研究生: |
熊青泓 Hsiung, Ching-Hong |
---|---|
論文名稱: |
綠色運具涉入程度對緩慢旅遊行為意向影響之研究 A Study of the Effect of Green Transportation Involvement to Slow Tourism Behavior Intention |
指導教授: |
陳敦基
Chen, Dun-Ji |
學位類別: |
碩士 Master |
系所名稱: |
全球經營與策略研究所 Graduate Institute of Global Business and Strategy |
論文出版年: | 2015 |
畢業學年度: | 103 |
語文別: | 中文 |
論文頁數: | 117 |
中文關鍵詞: | 緩慢旅遊 、綠色運具 、計畫行為理論 、涉入理論 、市場區隔 |
英文關鍵詞: | Slow Tourism, Green Transportation, Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB), Involve Theory, Market Segmentation Analysis |
論文種類: | 學術論文 |
相關次數: | 點閱:150 下載:6 |
分享至: |
查詢本校圖書館目錄 查詢臺灣博碩士論文知識加值系統 勘誤回報 |
隨著旅遊市場的擴張,逐漸發展出許多新興的旅遊型態,緩慢旅遊也是其中一種。緩慢旅遊嘗試在旅行中放慢自己的腳步,從而能夠更深入地去體驗及觀察身邊的人事物,此外也重視在旅行的過程中兼顧對於環境的保護。有鑒於過去許多文獻均指出緩慢旅遊強調使用綠色、低速等對於生態環境影響較小的運具,可見綠色運具對於緩慢旅遊是一相當重要的影響因子。因此,本研究以計畫行為理論為基礎,旨在探討消費者對於緩慢旅遊的態度、主觀規範及知覺行為控制如何影響其行為意向,並進一步分析綠色運具涉入程度的中介效果為何。此外,也針對緩慢旅遊做市場區隔分析,了解緩慢旅遊之市場特性。
本研究針對台北市居民為問卷施測對象,共計發放550份問卷,回收518份有效問卷,有效回收率達94.2%。以統計套裝軟體SPSS 20.0與Amos 17.0進行敘述性分析、差異性分析、集群分析、驗證性因素分析及整體結構模式分析。研究結果顯示態度、主觀規範及知覺行為控制均顯著且正向影響緩慢旅遊行為意向,其中以知覺行為控制之影響最顯著;綠色運具涉入程度對於主觀規範與緩慢旅遊行為意向具有部分中介效果;綠色運具涉入程度對於知覺行為控制與緩慢旅遊行為意向具有部分中介效果。以緩慢旅遊行為意向區分出高、中、低三種意願集群,發現三個族群在年齡、教育程度、個人所得、旅遊型態及國內外旅遊次數均有顯著差異。最後根據研究結果對相關旅遊業者提出管理實務建議,並對後續研究提出學術上的建議。
Slow tourism is one of the rising travel patterns due to the expansion of the tourism market. Slow tourism emphasize on slowing down your own pace during the travel in order to experience and observe the things deeply besides. Besides, it also takes the environmental protection into consideration. As lots of research all indicate that slow tourism emphasized on using the mode that will do less harm to the environment, we can take green transportation as an important influential factor to slow tourism. Hence, the purpose of the research is to explore the behavioral factors underlying tourist intentions to participate in slow tourism. The analytical framework relied on the Theory of Planned Behavior relating tourist intentions to attitudes toward slow tourism, subjective norms and perceived behavioral control. Besides, analyzed the mediation effect of the green transportation involvement. Also, use market segmentation analysis to find out the characteristic of the slow tourism market.
The empirical research has been realized in Taipei, 550 questionnaires were distributed and 518 of them were valid, with 94.2% effective return rate. Analyzed the data using descriptive statistic analysis, t-test, one-way ANOVA Cluster analysis Confirmatory Factor Analysis and structural equation modeling.
