With the rapid evolution of technology and economy, individual accesses to the path of becoming self-employed is more diverse and the career structure is changing as well. Individual encounters more uncertainty in work and is forced to adapt and cope with the changes. Thus, career adaptability is considered to be an influencing factor in the construction of future career. A research on the relationship between career adaptability and entrepreneurial intention is proposed, with the effect of moderators, risk aversion and entrepreneurial opportunity. A total of 295 valid data responses were collected via a web-based survey. Descriptive analysis, Pearson Correlation, and Hierarchical Regression analysis were applied to test the Hypotheses. As the results, career adaptability is significantly related to entrepreneurial intention. However, the moderating effect of risk aversion and entrepreneurial opportunity were not found. In addition, males were found to have higher entrepreneurial intention than females, while non-full-time workers possess higher entrepreneurial intention than full-time workers.

Ács, Z. J., Szerb, L., & Lloyd, A. (2018). Global Entrepreneurship Index 2018. Washington, DC: The Global Entrepreneurship and Development Institute.

Ahmed, S. U. (1985). nAch, risk-taking propensity, locus of control and entrepreneurship. Personality and Individual Differences, 6(6), 781-782.

Ajzen, I. (1987). Attitudes, traits, and actions: Dispositional prediction of behavior in personality and social psychology. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 20, 1-63

Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50(2), 179-211.

Aldrich, H., Zimmer, C., & Jones, T. (1986). Small business still speaks with the same voice: a replication of ‘the voice of small business and the politics of survival’. The Sociological Review, 34(2), 335-356.

Allen, D. G., Weeks, K. P., & Moffitt, K. R. (2005). Turnover intentions and voluntary turnover: the moderating roles of self-monitoring, locus of control, proactive personality, and risk aversion. Journal of Applied Psychology, 90(5), 980-990.

Alvarez, S. A., & Busenitz, L. W. (2001). The entrepreneurship of resource-based theory. Journal of Management, 27(6), 755-775.

Arthur, M. B. (1994). The boundaryless career: A new perspective for organizational inquiry. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 15(4), 295-306.

Bagozzi, R. P., & Yi, Y. (1988). On the evaluation of structural equation models. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 16(1), 74-94.

Bagozzi, R. P., Baumgartner, J., & Yi, Y. (1989). An investigation into the role of intentions as mediators of the attitude-behavior relationship. Journal of Economic Psychology, 10(1), 35-62.

Bandura, A. (1986). Fearful expectations and avoidant actions as coeffects of perceived self-inefficacy. American Psychologist, 41(12), 1389-1391. doi: 10.1037/0003-066X.41.12.1389

Baron, R. A. (2006). Opportunity recognition as pattern recognition: How entrepreneurs “connect the dots” to identify new business opportunities. The Academy of Management Perspectives, 20(1), 104-119.

Baruch, Y., & Bozionelos, N. (2011). Career issues. In S. Zedeck (Eds.), APA Handbook of Industrial and Organizational Psychology, Vol. 2: Selecting and Developing Members for the Organization (pp. 67-113). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.


Begley, T. M., & Boyd, D. P. (1987). Psychological characteristics associated with performance in entrepreneurial firms and smaller businesses. Journal of Business Venturing, 2(1), 79-93.

Bell, D. E. (1995). Risk, return, and utility. Management Science, 41(1), 23-30.

Biemann, T., Zacher, H., & Feldman, D. C. (2012). Career patterns: A twenty-year panel study. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 81(2), 159-170.

Bird, B. (1988). Implementing entrepreneurial ideas: The case for intention. Academy of Management Review, 13(3), 442-453.

Bird, B., & Jelinek, M. (1988). The operation of entrepreneurial intentions. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 13(2), 21-29, Retrieved from: https://ssrn.com/abstract=1505229

Bontempo, R. N., Bottom, W. P., & Weber, E. U. (1997). Cross‐cultural differences in risk perception: A model‐based approach. Risk Analysis, 17(4), 479-488.

Boyd, N. G., & Vozikis, G. S. (1994). The influence of self-efficacy on the development of entrepreneurial intentions and actions. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 18(4), 63-77.

Briscoe, J. P., & Hall, D. T. (2006). The interplay of boundaryless and protean careers: Combinations and implications. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 69(1), 4-18.

