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研究生: 朱婷婷
Chu, Ting-Ting
論文名稱: 瘧疾治理與太平洋戰爭:美、日、中跨國視域下的疾病、資源與環境控制
Malaria and the Pacific War: Disease, Resources and Environment Control of the United States, Imperial Japan and China
指導教授: 吳翎君
Wu, Lin-Chun
口試委員: 王文基
Wang, Wen-Ji
洪紹洋
Hong, Sao-Yang
雷祥麟
Lei, Sean Hsiang-Lin
劉士永
Liu, Michael Shi-Yung
吳翎君
Wu, Lin-Chun
口試日期: 2023/12/25
學位類別: 博士
Doctor
系所名稱: 歷史學系
Department of History
論文出版年: 2024
畢業學年度: 112
語文別: 中文
論文頁數: 312
中文關鍵詞: 奎寧金雞納樹石油瘧蚊軍醫
英文關鍵詞: quinine, cinchona, petroleum, Anophelets, military medicine
研究方法: 歷史研究法比較研究
DOI URL: http://doi.org/10.6345/NTNU202400118
論文種類: 學術論文
相關次數: 點閱:120下載:29
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  • 本論文探討瘧疾治理、環境與資源之間的關係,以太平洋戰爭的戰場瘧疾問題為中心,比較美國、日本、中國如何在太平洋戰爭爆發、地緣政治變動所致之不同的資源條件下,參照各自戰前的瘧疾治理經驗以對抗戰場上軍隊的瘧疾流行問題,及三國不同的戰場瘧疾治理成效又如何影響了各自的軍事能力和戰爭走向。本文將指出,各國不同的社會、政治情況及經濟發展思維,形塑出分別著眼於瘧蚊和帶原者之戰前瘧疾治理模式,不同的瘧疾治理模式又引導出不同的治理資源需求;各國的瘧疾治理模式及其資源需求,則影響了各國對戰場瘧疾流行問題的應變能力。筆者將嘗試論證,在奎寧和當時的合成抗瘧藥均無法預防和完整治療瘧疾的前提下,美國發展出藉環境改造來控制瘧蚊密度以降低瘧疾傳播率的治理模式,此為美國能夠在戰爭爆發、奎寧供應被日本切斷和其他抗瘧藥物供應無法保證的情況下,仍可以憑藉過去環境(瘧蚊)控制經驗來扼止軍隊內瘧疾感染情況的原因。更重要的是,美軍制度化的瘧疾防治有效支持前述治理模式,使之得以發揮效力,從而讓美軍能夠恢復和維持戰力。相較於美國,日本治理殖民地臺灣瘧疾問題的經驗,使之發展出偏重以帶原群體為中心的瘧疾治理模式,即高度依賴奎寧投藥來抑制瘧疾流行。儘管日本未完全偏廢環境(瘧蚊)控制,但因此未能發展出符合日本資源需求且制度化的環境治理實踐模式,而持續在戰場軍隊瘧疾問題上高度依賴奎寧,一旦戰場奎寧供應不足和奎寧本身的限制,加上軍隊的責任體系無法支持此一治理模式的有效運作,日軍內的瘧疾傳染便廣泛蔓延,從而極大程度地削弱日軍的體力和戰力。中國方面,儘管太平戰爭爆發前後已有來自國際、美國方面的瘧疾治理合作和援助,但中國政府和軍隊醫療體系長期失能,因此戰前中國未能累積出足夠的瘧疾治理實踐經驗,而軍隊疾病治理體制於戰爭期間持續失能,也使得國際援助和中國軍隊自身均無力矯正軍隊內部嚴重、深刻的瘧疾傳播問題。至緬甸與盟友共同作戰的中國遠征軍則因處於美軍瘧疾治理體制之下,而得以改善含瘧疾在內之各項疾病的問題,進而在軍事上取得重要成果。

    This dissertation aims to examine how the United States, Imperial Japan and China checked the spread of malaria among their own troops at battlefields during the Pacific War, and how their success or failure of overcoming malaria swayed their military capabilities as well as the war. I am going to point out that in the prewar period the public health campaigners and local governments of the United States made up their mind to eradicate malaria once for all by environmental engineering which aimed to eliminate breeding grounds of Anophelets to lower the population of the mosquitoes as well as the infection rate of malaria. The know-how of mosquito control helped the United States army check the spread of malaria among their solders when the supply of antimalarials were seriously curtailed because of the war. In comparison with the United States, Imperial Japan put great effort to find out malaria carriers for whom taking quinine regularly was compulsory. China, though barely developed any measures to fight malaria before the war, also relied on quinine or other traditional medicine to constrain the spread of malaria. Since quinine, as well as synthetic antimalarials available during that time, neither prevent people from getting infected by malaria nor cure Plasmodium falciparum malaria, the deadliest kind of malaria prevailing the Pacific region, troops of Imperial Japan and China, both of whom had no malaria control measures other than quinine, therefore experienced the full power of the deadly malaria, which obviously led to their military defeat in the war.