The result of the research showed that attitudes, subjective norm and perceived behavioral control all significant contribute to the participation of behavioral intention, in which perceived behavioral control will be the most influential. The involvement of green transportation has significant partial mediation effect on subjective norm and perceived behavioral control. The Cluster analysis showed that there are significant differences between the three clusters such as the age, educational degree and personal income etc. Finally, based on the result several concrete advices for the travel agencies and future related study were suggested.
一、中文文獻
La Vie編輯部(2010)。慢城:走訪義大利的慢活之路。臺北市:麥浩斯。
王國川(1997)。計劃行為理論各成份量表之信、效度評估-以青少年搭機車戴安全帽之研究為例。國立中正大學學報,8(1),95-121。
王國川(1998)。計畫行為理論個成分量表之設計、發展與建立-以青少年無照騎車行為之研究為例。師大學報,43(2),67-91。
交通部觀光局(2013)。中華民國102年國人旅遊狀況調查。2015年3月19日,取自http://admin.taiwan.net.tw/upload/statistic/20140730/c85afcd9-6b76-4228- 84a8-f40997d714f3.doc
吳忠宏、范莉雯、蘇珮玲(2003)。大學生參與生態旅遊行為意向之相關研究。環境與管理研究,4(1),1-28。
吳明隆(2007)。SPSS統計應用學習實務-問卷分析與應用統計。臺北市,知城。
吳明隆(2009)。結構方程模式:AMOS的操作與應用。臺北市:五南。
吳淑鶯、陳瑞和(2013)。綠色消費知覺價值語意圖之前因與實踐之關係。企業管理學報,99,45-73。
李柏慧、劉淑燕(2005)。民眾從事健走行為意圖之研究。大專體育學刊,7(1),147-156。
季力康(1999)。運動心理學研究的回顧與展望。國民體育季刊,28(3),24-30。
林育綺(2013)。慢遊要素、運輸因素與慢遊意向之關係及慢遊市場之分析(未出版之碩士論文)。淡江大學,新北市。
林威成(2005)。旅運者觀點探討態度、涉入程度、群體影響力、行為意向與運具選擇行為的關連性—以台北地區為例(未出版之碩士論文)。國立中山大學,高雄巿。
林秋慧(2008)。以計劃行為理論探討大專教職員休閒運動行為。南亞學報,28,367-383。
林清壽、梁翡真(2013)。中高齡者參與國內旅遊行為意向之探究。福祉科技與服務管理學刊,1(2),105-122。
邱皓政(2005)。量化研究法(一)研究設計與資料處理:SPSS中文視窗版操作實務詳析。臺北市:雙葉。
邱皓政(2010)。量化研究與統計分析(第五版)。臺北市:五南。
范莉雯(2002)。大學生參與生態旅遊行為意向之研究─以東海大學學生為例(未出版碩士論文)。國立臺中教育大學,臺中市。
張育豪(2006)。日常旅運之交通工具使用依賴度研究-以台北都會區民眾為例(未出版碩士論文)。國立交通大學,新竹市。
張偉豪(2011)。SEM論文寫作不求人。臺北市:鼎茂。
張淑惠(1993)。SOR模型在消費者涉入理論之應用的檢討。明德學報,9,144-177。
張學孔(2001)。永續發展與綠色交通。經濟前瞻,76,116-121。
許添本(2003)。二十一世紀交通工程發展趨勢。載於胡偉良等(主編),跨世紀的台灣土木:回顧與展望論述集(頁)。臺北市:詹氏。
許聰鑫、王國明、林惟秋(2014)。銀髮族國外旅遊行為意圖的影響關係探討─兼論自我調整模式的預測適用性。福祉科技與服務管理學刊,2(2),141-152。
陳奕廷等人(2007)。綠色運輸系統教育宣導網站規劃與建置維護(第一年期)。臺北市:交通部運輸研究所。
陳奕廷等人(2008)。綠色運輸系統與土地使用規劃整合之研究。臺北市:交通部運輸研究所。
陳姿卉(2008)。深度旅遊服務概念之研究(未出版碩士論文)。元智大學,桃園市。
黃芳銘(2007)。結構方程模式:理論與應用。臺北市:五南。
蔡明達、耿慶瑞(2000)。服務涉入之衡量。文大商管學報,5(1),19-42。
鄭時宜(2003)。影響環保團體成員三種環境行為意向之因素的比較(未出版之博士論文)。國立中山大學,高雄市。
蕭再安(2010)。結合社會創新與技術創新之綠色運輸策略。應用倫理評論,48,85-100。
賴守誠(2008)。食物的文化經濟與農鄉發展:義大利慢食運動及台灣客家飲食運動的個案比較。農業推廣學報,24,45-72。
二、英文文獻
Abernethy, A. M., & Franke, G. R. (1996). The information content of advertising: A meta-analysis. Journal of advertising, 25(2), 1-17.