Brown, A., Bimrose, J., Barnes, S. A., & Hughes, D. (2012). The role of career adaptabilities for mid-career changers. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 80(3), 754-761.

Byrne, B. M. (1994). Structural equation modeling with EQS and EQS/Windows: Basic concepts, applications, and programming. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Caliendo, M., Fossen, F. M., & Kritikos, A. S. (2009). Risk attitudes of nascent entrepreneurs–new evidence from an experimentally validated survey. Small Business Economics, 32(2), 153-167.

Carland III, J. W., Carland Jr, J. W., Carland, J. A. C., & Pearce, J. W. (1995). Risk taking propensity among entrepreneurs, small business owners and managers. Journal of Business and Entrepreneurship, 7(1), 15.

Casson, M. (1982). The Entrepreneur: An Economic Theory. New Jersey: Rowman & Littlefield.

Chan, S. H. J., & Mai, X. (2015). The relation of career adaptability to satisfaction and turnover intentions. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 89, 130-139.

Churchill, N. C., & Lewis, V. L. (1986). Bank lending to new and growing enterprises. Journal of Business Venturing, 1(2), 193-206.
Coviello, N., & Munro, H. (1997). Network relationships and the internationalisation process of small software firms. International Business Review, 6(4), 361-386.

Cramer, J. S., Hartog, J., Jonker, N., & Van Praag, C. M. (2002). Low risk aversion encourages the choice for entrepreneurship: an empirical test of a truism. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 48(1), 29-36.

Crant, J. M. (1996). The proactive personality scale as a predictor of entrepreneurial intentions. Journal of Small Business Management, 34(3), 42-49.

Douglas, E. J., & Shepherd, D. A. (2002). Self-employment as a career choice: Attitudes, entrepreneurial intentions, and utility maximization. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 26(3), 81-90.

Drennan, J., Kennedy, J., & Renfrow, P. (2005). Impact of childhood experiences on the development of entrepreneurial intentions. The International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation, 6(4), 231-238.

Eckhardt, J. T., & Shane, S. A. (2003). Opportunities and entrepreneurship. Journal of Management, 29(3), 333-349.

Ellig, B. R. (1998). Employment and employability: Foundation of the new social contract. Human Resource Management, 37(2), 173-175.
Executive Yuan R.O.C. (Taiwan). (2017). Manpower Survey Result. Retrieve from: https://www.dgbas.gov.tw/ct.asp?xItem=42052&ctNode=5624

Fairlie, R. W. (2002). Drug dealing and legitimate self-employment. Journal of Labor Economics, 20(3), 538-537.

Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of marketing research, 18(1), 39-50.

Gefen, D., Straub, D., & Boudreau, M. C. (2000). Structural equation modeling and regression: Guidelines for research practice. Communications of the Association for Information Systems, 4(7), 1-78.

Gielnik, M. M., Krämer, A. C., Kappel, B., & Frese, M. (2014). Antecedents of business opportunity identification and innovation: Investigating the interplay of information processing and information acquisition. Applied Psychology, 63(2), 344-381.

Gorgievski, M. J., & Stephan, U. (2016). Advancing the psychology of entrepreneurship: A review of the psychological literature and an introduction. Applied Psychology, 65(3), 437-468.

Guan, Y., Deng, H., Sun, J., Wang, Y., Cai, Z., Ye, L., Fu, R., Wang, Y., Zhang, S., & Li, Y. (2013). Career adaptability, job search self-efficacy and outcomes: A three-wave investigation among Chinese university graduates. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 83(3), 561-570.

Hall, D. T. (1996). Protean careers of the 21st century. Academy of Management Perspectives, 10(4), 8-16.

Hartung P. J., Cadaret M. C. (2017) Career Adaptability: Changing Self and Situation for Satisfaction and Success. In: Maree K. (Eds.) Psychology of Career Adaptability, Employability and Resilience (pp. 15-28). Springer, Cham.

Herrington, M., & Kew, P. (2016). Global Entrepreneurship Monitor South African Report 2015/16: is South Africa Heading for an Economic Meltdown? Retrieved from http://www.gemconsortium.org/report/49537

Hirschi, A., Herrmann, A., & Keller, A. C. (2015). Career adaptivity, adaptability, and adapting: A conceptual and empirical investigation. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 87, 1-10.