    緒章 1 一、研究背景與問題意識 1 二、研究回顧 8 三、研究步驟 14 四、檔案文獻與資料 15 五、章節架構 17 第一章 瘧疾、環境與奎寧 21 第一節、環境、人類活動與瘧疾 22 第二節、瘧疾與瘧疾治理 29 第三節、美國、日本、中國20世紀以前的瘧疾流行 32   一、美國 32   二、日本 41   三、中國 50 小結 54 第二章 戰前美國、日本、中國的瘧疾治理 57 第一節、美國 58 一、20世紀前期的瘧疾流行概況 58   二、經濟開發思維下的環境改造 59 第二節、日本 72   一、20世紀前期的瘧疾流行概況 72   二、「衛生」與奎寧方案 74 第三節、中國 93   一、20世紀前期的瘧疾流行概況 93   二、社會與國家對瘧疾的應對與治理 100 小結 108 第三章 瘧疾、抗瘧資源與太平洋戰爭 113 第一節、氣候、生態、人類活動交織出的太平洋瘧疾流行 115 一、西南太平洋 115   二、印度、緬甸、中國邊境 121 第二節、太平洋戰爭對各國取得抗瘧資源之影響 122 小結 129 第四章 雙管齊下:美國太平洋戰場瘧疾治理 133 第一節、美軍瘧疾治理模式之形成 137 第二節、太平洋戰場瘧疾治理 146 一、戰爭前期軍隊瘧疾流行情況與應對 146   二、戰場環境控制與投藥 154 第三節、戰場瘧疾治理資源供應 167 小結 176 第五章 單一方案:日本太平洋戰場瘧疾治理 181 第一節、日軍瘧疾治理模式之形成 184 一、軍隊衛生、防疫通則中的瘧疾防治 184   二、太平洋戰爭前的戰場瘧疾防治 190 第二節、太平洋戰場瘧疾治理 198   一、1943年7月以前之戰場瘧疾防治 198   二、1943年7月以後之戰場瘧疾防治 206 第三節、戰場奎寧供應 219 小結 226 第六章 體制失能:戰時中國軍隊的瘧疾問題 229 第一節、太平洋戰爭前影響軍隊瘧疾流行的地域瘧疾問題 232   一、環境/災難與軍隊瘧疾:以花園口決堤事件為例 232   二、緬甸路之瘧疾問題與中國政府的應對 237 第二節、軍隊傳染病防治中的瘧疾問題 241   一、軍隊中的瘧疾和其他傳染病的交織與流行 241   二、軍隊醫療困境下的瘧疾問題 246 第三節、遠征軍的瘧疾問題和控制 259 第四節、戰場抗瘧藥物供應 271 小結 275 結論 277 參考文獻 287 附錄 307   附錄一、1901年日本主要都市各月平均溫度(不含殖民地) 307   附錄二、1901年日本主要都市各月平均日最高/最低溫(不含殖民地) 309

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    北島多一,《マラリアの豫防》(東京:內務省衛生局,1922)。
    京都府編,《「マラリア」予防撲滅事業成績調査報告》(京都:京都府警察部,1936)。
    拓務省拓南局,《海外拓殖事業調査資料第54輯:規那關係資料》(東京:拓務省拓南局,1942)。
    南洋協会南洋群島支部編,《委任統治地域南洋群島事情》(コロール島:南洋庁,1926)。
    茨城県立農事試験場編,《農作物害蟲》(水戸市:茨城県立農事試験場,1917)。
    陸軍省医務局著,《補助看護卒教程》(東京:武揚堂書店,1934)。
    陸軍省編,《看護長候補者用軍隊衛生教程》(東京:小林又七,1916)。
    陸軍省編,《看護教程.上》(東京:小林又七,1909)。
    陸軍省編,《看護教程.上》(東京:小林又七,1915)。
    陸軍省編,《軍隊衛生學》(東京:兵用圖書株式會社,1929)。
    陸軍省編,《衛生法及救急法》(東京:藤谷崇文館,1939)。
    貿易局編,《昭和12年本邦外国貿易状況》,1939。
    福井県警察部編,《保健調査「マラリア」豫防事業第一回經過報告》(福井:福井県警察部,1923)。
    臺灣總督府官房調查課編,《南支那及南洋調査.第88輯:雲南省事情其1》,1924。
    臺灣總督府總督官房文書課,《臺灣總督府第四統計書》(東京:小林又七,1902)。
    臺灣總督府警務局編,《臺灣衛生要覽》(臺北:臺灣總督府警務局,1925)。
    臺灣總督府警務局衛生課編,《マラリア防遏誌》(臺北:臺灣總督府警務局衛生課,1932)。
    2. 報紙
    《臺灣日日新報》,1896-1944。
    《臺灣新報》,1896-1945。
    《官報》,1895-1908
    3. 專書
    バイエル薬品合名会社編,《実際のマラリア学》(神戸:バイエル薬品,1942)。
    一色正種編,《作物病菌害虫駆除予防薬剤要覧》(大阪:大仙会,1923)。
    国勢社編輯部編,《日本商品の世界一物語》(東京:国勢社,1935)。
    佐藤弘編,《大東亜の特殊資源》(東京:大東亜出版株式会社,1943)。
    斎藤正平編,《最近実験木材防腐法》(東京:建築書院,1904)。
    三輪宗弘,《太平洋戦争と石油―戦略物資の軍事と経済》(東京都:日本経済評論社,2004)。
    若原善治郎,《防疫の栞》(滋賀県:若原善治郎,1924)。
    小山聡子,《もののけの日本史:死霊、幽霊、妖怪の1000年》(東京都:中央公論新社,2020)。