Ajzen, I. (1985). From intentions to actions: A theory of planned behavior. In J. Kuhl & J. Beckman (Eds.), Action-control: From cognition to behavior (pp. 11- 39). Heidelberg, Germany: Springer-Verlag.
Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational behavior and human decision processes, 50(2), 179-211.
Ajzen, I. (2005). Attitudes, personality, and behavior (2nd ed.). Milton-Keynes, England: McGraw- Hill.
Ajzen, I., & Driver, B. L. (1991). Prediction of leisure participation from behavioral, normative, and control beliefs: An application of the theory of planned behavior. Leisure Sciences, 13, 185-204.
Ajzen, I., & Driver, B. L. (1992). Contingent value measurement: On the nature and meaning of willingness to pay. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 1(4), 297-316.
Ajzen, I., & Fishbein, M. (1980). Understanding attitudes and predicting social behavior. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Ajzen, I., & Madden, T. J. (1986). Prediction of goal directed behavior: Attitudes, intentions, and perceived behavioral control. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 22(5), 453-474.
Anderson, J. C., & Gerbing, D. W. (1988). Structural equation modeling in practice: A review and recommended two-step approach. Psychological Bulletin, 103(3), 411-423.
Armitage, C. J., & Conner, M. (2001). Efficacy of the theory of planned behavior: A meta-analytic review. British Journal of Social Psychology, 40(4), 471-499.
Arora, R. (1982). Validation of an SOR model for situation, enduring, and response components of involvement. Journal of Marketing Research, 19(4), 505-516.
Backman, S. J., & Crompton, J. L. (1991). Differentiating between high, spurious, latent, and low loyalty participants in two leisure activities. Journal of Park and Recreation Administration, 9(2), 1-17.
Bagozzi, R. P., & Yi, Y. (1988). On the evaluation of structural equation mdels. Academy of Marking Science, 16(1), 74-94.
Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. New York, NY: Freeman.
Bansal, H. S., & Taylor, S. F. (1999). The service provider switching model (SPSM): A model of consumer switching behavior in the services industry. Journal of Service Research, 2(2), 200-218.
Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerationns. Journal of personality and social psychology, 51(6), 1173-1182.
Beatty, S. E., & Smith, S. M. (1987). External search effort: An investigation across several product categories. Journal of consumer research, 14(1), 83-95.
Biddle, S. J., & Nigg, C. R. (2000). Theories of exercise behavior. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 31(2), 290-304.
Blanding, C. W. (1994). An application of the theory of planned behavior to older adults and outdoor adventure activities (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO.
Bloch, P. H. (1993). Involvement with adornments as leisure behavior: An exploratory study. Journal of Leisure Research, 25(3), 245-262.
Bloch, P. H., & Bruce, G. D. (1984). Product involvement as leisure behavior. Advances in consumer research, 11(1), 197-202.
Bloch, P. H., & Richins, M. L. (1983). A theoretical model for the study of product importance perceptions. The Journal of Marketing, 47(3), 69-81.
Bozionelos, G., & Bennett, P. (1999). The theory of planned behaviour as predictor of exercise the moderating influence of beliefs and personality variables. Journal of health psychology, 4(4), 517-529.
Bradshaw, C. (1992). The Green Transportation Hierarchy. [Web blog message]. Retrieved from https://hearthhealth.wordpress.com/about/previously -published -works/feet-first-early/the-green-transportation-hierarchy-a-guide-for-personal-public-decision-making/
Burnkrant, R. E., & Page, T. J. (1988). The structure and antecedents of the normative and attitudinal components of Fishbein's theory of reasoned action. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 24(1), 66-87.
