研究生: |
黃子菀 Huang, Tzu-Yu |
---|---|
論文名稱: |
急性多面向健身運動對認知功能之效果:事件關聯電位研究 The Effects of Acute Multi-Modal Exercise on Cognitive Function: An Event-Related Potential Study |
指導教授: |
張育愷
Chang, Yu-Kai |
口試委員: |
朱奕華
Chu, I-Hua 季力康 Chi, Li-Kang 張育愷 Chang, Yu-Kai |
口試日期: | 2023/01/31 |
學位類別: |
碩士 Master |
系所名稱: |
體育與運動科學系 Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences |
論文出版年: | 2023 |
畢業學年度: | 111 |
語文別: | 中文 |
論文頁數: | 56 |
中文關鍵詞: | 混合健身運動 、多成分健身運動 、冥想 、執行功能 、抑制控制 |
英文關鍵詞: | combine exercise, multi-components, meditation, executive function, inhibition |
研究方法: | 實驗設計法 |
DOI URL: | http://doi.org/10.6345/NTNU202300074 |
論文種類: | 學術論文 |
相關次數: | 點閱:221 下載:0 |
分享至: |
查詢本校圖書館目錄 查詢臺灣博碩士論文知識加值系統 勘誤回報 |
過去研究指出,急性健身運動有助於認知功能,並提及該效益受到運動型態的調節。多面向健身運動乃是將健身運動與其他針對認知功能相關之非藥物介入 (如冥想、音樂、認知訓練等) 結合之型態,其對於認知功能之促進漸在研究中顯現,甚至表明該效益更勝傳統型態之健身運動 (即:有氧健身運動、阻力健身運動)。然而現今相關研究數量仍有限,部分研究亦存在缺乏控制組/情境、參與者較少或運動時間較短等研究設計限制,整體仍待投入發展。有鑑於此,本研究之目的即聚焦此議題進行深究,旨在探討急性多面向健身運動對於認知功能表現之影響,並配合神經生理指標—P3之探討,亦納入有氧健身運動,比較不同型態健身運動之效果,期能拓展領域知識。研究將84名大學生隨機分派至多面向健身運動組、有氧健身運動組與觀看影片之控制組,分別進行35分鐘之介入,並在介入前、15分鐘後進行叫色測驗結合事件關聯電位之檢測。結果顯示,兩組健身運動介入後於叫色測驗各情境反應時間皆較控制組快,而兩組無差異;P3振幅的變化則僅有氧健身運動後有顯著效果,顯示相較控制組有較大之P3振幅。當前研究支持多面向健身運動對於認知功能行為表現之促進,但或許需要足夠之運動強度才能有效影響P3指標,期待未來研究進一步針對多面向健身運動組成和變項之劑量關係進行探討,並結合生理指標等機制之探究,以使相關處方更臻完整。
Acute exercise could facilitate cognitive function, yet the benefits were shown to have been affected by moderators, including the exercise type. Studies have shown that multi-modal exercise, an exercise that combines fitness and health factors related to cognitive functions (e.g. meditation, cognitive training), has the potential for promoting cognitive benefits, even better than traditional exercise types (i.e. aerobic and resistance exercise). However, the number of relevant studies are still under development, and some design limitations, such as a lack of control comparisons, fewer participants, and shorter exercise times, need to be addressed. More research investment is needed, so the present study aimed to explore the effects of acute multi-modal exercise on cognitive function and the P3 component of event-related potentials (ERP). An aerobic exercise group was included in order to compare the effects of different exercise types. 80 young adults were assigned randomly to multi-modal exercise (including physical fitness, sports fitness, and mindfulness meditation), aerobic exercise (riding a stationary bike), or control groups (watching a video). The intervention was performed for 35 minutes with heartbeats recorded, and a Stroop task combined with ERP was conducted before and 15 minutes after the intervention. Findings indicated that, compared to the control group, reaction times during all Stroop conditions were significantly faster following both exercise groups, with similar benefits. About P3 amplitude, only the aerobic exercise group showed a significant difference (a larger P3 amplitude) compared with the control group. The present study highlighted that multi-modal exercise could bring improvements in cognitive performance, but sufficient exercise intensity may be important to effectively affect P3 indicators.