    水原一校注,《平家物語》巻第三(東京都:新潮社,1981)。
    倉沢愛子,《資源の戦争:「大東亜共栄圏」の人流・物流 戦争の経験を問う》(東京都:岩波書店,2012)。
    島田弥市、越村長次共著,《南洋叢書.第5巻:ビルマ事情》(台北:南洋協会台湾支部,1920)。
    東亞同文會編纂,《支那省別全誌》,第1-18卷(東京:東亞同文會,1917-1920)。
    飯島渉,《マラリアと帝国―植民地医学と東アジアの広域秩序》(東京都:東京大学出版会,2005)。
    宝月理恵,《近代日本における衛生の展開と受容》(東京都:東信堂,2010)。
    臺灣南方協會編,《南方讀本》(東京:三省堂,1941)。
    4. 論文
    安士昌一郎,〈薬種問屋から製薬企業への発展─二代塩野義三郎と五代武田長兵衛〉,《薬史学雑誌》,50:2(2015),頁181-195。
    羽鳥重郎,〈台湾産「フノフエレス」ノ種類〉,《細菌學雜誌》,73(1901),頁922-926。
    奥田英文,〈師團○○兵聯隊附醫官トシテ經驗セル作戰地 (中支) ノ「マラリア」ニ就イテ〉,《消化器病学》,8: 3(1943),頁369-391。
    吉野正敏,〈4~10世紀における気候変動と人間活動〉,《地学雑誌》,118:6(2009),頁1221-1236。
    宮島幹之助,〈「マラリア」研究上輓近ノ進歩及其疑點ニ就テ〉,《細菌學雜誌》,88(1903),頁167-188。
    橋本庸平,〈海軍薬剤官の思い出〉,《ファルマシア》,15:4(1979),頁315-317。
    近藤龍,〈合成マラリア治療劑に就て〉,《有機合成化学協会誌》,1:2(1943),頁91-96。
    栗原毅,〈日本列島のマラリア媒介蚊(南西諸島を除く)〉,《衛生動物》,53:supplement 2(2002),頁1-28。
    原朗,〈「大東亜共栄圏」の経済的実態〉,《土地制度史学》,18:3(1976),頁1-28
    顧雅文,〈植民地期台湾に於ける開発とマラリアの流行-作られた「悪環境」〉,《社会経済史学》,70:5(2005),頁67-89。
    財城真寿美、三上岳彦,〈東京における江戸時代以降の気候変動〉,《地学雑誌》,122:6(2013),頁1010-1019。
    坂口太助,〈太平洋戦争前半期における日本の船舶喪失状況と海軍の対応:海上護衛総司令部設置経緯の再検討〉,《史学雑誌》,119:10(2010),頁1718-1742。
    坂田隆,〈第二次大戦末までの日本でのマラリア剤生産、日本軍のマラリア標準治療法、マラリア剤配布〉,《石巻専修大学研究紀要》,33(2022),頁91-106。
    三浦守治、三角恂、川添正道、我如古樂一郎,〈八重山群島風土病研究調査報告〉,《順天堂医学》,202(1895),頁453-463。
    三浦守治、三角恂、川添正道、我如古樂一郎,〈八重山群島風土病調査報告(前號續)〉,《順天堂医学》,203(1895),頁505-517。
    三浦守治、三角恂、川添正道、我如古樂一郎,〈八重山群島風土病調査報告(前號續)〉,《順天堂医学》,204(1895),頁561-568。
    三浦守治、三角恂、川添正道、我如古樂一郎,〈八重山群島風土病調査報告(前號續)〉,《順天堂医学》,205(1895),頁612-621。
    三浦守治、三角恂、川添正道、我如古樂一郎,〈八重山群島風土病調査報告(前號續)〉,《順天堂医学》,206(1895),頁663-669。
    三浦守治、三角恂、川添正道、我如古樂一郎,〈八重山群島風土病調査報告(前號續)〉,《順天堂医学》,207(1895),頁709-715。
    三浦守治、三角恂、川添正道、我如古樂一郎,〈八重山群島風土病調査報告(前號續)〉,《順天堂医学》,208(1895),頁764-773。
    三浦守治、三角恂、川添正道、我如古樂一郎,〈八重山群島風土病調査報告(前號續)〉,《順天堂医学》,209(1895),頁806-812。
    三浦守治、三角恂、川添正道、我如古樂一郎,〈八重山群島風土病調査報告(前號續)〉,《順天堂医学》,210(1895),頁861-873。
    三浦守治、三角恂、川添正道、我如古樂一郎,〈八重山群島風土病調査報告(前號續)〉,《順天堂医学》,211(1895),頁914-920。
    三宅正樹,〈日独伊三国同盟とユーラシア大陸ブロック構想〉,《平成22年度戦争史研究国際フォーラム報告書》,(東京都:防衛研究所,2011),頁13-38。
    小松和彦,〈怪物退治と異類婚姻:『御伽草子』の構造分析〉,《日本文学》,26:2(1977),頁1-17。
    森下薫,〈台湾のマラリア根絶作業〉,《熱帯医学会報》,5:1(1964),頁4-7。
    秦和壽、栗原毅,〈衛生害虫の伝統的な対応法(11)国内のマラリア対策〉,《衛生動物》,54:2(2003),頁208。
    瀬戸口明久,〈医学・寄生虫学・昆虫学:日本における熱帯病研究の展開〉,《科学哲学科学史研究》,1(2006),頁125-138。
    千葉徳爾,〈シナ嶺南地方の風土病「瘴癘」の地理学的考察〉,《地理学評論》,40:12(1967),頁679-692。