Celsi, R. L., & Olson, J. C. (1988). The role of involvement in attention and comprehension processes. Journal of consumer research, 15(2), 210-224.
Chang, M. K. (1998). Predicting unethical behavior: A comparison of the theory of reasoned action and theory of planned behavior. Journal of Business Ethics, 17(16), 1825-1834.
Cheung, G. W., & Lau, R. S. (2008). Testing mediation and suppression effects of latent variables: Bootstrapping with structural equation models. Organizational Research Methods, 11(2), 296-325.
Cheung, S. F., & Chan, D. K. (2000). The role of perceived behavioral control in predicting human behavior: A meta-analytic review of studies on the theory of planned behavior. Unpublished manuscript, Chinese University of Hong Kong.
Davis, F. D., Bagozzi, R. P., & Warshaw, P. R. (1989). User acceptance of computer technology: A comparison of two theoretical models. Management Science, 35(8), 982-1002.
DeVellis, R. F. (1991). Scale development theory and applications. London, England: SAGE.
Dickinson, J. E., Lumsdon, L. M., & Robbins, D. (2011). Slow travel: Issues for tourism and climate change. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 19(3), 281-300.
Dickinson, J. E., Robbins, D., & Lumsdon, L. (2010). Holiday travel discourses and climate change. Journal of Transport Geography, 18(3), 482-489.
Downs, D. S., Graham, G. M., Yang, S., Bargainnier, S., & Vasil, J. (2006). Youth exercise interntion and past exercise behavior: Examining the moderating influences of sex and meeting exercise recommendations. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 77(1), 91-99.
Euromonitor International (2007). WTM global trends report 2007. London, Engaland: Euromonitor.
Fishbein, M., & Ajzen, I. (1975). Belief, attitude, intention, and behavior: An introduction to theory and research. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39-50.
Foroohar, R., & Underhill, W. (2007, May 6). Taking our time off. Newsweek. Retrieved from http://www.newsweek.com
Gatch, C. L., & Kendzierski, D. (1990). Predicting exercise intentions: The theory of planned behavior. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 61(1), 100-102.
Germann Molz, J. (2009). Representing pace in tourism mobilities: Staycations, slow travel and the amazing race. Journal of Tourism and Cultural Change, 7(4), 270-286.
Godin, G., & Kok, G. (1996). The theory of planned behavior: A review of its applications to health-related behaviors. American journal of health promotion, 11(2), 87-98.
Goldsmith, R. E., & Emmert, J. (1991). Measuring product category involvement: a multitrait-multimethod study. Journal of Business Research, 23(4), 363-371.
Grube, J. W., Morgan, M., & McGree, S. T. (1986). Attitudes normative beliefs as predictor of smoking intentions and behaviors: A test of three models. British Intention of Social Psychology, 25(2), 81-93.
Gursoy, D., & Gavcar, E. (2003). International leisure tourists’ involvement profile. Annals of Tourism Research, 30(4), 906-926.
Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2009). Multivariate data analysis (7th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Hall, M. (2006). Introduction: culinary tourism and regional development: from slow food to slow tourism. Tourism Review International, 9(4), 303-305.
Han, H., Hsu, L. T., & Sheu, C. (2010). Application of the theory of planned behavior to green hotel choice: Testing the effect of environmental friendly activities. Tourism Management, 31(3), 325-334.
Havitz, M. E., & Dimanche, F. (1999). Leisure involvement revisited: Drive properties and paradoxes. Journal of Leisure Research, 31(2), 122-149.
Honoré, C. (2004). In Praise of slow: How a worldwide movement is challenging the cult of speed. Toronto, Canada: Vintage Canada.
Houston, M. J., & Rothschild, M. L. (1978). Conceptual and methodological perspectives on involvement. Research frontiers in marketing: Dialogues and directions, 184(187), 262-270.