Hu, L. T., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6(1), 1-55.

Huang, L., Frideger, M., & Pearce, J. L. (2013). Political skill: Explaining the effects of nonnative accent on managerial hiring and entrepreneurial investment decisions. Journal of Applied Psychology, 98(6), 1005-1017.

Hull, D. L., Bosley, J. J., & Udell, G. G. (1980). Renewing the hunt for the heffalump: identifying potential entrepreneurs by personality characteristics. Journal of Small Business Management, 18(1), 11-18.
Ito, J. K., & Brotheridge, C. M. (2005). Does supporting employees' career adaptability lead to commitment, turnover, or both? Human Resource Management, 44(1), 5-19.

Johnston, C. S. (2018). A systematic review of the career adaptability literature and future outlook. Journal of Career Assessment, 26(1), 3-30. https://doi.org/10.1177/1069072716679921
Jöreskog, K. G., & Sörbom, D. (1989). LISREL 7: A Guide to the Program and Applications. Chicago: SPSS. Inc.

Judge, T. A., Thoresen, C. J., Pucik, V., & Welbourne, T. M. (1999). Managerial coping with organizational change: A dispositional perspective. Journal of Applied Psychology, 84(1), 107.

Kan, K., & Tsai, W. D. (2006). Entrepreneurship and risk aversion. Small Business Economics, 26(5), 465-474.

Kanbur, S. M. (1979). Of risk taking and the personal distribution of income. Journal of Political Economy, 87(4), 769-797.

Kautonen, T., Luoto, S., & Tornikoski, E. T. (2010). Influence of work history on entrepreneurial intentions in ‘prime age’ and ‘third age’: A preliminary study. International Small Business Journal, 28(6), 583-601.

Kihlstrom, R. E., & Laffont, J. J. (1979). A general equilibrium entrepreneurial theory of firm formation based on risk aversion. Journal of Political Economy, 87(4), 719-748.

Kirzner, I. M. (1997). Entrepreneurial discovery and the competitive market process: An Austrian approach. Journal of Economic Literature, 35(1), 60-85.

Krueger Jr, N. F., Reilly, M. D., & Carsrud, A. L. (2000). Competing models of entrepreneurial intentions. Journal of Business Venturing, 15(5-6), 411-432.

Krueger, N. (1993). The impact of prior entrepreneurial exposure on perceptions of new venture feasibility and desirability. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 18(1), 5-21.

Lee, J. H. (2017, Nov). Non-traditional army is here [非正職大軍來了]. Global View, 377(1), 170-178.

Levesque, M., & Minniti, M. (2006). The effect of aging on entrepreneurial behavior. Journal of Business Venturing, 21(2), 177-194.

Liñán, F., & Chen, Y. W. (2009). Development and Cross‐Cultural application of a specific instrument to measure entrepreneurial intentions. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 33(3), 593-617.

Loane, S., & Bell, J. (2006). Rapid internationalisation among entrepreneurial firms in Australia, Canada, Ireland and New Zealand: An extension to the network approach. International Marketing Review, 23(5), 467-485.

London, M. (1983). Toward a theory of career motivation. Academy of Management Review, 8(4), 620-630.

London, M. (1993). Relationships between career motivation, empowerment and support for career development. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 66(1), 55-69.

Lumpkin, G. T. (2007). Intrapreneurship and innovation. In J. R. Baum, M. Frese, R.A. Baron (Eds.). The Psychology of Entrepreneurship (pp. 237-263). NY: Psychology Press

Maggiori, C., Rossier, J., & Savickas, M. L. (2017). Career Adapt-Abilities Scale–Short Form (CAAS-SF) Construction and Validation. Journal of Career Assessment, 25(2), 312-325.

McKenna, B., Zacher, H., Ardabili, F. S., & Mohebbi, H. (2016). Career Adapt-Abilities Scale—Iran Form: Psychometric properties and relationships with career satisfaction and entrepreneurial intentions. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 93, 81-91.

McMullen, J. S., Plummer, L. A., & Ács, Z. J. (2007). What is an entrepreneurial opportunity? Small Business Economics, 28(4), 273-283.

Meyer, K., & Skak, A. (2002). Networks, serendipity and SME entry into Eastern Europe. European Management Journal, 20(2), 179-188.