    川村重郎,〈時局と農藥研究〉,《日本農芸化学会誌》,15:12(1939),頁A127-130A。
    中村昭,〈「明月記」における瘧疾の検討-続〉,《日本医史学雑誌》,34:3(1988),頁431-444。
    中村昭,〈「明月記」における瘧疾の検討〉,《日本医史学雑誌》,33:2(1987),頁172-185。
    津田恭介,〈ヒノラミン (プラスモヒン) の結晶性鹽に就て〉,《藥學雜誌》,64:4(1944),頁222-225。
    都築甚之助,〈北海道ニ於ケル麻刺里亜研究ノ成績〉,《細菌學雜誌》,71(1901),頁717-724。
    都築甚之助,〈臺灣ニ於ケル麻刺里亞調査報告(承前)〉,《細菌學雜誌》,76(1902),頁165-193。
    都築甚之助,〈臺灣ニ於ケル麻剌里亞調査報告〉,《細菌學雜誌》,75(1902),頁90-117。
    日向一雅,〈源氏物語と病:病の種々相と「もの思ひに病づく」世界〉,《日本文学》,50:5(2001),頁27-34。
    北條勝貴,〈野生の論理/治病の論理――〈瘧〉治療の一呪符から〉,《日本文学》,62:5(2013),頁39-54。
    木下嘉七郎、宮島幹之助,〈肉叉蚊ト麻拉利亞〉,《中外医事新報》,607(1905),頁45-47。
    立川京一、宿久晴彦,〈政府及び軍とICRC等との関係――日清戦争から太平洋戦争まで(後編)〉,《防衛研究所紀要》,11:2(2009),頁105-150。
    當間孝子,〈琉球列島のハマダラカAnopheles属の蚊に関する研究〉,《衛生動物》,53:1(2002),頁7-19。
    5. 網路資料
    「今次戦争ノ呼称並ニ平戦時ノ分界時期等ニ付テ」,引自国立国会図書館サーチ.ナビ:https://rnavi.ndl.go.jp/politics/entry/bib00362.php
    「西南太平洋戦線」,日本ニュース第162号,1943年(昭和18年)7月13日:https://www2.nhk.or.jp/archives/shogenarchives/jpnews/movie.cgi?das_id=D0001300547_00000&seg_number=002
    「特報、蘭印遂に降伏」,日本ニュース第94号,1942年(昭和17年)3月24日:https://www2.nhk.or.jp/archives/shogenarchives/jpnews/movie.cgi?das_id=D0001300479_00000&seg_number=001
    「深川市の小史,開拓のころ」,北海道深川市:https://www.city.fukagawa.lg.jp/cms/section/soumu/ik75k40000000778.html
    「勲章の種類及び授与対象」,日本內閣府網站:https://www8.cao.go.jp/shokun/shurui-juyotaisho-kunsho.html
    NHK戦争証言アーカイブス:http://www2.nhk.or.jp/archives/shogenarchives/sp/list.cgi
    伊藤俊一,〈気候変動と日本史〉,NPO法人国際環境経済研究所:https://ieei.or.jp/2022/03/expl220310/?doing_wp_cron=1691730896.8205599784851074218750
    早川孝太郎,〈ひだる神のこと〉,《民族》,1:2(1926),頁190,轉引自:国際日本文化研究センター,「怪異・妖怪伝承データベース」,番号2240020:https://www.nichibun.ac.jp/YoukaiCard/2240020.html
    防衛庁防衛研究所戦史室,《戦史叢書第003巻.蘭印攻略作戦》(東京:朝雲新聞社,防衛研究所線上版):http://www.nids.mod.go.jp/military_history_search/SoshoView?kanno=003
    国土交通省.気象庁.過去の気象データ検索:https://www.data.jma.go.jp/obd/stats/etrn/index.php
    東京大学医学系研究科・医学部,沿革,https://www.m.u-tokyo.ac.jp/information/history.html
    (三)英文
    1. 檔案、政府出版品
    Archives Unbound: SC5109850291.
    National Library of Medicine (NLM), Unique ID: 0175707; 101263346; 101438600; 101442627; 101442628; 101442804; 101583859; 101705275; 101708640; 101709016; 101709128; 101712921; 11820080R; 12011450R; 1278003R; 1308043R; 14120230R; 14120390R; 14220950R; 22210470R; 22310600R; 25921130R; 29620530R; 33811040R; 35321210R.