張育愷、吳聰義 (2011)。急性健身運動對認知功能的影響:事件相關電位的文獻回顧 [Effects of acute exercise on cognitive function: A review of event-related potentials]。體育學報,44(1),1–28。https://doi.org/10.6222/pej.4401.201103.0901
張緯、洪巧菱 (2022)。運動對認知功能影響之文獻回顧:認知負荷強度視角 [A literature review of exercise intervention impacts on cognitive function: A perspective of cognitive load]。臺灣運動心理學報,22(2),55–85。https://doi.org/10.6497/BSEPT.202207_22(2).0003
Bailey, B. W., Muir, A. M., Bartholomew, C. L., Christensen, W. F., Carbine, K. A., Marsh, H., LaCouture, H., McCutcheon, C., & Larson, M. J. (2021). The impact of exercise intensity on neurophysiological indices of food-related inhibitory control and cognitive control: A randomized crossover event-related potential (ERP) study. Neuroimage, 237, 118162. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.118162
Budde, H., Voelcker-Rehage, C., Pietrabyk-Kendziorra, S., Ribeiro, P., & Tidow, G. (2008). Acute coordinative exercise improves attentional performance in adolescents. Neuroscience Letters, 441(2), 219–223. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2008.06.024
Cadore, E. L., Rodríguez-Mañas, L., Sinclair, A., & Izquierdo, M. (2013). Effects of different exercise interventions on risk of falls, gait ability, and balance in physically frail older adults: A systematic review. Rejuvenation Research, 16(2), 105–114. https://doi.org/10.1089/rej.2012.1397
Cahn, B. R., & Polich, J. (2006). Meditation states and traits: EEG, ERP, and neuroimaging studies. Psychological Bulletin, 132(2), 180–211. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.132.2.180
Carbonell-Hernandez, L., Ballester-Ferrer, J. A., Sitges-Macia, E., Bonete-Lopez, B., Roldan, A., Cervello, E., & Pastor, D. (2022). Different exercise types produce the same acute inhibitory control improvements when the subjective intensity is equal. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(15), 9748. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19159748
Chalfont, G., Milligan, C., & Simpson, J. (2020). A mixed methods systematic review of multimodal non-pharmacological interventions to improve cognition for people with dementia. Dementia (London), 19(4), 1086–1130. https://doi.org/10.1177/1471301218795289
Chang, H., Kim, K., Jung, Y. J., & Kato, M. (2017). Effects of acute high-Intensity resistance exercise on cognitive function and oxygenation in prefrontal cortex. Journal of Exercise Nutrition & Biochemistry, 21(2), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.20463/jenb.2017.0012
Chang, Y. K., Alderman, B. L., Chu, C. H., Wang, C. C., Song, T. F., & Chen, F. T. (2017). Acute exercise has a general facilitative effect on cognitive function: A combined ERP temporal dynamics and BDNF study. Psychophysiology, 54, 289–300. https://doi.org/10.1111/psyp.12784
Chang, Y. K., Erickson, K. I., Stamatakis, E., & Hung, T. M. (2019). How the 2018 US physical activity guidelines are a call to promote and better understand acute physical activity for cognitive function gains. Sports Medicine, 49(11), 1625–1627. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-019-01190-x
Chang, Y. K., Labban, J. D., Gapin, J. I., & Etnier, J. L. (2012). The effects of acute exercise on cognitive performance: A meta-analysis. Brain Research, 1453, 87–101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2012.02.068
Chen, R., Wang, S., Fan, Y., Liu, X., Wang, J., Lv, Y., Wang, D., Wu, D., Cao, W., & Zou, Q. (2022). Acute Tai Chi Chuan exercise enhances sustained attention and elicits increased cuneus/precuneus activation in young adults. Cerebral cortex (New York, N.Y. : 1991), bhac254. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhac254
Chu, C. H., Kramer, A. F., Song, T. F., Wu, C. H., Hung, T. M., & Chang, Y. K. (2017). Acute exercise and neurocognitive development in preadolescents and young adults: An ERP study. Neural Plasticity, 2017, 2631909. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/2631909
Deepeshwar, S., Vinchurkar, S. A., Visweswaraiah, N. K., & Nagendra, H. R. (2014). Hemodynamic responses on prefrontal cortex related to meditation and attentional task. Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience, 8, 252. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnsys.2014.00252
Delgado-Pastor, L. C., Perakakis, P., Subramanya, P., Telles, S., & Vila, J. (2013). Mindfulness (Vipassana) meditation: Effects on P3b event-related potential and heart rate variability. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 90(2), 207–214. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2013.07.006