Moore, D. A., & Cain, D. M. (2007). Overconfidence and underconfidence: When and why people underestimate (and overestimate) the competition. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 103(2), 197-213.

National Statistic R.O.C. (Taiwan). (2017). Employed Persons by Class of Worker. Retrieve from: http://win.dgbas.gov.tw/dgbas04/bc4/timeser/more_a_2.asp

Obschonka, M., Silbereisen, R. K., & Schmitt-Rodermund, E. (2010). Entrepreneurial intention as developmental outcome. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 77(1), 63-72.

Perera, H. N., & McIlveen, P. (2017). Profiles of career adaptivity and their relations with adaptability, adapting, and adaptation. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 98, 70-84.

Plummer, L. A., Haynie, J. M., & Godesiabois, J. (2007). An essay on the origins of entrepreneurial opportunity. Small Business Economics, 28(4), 363-379.

Podsakoff, P. M., & Organ, D. W. (1986). Self-reports in organizational research: Problems and prospects. Journal of Management, 12(4), 531-544.

Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Lee, J. Y., & Podsakoff, N. P. (2003). Common method biases in behavioral research: A critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(5), 879-903.

Quinn, J. B. (1992). The intelligent enterprise a new paradigm. Academy of Management Perspectives, 6(4), 48-63.

Rudolph, C. W., Lavigne, K. N., & Zacher, H. (2017). Career adaptability: A meta-analysis of relationships with measures of adaptivity, adapting responses, and adaptation results. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 98, 17-34. doi:10.1016/j.jvb.2016.09.002

Savickas, M. L. (1997). Career adaptability: An integrative construct for life-span, life-space theory. The Career Development Quarterly, 45, 247-259. doi:10.1002/j.21610045.1997.tb00469.x

Savickas, M. L. (2002). Career construction. In S. D. Brown (Eds.), Career Choice and Development, (pp. 149-205). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.

Savickas, M. L. (2005). The theory and practice of career construction. In S. D. Brown & R. W. Lent (Eds.), Career Development and Counselling: Putting Theory and Research to Work (pp. 42–70). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.

Savickas, M. L. (2013). Career construction theory and practice. In S. D. Brown, & R. W. Lent (Eds.). Career Development and Counseling: Putting Theory and Research to Work (pp. 147–183). (2nd ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.

Savickas, M. L., & Porfeli, E. J. (2012). Career Adapt-Abilities Scale: Construction, reliability, and measurement equivalence across 13 countries. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 80(3), 661-673.

Schneider, S. L., & Lopes, L. L. (1986). Reflection in preferences under risk: Who and when may suggest why. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 12(4), 535.

Schumpeter, J. (1942). Creative destruction. Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy, 825, 82-85.

Schwarz, E. J., Wdowiak, M. A., Almer-Jarz, D. A., & Breitenecker, R. J. (2009). The effects of attitudes and perceived environment conditions on students' entrepreneurial intent: An Austrian perspective. Education+ Training, 51(4), 272-291.

Segal, G., Borgia, D., & Schoenfeld, J. (2005). The motivation to become an entrepreneur. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research, 11(1), 42-57.

Shane, S., & Venkataraman, S. (2000). The promise of entrepreneurship as a field of research. Academy of Management Review, 25(1), 217-226.

Shapero, A., & Sokol, L. (1982). The social dimensions of entrepreneurship. In C. Kent, D. Sexton and K. Vesper, (Eds.). Encyclopedia of Entrepreneurship (pp. 72-90) Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall.

Sharma, D. D., & Blomstermo, A. (2003). The internationalization process of born globals: a network view. International Business Review, 12(6), 739-753.

Shaver, K. G., & Scott, L. R. (1992). Person, process, choice: The psychology of new venture creation. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 16(2), 23-46.

Spurk, D., Kauffeld, S., Meinecke, A. L., & Ebner, K. (2016). Why do adaptable people feel less insecure? Indirect effects of career adaptability on job and career insecurity via two types of perceived marketability. Journal of Career Assessment, 24(2), 289-306.

Steiger, J. H. (1990). Structural model evaluation and modification: An interval estimation approach. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 25(2), 173-180.

Stewart Jr, W. H., Watson, W. E., Carland, J. C., & Carland, J. W. (1999). A proclivity for entrepreneurship: A comparison of entrepreneurs, small business owners, and corporate managers. Journal of Business Venturing, 14(2), 189-214.