    Naval History and Heritage Command: 80-G-21217; 80-G-27194; 80-G-32896; 80-G-58500.
    Annual Report of the Surgeon General, U. S. Navy to the Secretary of the Navy for the Fiscal Year 1913 (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1913).
    Commerce Reports, 1938, 1939.
    Craven, Wesley Frank, and James Lea Cate, The Army Air Forces in World War II, Volume Six: Men and Planes (Washington, D. C.: Office of Air Force History, 1983).
    Cressman, Robert J., The Official Chronology of the U.S. Navy in World War II (Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 1999).
    Foreign Relations of the United States, 1929-1945.
    Health and Safety Department of Tennessee Valley Authority, Malaria and its Control in the Tennessee Valley (Chattanooga: Tennessee Valley Authority, 1941).
    Information Bulletin, 1942.
    Intelligence Bulletin, 1942-1945.
    Matloff, Maurice, and Edwin M. Snell, Strategic Planning for Coalition Warfare, 1941-1942 (Washington D.C.: Center of Military History, U.S. Army, 1999).
    Matloff, Maurice, Strategic Planning for Coalition Warfare, 1943-1944 (Washington D.C.: Center of Military History, U.S. Army, 1994).
    National Institutes of Health, Medicine on the Early Western Frontier: An Exhibit at the National Library of Medicine, May 15-Sept. 15, 1978 (Bethesda: National Institutes of Health, 1978).
    Office of Public Relations, U. S. Navy, Navy Department Communiques 1-300 and Pertinent Press Releases December 10, 1941 to March 5, 1943 (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1943).
    Report of the Surgeon-General of the Army to the Secretary of War, 1903-1925.
    Rockefeller Foundation Records, Series 601.I, Box 43, Folder 356, 357; Box 44, Folder 364.
    State Department’s Bureau of Intelligence and Research, Research and Analysis Report 425: Medical Needs in China, 27 April 1942.
    The Foreign Commerce and Navigation of the United States, 1939-1945.
    The Health and Safety Department, Tennessee Valley Authority, Malaria and Its Control in the Tennessee Valley (Chattanooga: Tennessee Valley Authority, 1941).
    2. 報紙、雜誌、會刊
    ABMAC Bulletin, 1939-1945.
    China, 1919-1946
    Daily Californian, 1900-1941
    Harper’s Weekly, 1857-1916
    New York Times, 1877-1945.
    South China Morning Post, 1912-1939
    The China Press, 1938
    3. 專書
    Anderson, Warwick, Colonial Pathologies: American Tropical Medicine, Race, and Hygiene in the Philippines (Durham: Duke University Press, 2006).
    Badger, Anthony J., The New Deal: The Depression Years, 1933-40 (Houndmills, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 1989).
    Barnes, Nicole Elizabeth, Intimate Communities: Wartime Healthcare and the Birth of Modern China, 1937-1945 (Oakland: University of California, 2018).
    Borthwick, J. D., Three Years in California (Edinburgh: William Blackwood & Sons, 1857).
    Bourke, R. Michael and Tracy Ann Harwood eds., Food and Agriculture in Papua New Guinea (Canberra: ANU E Press, 2009).
    Colby, George E., Arsenical Insecticides: Paris Green; Commercial Substitutes; Home-Made Arsenicals (Berkeley: Agricultural Experiment Station, 1903).
    Cook, Gordon C., Tropical Medicine: An Illustrated History of the Pioneers (Paris and London: Academic Press, 2007).
    Crawford, Matthew James, The Andean Wonder Drug: Cinchona Bark and Imperial Science in the Spanish Atlantic, 1630–1800 (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2016).
    Crosby, Alfred W., Ecological Imperialism: The Biological Expansion of Europe, 900-1900, 2nd edition (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2009).
    Davidson, Andrew Davidson, Geographical Pathology: An Inquiry into the Geographical Distribution of Infective and Climatic Diseases (New York: D. Appleton & Co., 1892).
    Dower, John W., War Without Mercy: Race and Power in the Pacific War (New York: Pantheon, 1986).
    Grob, Gerald N., The Deadly Truth: A History of Disease in America (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 2006).
    Gulick, Luther Halsey, The Climate, Diseases and Materia Medica of the Hawaiian Islands (New York: Holman & Gray, Printers, 1855).
    Hobbes, Thomas, Leviathan, revised edition (Peterborough: Broadview Press, 2011).
    Humphreys, Margaret, Malaria: Poverty, Race, and Public Health in the United States (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2001).
    Iriye, Akira, Power and Culture: The Japanese-American War, 1941-1945 (Cambridge, Massachusetts and London: Harvard University Press, 1981).
    Iriye, Akira, The Origins of the Second World War in Asia and the Pacific (New York: Routledge, 2013).
    Lamb, H. H., Climate, History and the Modern World, 2nd edition (London and New York: Routledge, 1997).
    Lei, Sean Hsiang-lin, Neither Donkey nor Horse: Medicine in the Struggle over China’s Modernity (Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press, 2014).
    Liebenau, Jonathan, Medical Science and Medical Industry: The Formation of the American Pharmaceutical Industry (London: The Macmillan Press, 1987).