Douris, P. C., Handrakis, J. P., Apergis, D., Mangus, R. B., Patel, R., Limtao, J., Platonova, S., Gregorio, A., & Luty, E. (2018). The effects of aerobic exercise and gaming on cognitive performance. Journal of Human Kinetics, 61, 73–83. https://doi.org/10.1515/hukin-2017-0134
Dresler, M., Sandberg, A., Bublitz, C., Ohla, K., Trenado, C., Mroczko-Wąsowicz, A., Kühn, S., & Repantis, D. (2019). Hacking the brain: Dimensions of cognitive enhancement. ACS Chemical Neuroscience, 10(3), 1137–1148. https://doi.org/10.1021/acschemneuro.8b00571
Edwards, M. K., & Loprinzi, P. D. (2018). Experimental effects of acute exercise and meditation on parameters of cognitive function. Journal of Clinical Mmedicine, 7(6), 125. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm7060125
Edwards, M. K., & Loprinzi, P. D. (2019). Affective responses to acute bouts of aerobic exercise, mindfulness meditation, and combinations of exercise and meditation: A randomized controlled intervention. Psychological Reports, 122(2), 465–484. https://doi.org/10.1177/0033294118755099
Edwards, M. K., Rosenbaum, S., & Loprinzi, P. D. (2018). Differential experimental effects of a short bout of walking, meditation, or combination of walking and meditation on state anxiety among young adults. American Journal of Health Promotion, 32(4), 949–958. https://doi.org/10.1177/0890117117744913
Elferink-Gemser, M. T., Faber, I. R., Visscher, C., Hung, T. M., de Vries, S. J., & Nijhuis-Van der Sanden, M. W. G. (2018). Higher-level cognitive functions in Dutch elite and sub-elite table tennis players. PLoS One, 13(11), e0206151. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0206151
Etnier, J. L., & Chang, Y. K. (2009). The effect of physical activity on executive function: A brief commentary on definitions, measurement issues, and the current state of the literature. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 31(4), 469–483. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.31.4.469
Etnier, J. L., & Chang, Y. K. (2019). Exercise, cognitive function, and the brain: Advancing our understanding of complex relationships. Journal of Sport and Health Science, 8(4), 299–300. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jshs.2019.03.008
Etnier, J. L., Salazar, W., Landers, D. M., Petruzzello, S. J., Han, M., & Nowell, P. (1997). The influence of physical fitness and exercise upon cognitive functioning: A meta-analysis. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 19(3), 249. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.19.3.249 10.1123/jsep.19.3.249
Fabiani, M., Gratton, G., & Federmeier, K. D. (2007). Event-related brain potentials: Methods, theory, and applications. In J. T. Cacioppo, L. G. Tassinary, & G. G. Berntson (Eds.), Handbook of psychophysiology (pp. 85–119). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511546396.004
Fisher, G. G., Chacon, M., & Chaffee, D. S. (2019). Chapter 2 - Theories of Cognitive Aging and Work. In B. B. Baltes, C. W. Rudolph, & H. Zacher (Eds.), Work Across the Lifespan (pp. 17–45). Academic Press. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-812756-8.00002-5
Formenti, D., Cavaggioni, L., Duca, M., Trecroci, A., Rapelli, M., Alberti, G., Komar, J., & Iodice, P. (2020). Acute effect of exercise on cognitive performance in middle-aged adults: aerobic versus balance. Journal of Physical Activity & Health, 1–8. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1123/jpah.2020-0005
Gallant, S. N. (2016). Mindfulness meditation practice and executive functioning: Breaking down the benefit. Consciousness and Cognition, 40, 116–130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.concog.2016.01.005
Gothe, N., Pontifex, M. B., Hillman, C., & McAuley, E. (2013). The acute effects of yoga on executive function. Journal of Physical Activity & Health, 10(4), 488–495. https://doi.org/10.1123/jpah.10.4.488
Gothe, N. P., & McAuley, E. (2015). Yoga and cognition: a meta-analysis of chronic and acute effects. Psychosomatic Medicine, 77(7), 784–797. https://doi.org/10.1097/psy.0000000000000218
Haas, P., Sudeck, G., Kelava, A., Cattarius, M., Meibohm, M., Schmid, J., Kistoglidou, E., & Gawrilow, C. (2022). Acute effects of a motor coordination intervention on executive functions in kindergartners: A proof-of-concept randomized controlled trial. Pilot and Feasibility Studies, 8(1), 185. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40814-022-01125-w