Iwasaki, Y., & Havitz, M. E. (2004). Examining relationships between leisure involvement, psychological commitment and loyalty to a recreation agency. Journal of Leisure Research, 36(1), 45-72.
Kaiser, H. F. (1970). A second-generation little jiffy. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 35(4), 401-415.
Kalafatis, S. P., Pollard, M., East, R., & Tsogas, M. H. (1999). Green marketing and Ajzen's theory of planned behaviour: A cross-market examination. Journal of consumer marketing, 16(5), 441-460.
Kenny, P. (2000). What is slow travel? [Web blog message]. Retrieved from http://www.slowtrav.com/vr/index.htm
Kouthouris, C. (2009). An examination of the relationships between motivation, involvement and intention to continuing participation among recreational skiers. International Journal of Sport Management Recreation & Tourism, 4, 1-19.
Krugman, H. E. (1965). The impact of television advertising: Learning without involvement. Public opinion quarterly, 29(3), 349-356.
Lastovicka, J. L., & Gardner, D. M. (1978). Low involvement versus high involvement cognitive structures. Advances in consumer research, 5(1), 87-92.
Laurent, G., & Kapferer, J. N. (1985a). Measuring consumer involvement profiles. Journal of Marketing Research, 22(1), 41-53.
Laurent, G., & Kapferer, J. N. (1985b). Consumer involvement profiles: A new practical approach to consumer involvement. Journal of Advertising, 25(6), 48-55.
Lee, M. J., & Back, K. (2007). Association members’ meeting participation behaviors: Development of meeting participation model. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 22(2), 15-33.
Lin, N. (1976). Foundations of social research. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
Lumsdon, L. M., & McGrath, P. (2011). Developing a conceptual framework for slow travel: A grounded theory approach. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 19(3), 265-279.
Marsh, H. W., & Hocevar, D. (1985). Application of confirmatory factor analysis to the study of self-concept: First-and higher order factor models and their invariance across groups. Psychological Bulletin, 97(3), 562-582.
Matos, W. (2004). Can slow travel bring new life to the Alpine regions? In K. Weiermair & C. Mathies (Eds.), The tourism and leisure industry (pp. 93-103). New York, NY: Haworth.
Mintel International Group Ltd (2009). Slow travel special report. London, England: Author.
Nilsson, J. H., Svärd, A. C., Widarsson, A., & Wirell, T. (2007). Slow destination marketing in small Italian towns. In 16th Nordic Symposium in Tourism and Hospitality Research, 27-29 September, Helsingborg, Sweden.
Nistoreanu, P., Dorobantu, M. R., & Tuclea, C. E. (2011). The trilateral relationship ecotourism-sustainable tourism-slow travel among nature in the line with authentic tourism. Journal of tourism, 11, 34-37.
Norman, P., & Conner, M. (2005). The theory of planned behavior and exercise: Evidence for the mediating and moderating roles of planning on intention-behavior relationships. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 27(4), 488-504.
Oh, H., & Hsu, C. H. C. (2001). Volitional degrees of gambling behaviors. Annals of Tourism Research, 28(3), 618-637.
Olson, J. M., & Zanna, M. P. (1993). Attitudes and attitude change. Annual review of psychology, 4(1), 117-154.
Park, C. W., & Young, S. M. (1986). Consumer response to television commercials: The impact of involvement and background music on brand attitude formation. Journal of marketing research, 23(1), 11-24.
Park, S. H. (1996). Relationships between involvement and attitudinal loyalty constructs in adult fitness programs. Journal of Leisure Research, 28(4), 233-250.
Perugini, M., & Bagozzi, R. P. (2001). The role of desires and anticipated emotions in goal-directed behaviors: Broadening and deepening the theory of planned behavior. British Journal of Social Psychology, 40, 79-98.
Petty, R. E., & Cacioppo, J. T. (1981). Issue involvement as a moderator of the effects on attitude of advertising content and context. Advances in consumer research, 8(1), 20-24.
