese. In John R. Taylor, & Robert E. MacLaury (eds), Language and the cognitive construal of the world. New York: Mouton de Gruyter.
Nayak, N. P., & Gibbs, R. W. (1990). Conceptual knowledge in the interpretation of idioms. Journal of experimental psychology: general, 119(3), 315–330. https://doi.org/10.1037/0096-3445.119.3.315
Ogarkova, A., Soriano, C. C., & Gladkova, A. (2016). Methodological triangulation in the study of emotion. Review of cognitive linguistics, 14(1), 73-101. Doi: 10.1075/rcl.14.1.04oga.
Qualls, C.D., O'Brien, R.M., Blood, G.W., & Hammer, C.S. (2003). Contextual variation, familiarity, academic literacy, and rural adolescents' idiom knowledge. Language, speech, and hearing services in schools, 34(1), 69-79.
Sanding, B., & Selting, M. (1997). Discourse styles. In Dijk, T. A. (eds.), Discourse as structure and process. (pp.138-156.). London: SAGE Publications.
Selting, M. (1992). Intonation as a contextualization device: case studies on the role of prosody, especially intonation, in contextualizing story telling in conversation. In P. Auer, & A. di Luzio (eds.), The contextualization of language. (pp.233-258.). Amsterdam: Benjamins.
Shore, B. (1996). Culture in mind: cognition, culture, and the problem of meaning. New York: Oxford University Press.
Su, L. I. W. (2002). What can metaphors tell us about culture? Language and linguistics, 3(3), 589-613.
Triandis, H. C. (1995). Individualism and collectivism. Boulder: Westview Press.
Widdowson, H. G. (1992). Practical stylistics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Yu, N. (1995). Metaphorical expressions of anger and happiness in English and Chinese. Metaphor and symbolic activity, 10, 59-92.
Yu, N. (2003). Chinese metaphors of thinking. Cognitive linguistics, 14(2-3),141-165.
Yu, N. (2004). The eyes for sight and mind. Journal of pragmatics, 36(4), 663-686.
Yu, N. (2008). Metaphor from body and culture. In Gibbs R.(eds.), The Cambridge handbook of metaphor and thought. New York: Cambridge University Press.
網路資源
臺灣教育部《成語典》2019版 http://hanzi.cmex.ericjoung.idv.tw/idiom/search.jsp?webMd=2&powerMode=1&la=0
中央研究院現代漢語平衡語料庫4.0版 (Sininca Corpus)
http://asbc.iis.sinica.edu.tw/
北京語言大學語料庫(BCC)
http://bcc.blcu.edu.cn/