Hillman, C., Kamijo, K., Pontifex, M. (2012). The relation of ERP indices of exercise to brain health and cognition. In: Boecker, H., Hillman, C., Scheef, L., Strüder, H. (eds) Functional Neuroimaging in Exercise and Sport Sciences. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-3293-7_18
Hsieh, S. S., Huang, C. J., Wu, C. T., Chang, Y. K., & Hung, T. M. (2018). Acute exercise facilitates the N450 inhibition marker and P3 attention marker during Stroop test in young and older adults. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 7(11), 391. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm7110391
Hyodo, K., Jindo, T., Suwabe, K., Soya, H., & Nagamatsu, T. (2019). Acute effects of light-intensity, slow-tempo aerobic dance exercise on mood and executive function in older adults. Bulletin of the Physical Fitness Research Institute, 117, 8–16. https://doi.org/10.20793/tairyokukenkyu.117.0_8
Izzetoglu, M., Shewokis, P. A., Tsai, K., Dantoin, P., Sparango, K., & Min, K. (2020). Short-term effects of meditation on sustained attention as measured by fNIRS. Brain Sciences, 10(9), 608. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci10090608
Ji, Z., Feng, T., Mei, L., Li, A., & Zhang, C. (2019). Influence of acute combined physical and cognitive exercise on cognitive function: An NIRS study. PeerJ, 7, e7418. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.7418
Jiang, S., Qu, C., Wang, F., Liu, Y., Qiao, Z., Qiu, X., Yang, X., & Yang, Y. (2015). Using event-related potential P300 as an electrophysiological marker for differential diagnosis and to predict the progression of mild cognitive impairment: A meta-analysis. Neurological Sciences, 36(7), 1105–1112. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10072-015-2099-z
Kabat-Zinn, J. (2003). Mindfulness-based interventions in context: Past, present, and future. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 10, 144–156. https://doi.org/10.1093/clipsy.bpg016
Kamijo, K., Nishihira, Y., Hatta, A., Kaneda, T., Wasaka, T., Kida, T., & Kuroiwa, K. (2004). Differential influences of exercise intensity on information processing in the central nervous system. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 92(3), 305–311. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-004-1097-2
Kamijo, K., Nishihira, Y., Higashiura, T., & Kuroiwa, K. (2007). The interactive effect of exercise intensity and task difficulty on human cognitive processing. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 65(2), 114–121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2007
.04.001
Kang, Y., Gruber, J., & Gray, J. R. (2012). Mindfulness and de-automatization. Emotion Review, 5(2), 192–201. https://doi.org/10.1177/1754073912451629
Kao, S. C., Cadenas-Sanchez, C., Shigeta, T. T., Walk, A. M., Chang, Y. K., Pontifex, M. B., & Hillman, C. H. (2020). A systematic review of physical activity and cardiorespiratory fitness on P3b. Psychophysiology, 57(7), e13425. https://doi.org/10.1111/psyp.13425
Kao, S. C., Westfall, D. R., Soneson, J., Gurd, B., & Hillman, C. H. (2017). Comparison of the acute effects of high-intensity interval training and continuous aerobic walking on inhibitory control. Psychophysiology, 54(9), 1335–1345. https://doi.org/10.1111/psyp.12889
Khalsa, S., Rudrauf, D., Davidson, R., & Tranel, D. (2015). The effect of meditation on regulation of internal body state. Frontiers in Psychology, 6, 924. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00924
Kiely, K. M. (2014). Cognitive Function. In A. C. Michalos (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Quality of Life and Well-Being Research (pp. 974–978). Springer Netherlands. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-0753-5_426
Kimura, D., Hosokawa, T., Ujikawa, T., & Ito, T. (2022). Effects of different exercise intensities on prefrontal activity during a dual task. Science Reports, 12(1), 13008. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-17172-5
Kimura, K., & Hozumi, N. (2012). Investigating the acute effect of an aerobic dance exercise program on neuro-cognitive function in the elderly. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 13(5), 623–629. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2012.04.001
Lövdén, M., Fratiglioni, L., Glymour, M. M., Lindenberger, U., & Tucker-Drob, E. M. (2020). Education and cognitive functioning across the life span. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 21(1), 6–41. https://doi.org/10.1177/1529100620920576
