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研究生： 林易芳
Yi-Fang Lin
論文名稱： 貴州雅水剖面石炭紀腕足動物碳氧同位素紀錄之環境意義
Carboniferous environment indicated by oxygen and carbon isotope records of brachiopod shells from the Yashui Section in Guizhou
指導教授： 米泓生
Mii, Horng-Sheng
學位類別： 碩士
Master
系所名稱： 地球科學系
Department of Earth Sciences
論文出版年： 2013
畢業學年度： 101
語文別： 中文
論文頁數： 123
中文關鍵詞： 熱帶地區 、石炭紀 、腕足動物 、碳氧同位素 、華南地塊
英文關鍵詞： Tropical Region, Carboniferous, brachiopod, stable carbon and oxygen isotope, South China
論文種類： 學術論文
相關次數： 點閱：127  下載：20 
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    • 本研究採集了395個中國貴州省雅水剖面的腕足動物殼體化石殼體，分析其中139個化石標本之穩定碳氧同位素成分來探討華南地塊於石炭紀時期熱帶地區的環境變化。
    雅水剖面在早石炭紀地層分為舊司階(早Visean)、上司階(晚Visean)和德塢階(Serpukhovian)，本研究自這139個殼體中共取了369個標本點進行碳氧同位素分析，但僅有89個標本點的數據取自保存良好的部分。舊司階的殼體皆保存不理想；上司階(晚Visean)保存良好殼體的δ18O和δ13C平均值分別為-3.8±0.7‰（1σ，N=52）和2.3±2.4‰；德塢階(Serpukhovian) 保存良好殼體的δ18O和δ13C平均值分別為-3.0±0.5‰（1σ，N=37）和4.1±2.0‰，從上司階到德塢階的δ13C平均值增加1.8‰，可能與碳埋藏量增加有關。
    假設早石炭紀海水的δ18O數值為-1‰ (SMOW)。上司階的氧同位素溫度為24~30°C平均（平均值28°C），而在德塢階的氧同位素溫度範圍介於23~26°C之間(平均值25℃)，由上司階(晚期Visean)至德塢階(Serpukhovian)平均溫度呈現約下降3°C的現象，與Mg/Ca比值所計算之溫度變化大致相同。上司階(晚期Visean)至德塢階(Serpukhovian)的降溫與碳同位素數值所呈現的碳埋藏量增加，二氧化碳含量降低的紀錄一致。雅水剖面所呈現之平均值28°C至25°C的溫暖溫度範圍反映出華南地區於石炭紀位於熱帶地區海水溫度較高的特性，類似現今西太平洋暖池的溫度特徵。

     

    This study constructed the Carboniferous tropical environment of Yashui section, Guizhou, South China by analyzing the stable isotope compositions of brachiopod shells. A total of 395 fossil brachiopod shells were collected. One hundred and thirty nine samples were cut, thin-sectioned, and examined under plain light and cathodoluminescence for evaluation of shell preservation.
    Only 89 out of 369 carbonate powder samples were determined well preserved. In ascending order, mean δ18O values of well preserved brachiopod shells are -3.8 ± 0.7‰ and -3.0±0.5‰ for Shangsian Stage (Late Visean) and Dewaun Stage (Serpukhovian), respectively. Mean 13C values of well preserved brachiopod shells are respectively 2.3 ± 2.4‰ (1σ, N = 52) for Shangsian Stage (Late Visean) and 4.1±2.0‰ (1σ, N = 37) for Dewaun Stage (Serpukhovian). Enrichment in δ13C value of 1.8‰ between Shangsian Stage and Dewaun Stage may correspond to the increased burial rate of organic matter as proposed by previous studies.
    Assuming the δ18O of Early Carboniferous seawater was -1.0‰, the sea water temperature were 24～30°C (average 28°C) for Shangsian Stage and 23～26°C (average 25°C) for Dewaun Stage. The 3°C decrease in temperature from Shangsian Stage to Dewaun Stage was consistent with the temperature estimation based on the Mg/Ca ratios. The Late Visean to Serpukhovian cooling may be caused by the decrease in atmospheric CO2 concentration as indicated by the increase in carbon isotope value. The overall warm tropical sea surface temperature of South China indicating that modern Western Pacific Warm Pool sea surface temperature characteristic may have existed in Early-Middle Carboniferous.