Sullivan, D. M., & Meek, W. R. (2012). Gender and entrepreneurship: a review and process model. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 27(5), 428-458.

Sullivan Mort, G., & Weerawardena, J. (2006). Networking capability and international entrepreneurship: How networks function in Australian born global firms. International Marketing Review, 23(5), 549-572.

Sullivan, S. E. (1999). The changing nature of careers: A review and research agenda. Journal of Management, 25(3), 457-484.

Sullivan, S. E., & Arthur, M. B. (2006). The evolution of the boundaryless career concept: Examining physical and psychological mobility. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 69(1), 19-29.

Sullivan, S. E., Carden, W. A., & Martin, D. F. (1998). Careers in the next millennium: Directions for future research. Human Resource Management Review, 8(2), 165-185.

Super, D. E., & Knasel, E. G. (1981). Career development in adulthood: Some theoretical problems and a possible solution. British Journal of Guidance and Counselling, 9(2), 194-201.

Tolentino, L. R., Sedoglavich, V., Lu, V. N., Garcia, P. R. J. M., & Restubog, S. L. D. (2014). The role of career adaptability in predicting entrepreneurial intentions: A moderated mediation model. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 85(3), 403-412.

Tubbs, M. E., & Ekeberg, S. E. (1991). The role of intentions in work motivation: Implications for goal-setting theory and research. Academy of Management Review, 16(1), 180-199.

Tucker III, I. B. (1988). Entrepreneurs and public-sector employees: the role of achievement motivation and risk in occupational choice. The Journal of Economic Education, 19(3), 259-268.

Tversky, A., & Kahneman, D. (1992). Advances in prospect theory: Cumulative representation of uncertainty. Journal of Risk and Uncertainty, 5(4), 297-323.

Ucbasaran, D., Westhead, P., & Wright, M. (2009). The extent and nature of opportunity identification by experienced entrepreneurs. Journal of Business Venturing, 24(2), 99-115.

Urbanaviciute, I., Pociute, B., Kairys, A., & Liniauskaite, A. (2016). Perceived career barriers and vocational outcomes among university undergraduates: Exploring mediation and moderation effects. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 92, 12-21.

Uy, M. A., Chan, K. Y., Sam, Y. L., Ho, M. H. R., & Chernyshenko, O. S. (2015). Proactivity, adaptability and boundaryless career attitudes: The mediating role of entrepreneurial alertness. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 86, 115-123.

Uygur, U. (2016). An Analogy Explanation for the Evaluation of Entrepreneurial Opportunities. Journal of Small Business Management. doi: doi.org/10.1111/jsbm.12321

Van Gelderen, M., Brand, M., Van Praag, M., Bodewes, W., Poutsma, E., & Van Gils, A. (2008). Explaining entrepreneurial intentions by means of the theory of planned behaviour. Career Development International, 13(6), 538-559.
Venkataraman, S. (1997). The distinctive domain of entrepreneurship research. Advances in Entrepreneurship, Firm Emergence and Growth, 3(1), 119-138.
Waterman Jr., R., Waterman, J., & Collard, B. A. (1994). Toward a career resilient workforce. Harvard Business Review, 72(4), 87-95.
Wiseman, R. M., Gomez-Mejia, L. R., & Fugate, M. (2000). Rethinking compensation risk. In S. L. Rynes & B. Gerhart (Eds.), Compensation in Organizations (pp. 311-350). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Yang, Z.B., (2017, Sep). Highest within six years. 94% of people had a dream to startup and a goal to earn 87000 thousands. Retrieve from: https://www.yes123.com.tw/admin/white_paper/index_detail.asp?id=20170926141124
Zacher, H., Ambiel, R. A., & Noronha, A. P. P. (2015). Career adaptability and career entrenchment. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 88, 164-173.
Zhao, H., Seibert, S. E., & Hills, G. E. (2005). The mediating role of self-efficacy in the development of entrepreneurial intentions. Journal of Applied Psychology, 90(6), 1265-1272.
Zhao, H., Seibert, S. E., & Lumpkin, G. T. (2010). The relationship of personality to entrepreneurial intentions and performance: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Management, 36(2), 381-404.