    Maher, Neil M., Nature’s New Deal: The Civilian Conservation Corps and the Roots of the American Environmental Movement (New York: Oxford University Press, 2008)
    Mamlok, Robert, The International Medical Relief Corps in Wartime China, 1937-1945 (Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 2018).
    Matsuda, Matt K., Pacific Worlds: A History of Seas, Peoples, and Cultures (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2012).
    McNeill, J. R., Mosquito Empires: Ecology and War in the Greater Caribbean, 1620-1914 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2010).
    McNeill, J. R., The Mountains of the Mediterranean World (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992).
    McNeill, William H., Plagues and Peoples (New York: Anchor Presss, 1976).
    Meeker, Ezra, Kate Mulhall: A Romance of the Oregon Trail (New York: Ezra Meeker, 1926).
    Meeker, Ezra, The Ox Team or the Old Oregon Trail, 1852-1906 (New York: published by the author, 1907).
    Meltzer, David J., First Peoples in a New World: Colonizing Ice Age America (Berkeley, Los Angeles and London: University of California Press).
    Merchant, Carolyn, American Environmental History: An Introduction (New York: Columbia University Press, 2007).
    Muscolino, Micah S., The Ecology of War in China: Henan Province, the Yellow River, and Beyond, 1938–1950 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2015).
    Nash, Linda, Inescapable Ecologies: A History of Environment, Disease, and Knowledge (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 2006).
    North Shore Improvement Association, Reports on Plans for the Extermination of Mosquitoes on the North Shore of Long Island between Hempstead Harbor and Cold Spring Harbor (New York: Press of Style & Cash, 1902).
    Patterson, Gordon, The Mosquito Crusades: A History of the American Anti-Mosquito Movement from the Reed Commission to the First Earth Day (New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press, 2009).
    Roosevelt, Franklin D., The Public Papers and Addresses of Franklin D. Roosevelt, 1940 Volume: War and Aid to Democracies (New York: Macmillan, 1941).
    Russell, Paul Farr, Man’s Mastery of Malaria (London: Oxford University Press, 1955).
    Sallares, Robert, Malaria and Rome (New York: Oxford University Press, 2002).
    Sherman, Irwin W., Magic Bullets to Conquer Malaria: From Quinine to Qinghaosu (Washington, DC: ASM Press, 2011).
    Slater, Leo Barney, War and Disease: Biomedical Research on Malaria in the Twentieth Century (New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 2009).
    Stock, Eugene, The Story of the Fuh-Kien Mission of the Church Missionary Society (London: Seeley, Jackson & Halliday, 1890).
    Thayer, William Sydney, Lectures on the Malarial Fevers (New York: D. Appleton and Company, 1897).
    Tren, Richard, and Roger Bate, Malaria and the DDT Story (London: The Institute of Economic Affairs, 2001).
    Tyler, Charles Marion, The Island World of the Pacific Ocean (San Francisco : Howard & Pariser, 1885).
    Vance, Rupert B., Human Geography of the South: A Study in Regional Resources and Human Adequacy (Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 1932).
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    4. 論文
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    “New Products for Guatemala,” Agriculture in the Americas, 1:3(1941), pp. 15-16.
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    Bressman, Earl N., “As the Hemisphere Changes,” Agriculture in the Americas, 1:3(1941), pp. 1-5.
    Caminade, Cyril, Sari Kovats, Joacim Rocklov, Adrian M. Tompkins, Andrew P. Morse, Felipe J. Colón-González, Hans Stenlund, Pim Martens and Simon J. Lloyd, “Impact of Climate Change on Global Malaria Distribution,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 111:9(2014), pp. 3286-3291.
    Carter, H. R., “Quinine Prophylaxis for Malaria,” Public Health Reports (1896-1970), 29:13(1914), p. 741-749.
    Carter, Richard, and Kamini N. Mendis, “Evolutionary and Historical Aspects of the Burden of Malaria,” Clinical Microbiology Reviews, 15:4(2002), pp. 564-594.
    Condon-Rall, Mary Ellen, “Allied Cooperation in Malaria Prevention and Control: The World War II Southwest Pacific Experience,” Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences, 46:4 (1991), pp. 493-513
    Condon-Rall, Mary Ellen, “The Army’s War against Malaria: Collaboration in Drug Research during World War II,” Armed Forces & Society, 21:1(1994), pp. 129-143.
    Debelo, Hawi, Janet A. Novotny and Mario G. Ferruzzi, “Vitamin A,“ Advances in Nutrition, 8:6 (2017), pp. 992-994.
    Elliott, Randle, “Central America in the Spotlight,” Agriculture in the Americas, 2:2(1942), pp. 23-28.
    Ewbank, Douglas C., “History of Black Mortality and Health before 1940,” The Milbank Quarterly, 65:Supplement 1(1987), pp. 100-128.
    Faust, Ernest Carroll, “An Inquiry into the Prevalence of Malaria in China,” Chinese Medical Journal, 40:10(1926), pp. 937-956.
    Faust, Ernest Carroll, “The History of Malaria in the United States,” American Scientist, 39:1(1951), pp. 121-130.