Lambourne, K., & Tomporowski, P. (2010). The effect of exercise-induced arousal on cognitive task performance: A meta-regression analysis. Brain Research, 1341, 12–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2010.03.091
Liu, P., & Li, Z. (2012). Task complexity: A review and conceptualization framework. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 42(6), 553–568. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ergon.2012.09.001
Ludyga, S., Gerber, M., Brand, S., Holsboer-Trachsler, E., & Pühse, U. (2016). Acute effects of moderate aerobic exercise on specific aspects of executive function in different age and fitness groups: A meta-analysis. Psychophysiology, 53(11), 1611–1626. https://doi.org/10.1111/psyp.12736
Luu, K., & Hall, P. A. (2017). Examining the acute effects of hatha yoga and mindfulness meditation on executive function and mood. Mindfulness, 8(4), 873–880. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-016-0661-2
Müller, C., Dubiel, D., Kremeti, E., Lieb, M., Streicher, E., Siakir Oglou, N., Mickel, C., & Karbach, J. (2021). Effects of a single physical or mindfulness intervention on mood, attention, and executive functions: Results from two randomized controlled studies in university classes. Mindfulness, 12(5), 1282–1293. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-021-01601-z
Mahmood, L., Hopthrow, T., & Randsley de Moura, G. (2016). A moment of mindfulness: computer-mediated mindfulness practice increases state mindfulness. PLoS One, 11(4), e0153923. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0153923
McMorris, T., & Hale, B. J. (2012). Differential effects of differing intensities of acute exercise on speed and accuracy of cognition: A meta-analytical investigation. Brain and Cognition, 80(3), 338–351. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bandc.2012.09.001
Moore, A., Gruber, T., Derose, J., & Malinowski, P. (2012). Regular, brief mindfulness meditation practice improves electrophysiological markers of attentional control. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 6, 18. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2012.00018
Murphy, P. R., Robertson, I. H., Balsters, J. H., & O'Connell R, G. (2011). Pupillometry and P3 index the locus coeruleus-noradrenergic arousal function in humans. Psychophysiology, 48(11), 1532–1543. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8986.2011.01226.x
Nouchi, R., & Kawashima, R. (2014). Improving cognitive function from children to old age: A systematic review of recent smart ageing intervention studies. Advances in Neuroscience, 2014, 235479. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/235479
Nouchi, R., Nouchi, H., & Kawashima, R. (2020). A single 30 minutes bout of combination physical exercises improved inhibition and vigor-mood in middle-aged and older females: Evidence from a randomized controlled trial. Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience, 12, 179. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnagi.2020.00179
Nouchi, R., Taki, Y., Takeuchi, H., Sekiguchi, A., Hashizume, H., Nozawa, T., Nouchi, H., & Kawashima, R. (2014). Four weeks of combination exercise training improved executive functions, episodic memory, and processing speed in healthy elderly people: Evidence from a randomized controlled trial. Age (Dordr), 36(2), 787–799. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11357-013-9588-x
O'Leary, K. C., Pontifex, M. B., Scudder, M. R., Brown, M. L., & Hillman, C. H. (2011). The effects of single bouts of aerobic exercise, exergaming, and videogame play on cognitive control. Clinical Neurophysiology, 122(8), 1518–1525. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2011.01.049
Pedersen, B. K., & Saltin, B. (2015). Exercise as medicine – evidence for prescribing exercise as therapy in 26 different chronic diseases. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 25(S3), 1–72. https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.12581
Pesce, C. (2012). Shifting the focus from quantitative to qualitative exercise characteristics in exercise and cognition research. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 34(6), 766–786. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.34.6.766
Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee . U.S. Department of Health and Human Services; Washington, DC: 2018. 2018 Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee Scientific Report.