Petty, R. E., Cacioppo, J. T., & Schumann, D. (1983). Central and peripheral routes to advertising effectiveness: The moderating role of involvement. Journal of Consumer Research, 10(2), 135-146.
Poon, A. (2003). Competitive strategies for a ‘new tourism’. In C. Cooper (Ed.), Classic reviews in tourism (pp. 130-142) Tonawanda, NY: Channel View Publications.
Ragheb, M. G. (1980). Interrelationships among leisure participation, leisure satisfaction and leisure attitudes. Journal of leisure research, 12(2), 138-149.
Ragheb, M. G., & Tate, R. L. (1993). A behavioural model of leisure participation, based on leisure attitude, motivation and satisfaction. Leisure Studies, 12(1), 61-70.
Robertson, T. S., Zielinski, J., & Ward, S. (1984). Consumer Behavior. Glenview, IL: Scott Foresman and Company.
Rothschild, M. L. (1979). Marketing communications in nonbusiness situations or why it's so hard to sell brotherhood like soap. The Journal of Marketing, 43(2), 11-20.
Rothschild, M. L. (1984). Perspectives on involvement: Current problems and future directions. Advances in consumer research, 11(1), 216-217.
Schiffman, L .G., & Kanuk, L. L. (2000). Consumer Behavior. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Schlapman, N. J. (1994). Testing the theory of planned behavior in a sample of mall walkers (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI.
Schniederjans, D. G., & Starkey, C. M. (2014). Intention and willingness to pay for green freight transportation: An empirical examination. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 31, 116-125.
Schumacker, R. E., & Lomax, R. G. (1996). A beginner’s guide to structural equation modeling. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Sheeran, P., Trafimow, D., Finlay, K. A., & Norman, P. (2002). Evidence that the type of person affects the strength of the perceived behavioural control-intention relationship. British Journal of Social Psychology, 41(2), 253-270.
Sherif, M., & Cantril, H. (1947). The psychology of ego-involvements: Social attitudes and identifications. New York, NY: John Wiley.
Shimp, T. A., & Kavas, A. (1984). The theory of reasoned action applied to coupon usage. Journal of Consumer Research, 11(3), 795-809
Slama, M. E., & Tashchian, A. (1985). Selected socioeconomic and demographic characteristics associated with purchasing involvement. The Journal of Marketing, 49(1), 72-82.
Taylor, S., & Todd, P. A. (1995a). Decomposition and crossover effects in the theory of planned behavior: A study of consumer adoption intentions. International Journal of Research in Marketing, 12(2), 137-155.
Taylor, S., & Todd, P. A. (1995b). Understanding information technology usage: A test of competing models. Information Systems Research, 6(2), 144-176.
Torkzadeh, G., Koufteros, X., & Pflughoeft, K. (2003). Confirmatory analysis of computer self-efficacy. Structural Equation Modeling, 10(2), 263-275.
Warren, J. P. (2011). A Review of “Slow travel and tourism”. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 19(7), 916-918.
Westbrook, R. A., & Fornell, C. (1979). Patterns of information source usage among durable goods buyers. American Marketing Association, 16(3), 303-312.
World Tourism Organization (2013). UNWTO Tourism Highlights (2013 Edition). Madrid, Spain: UNWTO.
Wright, P. L. (1974). Analyzing media effects on advertising responses. Public Opinion Quarterly, 38(2), 192-205.
Yavas, U., & Babakus, E. (1995). Purchasing involvement in Saudi Arabia: measure development and validation. Journal of International Consumer Marketing, 8(1), 23-42.
Yurtseven, H. R., & Kaya, O. (2011). Slow tourists: A comparative research based on Cittaslow principles. American International Journal of Contemporary Research, 1(2), 91-98.
Zaichkowsky, J. L. (1985). Measuring the involvement construct. Journal of consumer research, 12(3), 341-352.
Zaichkowsky, J. L. (1986). Conceptualizing involvement. Journal of advertising, 15(2), 4-34.
Zeithaml, V. A., Berry, L. L., & Parasuraman, A. (1996). The behavioral consequences of service quality. Journal of Marketing, 60(2), 31-46.