    摘要 I Abstract III 誌謝 V 目錄 VI 圖目 VIII 表目 XII 第一章、緒論 1 1.1 前言 1 1.2 同位素與碳酸鈣殼體的應用 1 1.3 成岩作用 2 1.4 腕足動物 3 1.5 前人研究 5 1.5.1 石炭紀古地理與古氣候 5 1.5.2 石炭紀穩定同位素相關研究 9 1.6 研究目的 10 第二章、研究區域及標本 11 2.1研究區域 11 2.2 區域地質 11 2.3 研究地層 14 2.3.1舊司階（Jiusian Stage）（圖2.5）： 14 2.3.2上司階（Shangsi Stage）（圖2.6）： 15 2.3.3德塢階（Dewuan Stage）（圖2.7）： 15 2.4標本採集 19 第三章、研究方法 22 3.1 研究流程 22 3.2 殼體標本及前處理 22 3.3 化石薄片製作 23 3.4 透射光及陰極射線顯微鏡 23 3.5 穩定碳氧同位素分析 25 3.6 掃描式電子顯微鏡 25 3.7電子微探針分析 25 第四章、結果與討論 28 4.1透射光及陰極射線觀察結果 28 4.2 電子掃描顯微鏡觀察 28 4.3 微量元素分析及殼體保存度 38 4.4 穩定碳氧同位素分析 43 4.4.1 Visean腕足殼體 43 4.4.2 Serpukhovian腕足殼體 44 4.5 雅水剖面Mississippian腕足殼體碳氧同位素記錄與微量元素在環境上的意義 47 4.5.1 碳同位素記錄 47 4.5.2 氧同位素記錄 50 4.6 中國華南碳氧同位素及Mg/Ca比值之古環境意義 55 4.6.1 δ13C、δ18O與冰期 55 4.6.2 Mg/Ca比值、δ18O與古環境的意義 55 4.7 低緯度地區的溫度變化 62 第五章、結論 65 文獻 66 附錄一、貴州雅水剖面腕足種屬與標本編號對照表 79 附錄二、中國貴州省雅水剖面腕足動物化石殼體殼體微構造及穩定碳氧同位素 84 附錄三、中國貴州省雅水剖面腕足動物元素組成分析數值 103 作者簡介 123   圖目 圖 1.1 腕足動物殼體（有鉸綱）構造圖。（取自Black, 1970） 4 圖 1.2 石炭紀全球海陸分布圖。修改自http://jan.ucc.nau.edu/~rcb7 7 圖 1.3 石炭紀-二疊紀冰期的冰川發展階段劃分對比。（取自Fielding et al., 2008） 8 圖 1.4 石炭紀腕足殼體碳氧同位素變化趨勢圖。（葉昭松, 2011整理自 Mii et al., 2001；Popp et al., 1986；Bruckschen et al., 1999） 10 圖 2.1 研究區域圖，圖中黃色區塊為本研究中國華南地區貴州省；紅色星號為雅水剖面。 12 圖 2.2 雅水剖面位於惠水縣至雅水縣的公路旁，紅色星號為本研究地點(修改自Groves, 2012)。 13 圖 2.3 貴州省石炭紀地層地質分區圖，本研究標本採自獨山-威寧分區。（程裕淇等人，1994） 14 圖 2.4 全球密西西比世地層劃分對比 (修改自林巍, 2009) 16 圖 2.5 中國貴州省雅水剖面露頭－舊司階層位。 17 圖 2.6 中國貴州省雅水剖面露頭－上司階層位。 17 圖 2.7 中國貴州省雅水剖面露頭－德塢階層位。 18 圖 2.8 湖南獅鼻長身貝（Pugilis hunanesis）（a）正面觀（b）側面觀 20 圖 2.9 網格長身貝（Dictyoclostus）（a）正面觀（b）側面觀 20 圖 2.10 巨大長身貝（Gigantoproductus）（a）正面觀（b）正面觀 20 圖 2.11 細線貝（Striatifera tenella sarytchera）正面觀 21 圖 2.12 長身貝（Productus）正面觀 21 圖 3.1（A）（B）為標本YS147（Gigantoproductus）分別為在透射光和陰極射線下的照片，保存好的殼體在透射光可見微細構造，陰極射線不發光。（C）（D）為標本YS030（Pugilis hunanesis）分別為在透射光和陰極射線下的照片，保存差的殼體在透射光看不清楚微細構造，陰極射線下發光。（p：稜柱層；f：纖維層；gb：生長紋；NL：不發光；L：發光；LM：圍岩） …………..24 圖 3.2 （A）將固定在載物台上的標本鍍Pt，以利在電子微探針分析時導電。（B）國立台灣大學地質科學系微古生物研究室之掃描式電子顯微鏡HITACHI S-2400 27 圖 4.1 （A）為標本YS098，石炭紀舊司階Pugilis hunanesis的外觀。（B）為完整殼體剖面的透射光影像，可見清楚的纖維層。（C）為完整殼體剖面的陰極射線影像，可見殼體發橘紅光。（L+NL：發光占50%以上，其餘不發光；L：發光；LM：圍岩） 29 圖 4.2 （A）為標本YS025，石炭紀舊司階Dictyoclostus的外觀。（B）為完整殼體剖面的透射光影像。（C）為完整殼體剖面的陰極射線影像，可見殼體發橘紅光。（L：發光；LM：圍岩） 30 圖 4.3 （A）為標本YS169，石炭紀上司階Gigantoproductus的外觀。（B）為殼體剖面的透射光影像，可見清楚的微細構造及生長紋。（C）為殼體剖面的陰極射線影像，可見殼體大部分為不發光。