    Feigenbaum, James J., Christopher Muller and Elizabeth Wrigley-Field, “Regional and Racial Inequality in Infectious Disease Mortality in U.S. Cities, 1900-1948,” Demography, 56:4(2019), pp. 1371-1388.
    Feng, Lan-Chou, “Malaria and Its Transmission in Kwangsi, China,” Chinese Medical Journal, 50:12(1936), pp. 1799-1814.
    Feng, Lan-Chou, “Medical Entomology: Notes on Some Mosquitoes Collected from Shantung Province, North China,” Chinese Medical Journal, 49:4(1935), pp. 359-365.
    Fernando, H. Marcus, “Tropical Malaria and Its Prophylaxis,” The British Medical Journal, 2230(1903), pp. 713-715.
    Florentino, Rodolfo F., and Regina A. Pedro, “Nutrition and Socio-economic Development in Southeast Asia,” Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, 51 (1992), pp. 93-104.
    Gebreegziabher, Elisabeth, Clarisse Dah, Boubacar Coulibaly, Ali Sie, et al. “The Association between Malnutrition and Malaria Infection in Children under 5 Years in Burkina Faso: A Longitudinal Study,” The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 108:3 (2023), pp. 561-568.
    Gergis, Joëlle L. and Anthony M. Fowler, “A History of ENSO Events since A.D. 1525: Implications for Future Climate Change,” Climatic Change, 92 (2009), pp. 343-387.
    Goss, Andrew, “Building the World’s Supply of Quinine: Dutch Colonialism and the Origins of a Global Pharmaceutical Industry,” Endeavour, 38:1 (2014), pp. 8-18.
    Horn, Eugene F., “Forest Resources of Western Ecuador,” Agriculture in the Americas, 7:3 (1947), pp. 46-49.
    Howard, Leland O., “Economic Loss to the People of the United States through Insects that Carry Disease,” National Geographic Magazine, 20:8 (1909), pp. 735-749.
    Joy, Robert J. T., “Malaria in American Troops in the South and Southwest Pacific in World War II,” Medical History, 43(1999), pp. 192-207.
    Katz, Paul, “Germs of Disaster―The Impact of Epidemics on Japanese Military Campaigns in Taiwan, 1874 and 1895,” Annales de Demographie Historique, (1996), pp. 195-220.
    Kaufman, Teodoro S., and Edmundo A. Rúveda, “The Quest for Quinine: Those Who Won the Battles and Those Who Won the War,” Angewandte Chemie, 44:6(2005), pp. 854-885.
    Kelley, Erin, “Racism and Felony Disenfranchisement: An Intertwined History,” Brennan Center for Justice Report, May 9 2017.
    Kerns, Jennifer C., and Jean L. Gutierrez, “Thiamin,” Advances in Nutrition, 8:2 (2017), pp. 395-397.
    Ku, Ya-wen, “The Development of Cinchona Cultivation and ‘Kina Gaku’ in the Japanese Empire, 1912-45,” in Ts’ui-jung Liu and James Beattie eds., Environment, Modernization and Development in East Asia (Houndmills, Basingstoke Hampshire : Palgrave Macmillan, 2016), pp. 157-181.
    Laderman, Carol, “Malaria and Progress: Some Historical and Ecological Considerations,” Social Science and Medicine, 9:11-12(1975), pp. 587-594.
    Lee, C. U., and H. E. Meleney, “Malaria in a Village near Peking,” Chinese Medical Journal, 41:12(1927), pp 989-992.
    Li, K. H., “Malaria among Chinese University Students,” Chinese Medical Journal, 38:9(1924), pp. 737-742.
    Mansouri, Ahlem, Mickael Cregut, Chiraz Abbes, Marie-Jose Durand, Ahmed Landoulsi and Gerald Thouand, “The Environmental Issues of DDT Pollution and Bioremediation: A Multidisciplinary Review,” Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology, 181 (2017), pp. 309-339.
    Martens, Willem J. M., Louis W. Niessen, Jan Rotmans, Theo H. Jetten and McMichael, Anthony J., “Potential Impact of Global Climate Change on Malaria Risk,” Environmental Health Perspectives, 103:5(1995), pp. 458-464.
    Mayxay, Mayfong, Ann M. Taylor, Maniphone Khanthavong, Siamphay Keola, et al., “Thiamin Deficiency and Uncomplicated Falciparum Malaria in Laos,” Tropical Medicine and International Health, 12:3 (2007), pp. 363-369.
    McNeill, J. R., “Of Rats and Men: A Synoptic Environmental History of the Island Pacific,” Journal of World History, 5:2(1994), pp. 299-349.
    Mogi, Motoyoshi, and Takao Okazawa, “Development of Anopheles sinensis Immatures (Diptera: Culicidae) in the Field: Effects of Temperature and Nutrition,” Medical Entomology and Zoology, 47:4(1996), pp. 355-362.
    Montgomery, J. Howard, “A Plea for the Prevention of Malaria in Mission Schools,” Chinese Medical Journal, 22:4(1908), pp. 232-235.
    Muscolino, Micah S., “Refugees, Land Reclamation, and Militarized Landscapes in Wartime China: Huanglongshan, Shaanxi, 1937-45,” The Journal of Asian Studies, 69:2 (2010), pp. 453–478.
    Muscolino, Micah S., “Violence Against People and the Land: The Environment and Refugee Migration from China’s Henan Province, 1938–1945,” Environment and History, 17 (2011), pp. 291-311.
    Newfield, Timothy P., “Malaria and Malaria‐like Disease in the Early Middle Ages,” Early Medieval Europe, 25(2017), pp. 251-300.
    Painter, David S., “Oil and the American Century,” The Journal of American History, 99:1 (2012), pp. 24-39.
    Pawley, Andrew, and Roger Green, “Dating the Dispersal of the Oceanic Languages,” Oceanic Linguistics, 12:1/2(1973), pp. 1-67.
    Prentice, Ann, Inez Schoenmakers, Kerry S. Jones, Landing M. A. Jarjou and Gail R. Goldberg, “Vitamin D Deficiency and Its Health Consequences in Africa,” Clinical Reviews in Bone and Mineral Metabolism, 7:1 (2009), pp. 94-106
    Retief, François, and Louise Cilliers, “Malaria in Graeco-Roman Times,” Acta Classica, 47(2004), 127-137.
    Robertson, Robert Cecil, “A Malaria Survey on the China-Burma Highway,” Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 34:4(1941), pp. 311-332.
    Rodrigues, Priscila T., Hugo O. Valdivia, Thais C. de Oliveira et al.
    “Human Migration and the Spread of Malaria Parasites to the New
    World,” Scientific Reports, 8:1993(2018), pp. 1-13.
    Rodriguez, Javier M., Arline T. Geronimus, John Bound and Danny Dorling, “Black Lives Matter: Differential Mortality and the Racial Composition of the U.S. Electorate, 1970–2004,” Social Science and Medicine, 136-137(2015), pp. 193-199.
    van Der Hoogte, Arjo Roersch and Toine Pieters, “Science in the Service of Colonial Agro-Industrialism: The Case of Cinchona Cultivation in the Dutch and British East Indies, 1852-1900,” Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, 47 (2014), pp. 12-22.
    van Der Hoogte, Arjo Roersch and Toine Pieters, “Science, Industry and the Colonial State: A Shift from a German- to a Dutch-controlled Cinchona and Quinine Cartel (1880-1920),” History and Technology, 31:1 (2015), pp. 2-36.
    van Der Hoogte, Arjo Roersch and Toine Pieters, “Quinine, Malaria, and the Cinchona Bureau: Marketing Practices and Knowledge Circulation in a Dutch Transoceanic Cinchona-Quinine Enterprise (1920s-30s),” Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences, 71:2 (2015), pp. 197-225.
    van der Hoogte, Arjo Roersch, and ToinePieters, “From Colonial Agro-Industrialism to Agro-Industrialism: Game Changing Evolution of the Dutch Transoceanic Cinchona-Quinine Enterprise (1940s-1960s),” Itinerario, 40:1(2016), pp. 105-125.
    Wei Sheng Shu (National Health Administration), “A Preliminary Survey of the Endemicity of Malaria in Nanking Soochow, Hang Chow, Wukong and Districts along the Yangtze Valley,” Chinese Medical Journal, 46:7(1932), pp. 719-726.
    Worthen, Dennis B., “The National Quinine Pool: When Quinine Went to War,” Pharmacy in History, 38:3(1996), pp. 143-147.
    Wu, Lin-chun, “One Drop of Oil, One Drop of Blood: The United States and the Petroleum Problem in Wartime China, 1937-1945,” Journal of American-East Asian Relations, 19(2012). pp. 27-51.
    Yao, Hsun-Yuan, “Plan for Malaria Control in Yunnan,” Chinese Medical Journal, 56:1(1939), pp. 63-68.
    5. 網路資料
    “Blackwater Fever,” Encyclopaedia Britannica: https://www.britannica.com/science/blackwater-fever
    “Body Lice- Disease,” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC): https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/lice/body/disease.html
    “Relapsing Fever,” Encyclopedia Britannica: https://www.britannica.com/science/relapsing-fever
    “Trachoma,” World Health Organization: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/trachoma
    Prinzi, Andrea, “History of Yellow Fever in the U.S.,” The American Society for Microbiology, May 17 2021, retrieved June 24 2021: https:// asm.org/Articles/2021/May/History-of-Yellow-Fever-in-the-U-S
    Roosevelt, Franklin D., Speech by Franklin D. Roosevelt, New York (Transcription): The President Requests War Declaration: https://www.loc.gov/item/afccal000483/
    The Efate Bases, South Pacific WWII Museum: https://southpacificwwii museum.com/efate-bases/
    The Santo Bases, South Pacific WWII Museum: https://southpacificwwiimuseum.com/santo-bases/
    Trojanowski, Hermann J., interviewer, “Oral History Interview with Elsie Chin Yuen Seetoo, 2005,” Digital Public Library of America, https://gateway.uncg.edu/islandora/object/wvhp%3A20883
    Western Medicine in China, 1850-1950: http://ulib.iupui.edu/collections/WMIC

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