（p：稜柱狀；NL：不發光；L：發光） 31 圖 4.4 （A）為標本YS160，石炭紀上司階Gigantoproductus的外觀。（B）為殼體剖面的透射光影像，微細構造無法辨別。（C）為殼體剖面的陰極射線影像，殼體為不發光。（NL：不發光） 32 圖 4.5 （A）為標本YS235，石炭紀德塢階未知種屬（unknown）的外觀。（B）殼體剖面的透射光影像，可見清楚的微細構造。（C）為殼體剖面的陰極射線影像，殼體大部分為不發光及裂紋。（p：稜柱狀NL：不發光；LM：圍岩） 33 圖 4.6 貴州雅水剖面石炭紀腕足動物殼體電子掃描顯微鏡下觀察結果。（A、B）為舊司階YS021保存差的Pugilis hunanesis。（C、D）為舊司階YS049保存差的Pugilis hunanesis。（E）為上司階YS160保存差的Gigantoproductus。（F）為德塢階YS347保存差的Gigantoproductus。（G）為德塢階YS351保存差的Gigantoproductus。（md：微溶蝕；d：溶蝕。）（H）為上司階YS146保存好的Gigantoproductus。（I、J）為上司階YS147保存好的Gigantoproductus。（p：稜柱狀；f：纖維狀。） 34 圖 4.7 不同地區Na、Mg、Sr、S微量元素散佈圖。 40 圖 4.8 中國華南Visean時期貴州雅水剖面Si、Al、Fe、Mn微量元素分析分佈結果統計圖。 a為Si/Ca結果統計。b為Al /Ca結果統計。c為Fe /Ca結果統計。d為Mn/Ca結果統計。 41 圖 4.9 中國華南Serpukhovian時期貴州雅水剖面Si、Al、Fe、Mn微量元素分析分佈結果統計圖。a為Si/Ca結果統計。b為Al /Ca結果統計。c為Fe /Ca結果統計。d為Mn/Ca結果統計。 42 圖 4. 10 中國華南Visean時期貴州雅水剖面碳氧同位素分佈圖。 45 圖 4.11中國華南Serpukhovian時期貴州雅水剖面碳氧同位素分佈圖。 45 圖 4.12 中國華南貴州雅水剖面地層與碳氧同位素和溫度的年代變化對照圖。 49 圖 4.13 中國華南Visean與Serpukhovian時期貴州雅水剖面碳氧同位素散佈圖 51 圖 4.14 早石炭紀時期全球蒸發岩、冰磧石及煤層分布圖。（取自 http://www.scotese.com, 2013） 52 圖 4.15 中國華南貴州雅水剖面碳氧同位素記錄與前人研究石炭紀腕足碳氧同位素變化趨勢比較圖。雅水剖面腕足標本年代由採樣地層年代估計而得，尚無標準的絕對年代數據，碳氧同位素數值皆為同層殼體的平均值（水平橫線代表error standard）。（修改自Mii et al., 2001；Popp et al., 1986；Bruckschen et al., 1999） 53 圖 4. 16 中國華南貴州雅水剖面保存良好的腕足殼體在Visean及Serpukhovian氧同位素記錄與俄羅斯和古西班牙地層變化比較圖。（修改自Maider et al., 2008；Menning et al., 2006；Mii et al., 2001） 54 圖 4.17 雅水剖面保存良好腕足殼體的Mg/Ca與δ18O的散佈圖。 56 圖 4.18 Mississippian時期中國貴州雅水剖面腕足殼體的碳氧同位素數值與前人不同區域研究記錄比較。黃色框框為本研究。（修改自http://cpgeosystems.com/mollglobe.html ; Mii et al., 1999 ; Wang,1998 ; Maider et al., 2008 ; Ye, 2011） 59 圖 4.19 晚石炭紀海流模擬(300Ma),顯示Paleotathys Ocean有暖流經過華南地區(紅點), 因此造成該地區的海溫較高。（KZ：Kazhakstan，TA：Tarim，NC：North China，MON：Mongolia， SC：South China，IC：Indochina，WB：West Burma，KK：Karakoram， A：central Afghanistan，AD：Adria） (取自Angiolini et al., 2007) 60 圖 4.20 二疊紀氣候模式模擬海表溫分布圖 （取自Kiehk and Shields, 2005） 61 圖 4.21 中國華南貴州雅水剖面密西西比世腕足殼體氧同位素季節性變化圖 (a) (b) (c)為Visean時期腕足殼體。(d)為Serpukhovian時期腕足殼體。 63 圖 4.22 中國華南貴州雅水剖面密西西比世腕足殼體氧同位素季節性變化圖 (e) (f) (g)為Serpukhovian時期腕足殼體。 64   表目 表 3.1本研究研究方法之流程 22 表 3.2 電子微探針分析各元素的偵測時間及最低可測量值（Mii and Grossman, 1994） 27 表 4.1 Visean時期去除矽化作用後的腕足殼體微量元素平均值. 40 表 4.2 中國華南Visean及Serpukhovian時期貴州雅水剖面腕足動物平均碳氧同位素數值。（NL*代表在透射光下微構造呈現不清楚，陰極射線下不發光） 46

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