Piercy, K. L., Troiano, R. P., Ballard, R. M., Carlson, S. A., Fulton, J. E., Galuska, D. A., George, S. M., & Olson, R. D. (2018). The physical activity guidelines for Americans. Jama, 320(19), 2020–2028. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2018.14854
Polich, J. (2007). Updating P300: An integrative theory of P3a and P3b. Clinical Neurophysiology, 118(10), 2128–2148. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2007.04.019
Pontifex, M. B., McGowan, A. L., Chandler, M. C., Gwizdala, K. L., Parks, A. C., Fenn, K., & Kamijo, K. (2019). A primer on investigating the after effects of acute bouts of physical activity on cognition. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 40, 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2018.08.015
Reimann, Z., Miller, J. R., Dahle, K. M., Hooper, A. P., Young, A. M., Goates, M. C., Magnusson, B. M., & Crandall, A. (2020). Executive functions and health behaviors associated with the leading causes of death in the United States: A systematic review. Journal of Health Psychology, 25(2), 186–196. https://doi.org/10.1177/1359105318800829
Robinson, P. (2001). Task complexity, task difficulty, and task production: Exploring interactions in a componential framework. Applied Linguistics, 22(1), 27–57. https://doi.org/10.1093/applin/22.1.27
Sharma, H. (2015). Meditation: Process and effects. Ayu, 36(3), 233–237. https://doi.org/10.4103/0974-8520.182756
Taylor, L., Watkins, S. L., Marshall, H., Dascombe, B. J., & Foster, J. (2016). The impact of different environmental conditions on cognitive function: a focused revie. Frontiers in Physiology, 6, 372. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2015.00372
Telles, S., Singh, D., Naveen, K. V., Pailoor, S., Singh, N., & Pathak, S. (2019). P300 and heart rate variability recorded simultaneously in meditation. Clinical EEG and Neuroscience, 50(3), 161–171. https://doi.org/10.1177/1550059418790717
Thompson, W. (2022) Worldwide Survey of Fitness Trends for 2022. ACSM's Health & Fitness Journal, 26(1), 11-20, 1/2 2022. |https://doi.org/10.1249/FIT.0000000000000732
Tucker-Drob, E. M. (2019). Cognitive aging and dementia: A life span perspective. Annual Review of Developmental Psychology, 1, 177–196. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-devpsych-121318-085204
Venegas-Sanabria, L. C., Cavero-Redondo, I., Martínez-Vizcaino, V., Cano-Gutierrez, C. A., & Álvarez-Bueno, C. (2022). Effect of multicomponent exercise in cognitive impairment: A systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Geriatrics, 22(1), 617. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-022-03302-1
Verburgh, L., Königs, M., Scherder, E. J., & Oosterlaan, J. (2014). Physical exercise and executive functions in preadolescent children, adolescents and young adults: A meta-analysis. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 48(12), 973–979. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2012-091441
Wang, C. C., Alderman, B., Wu, C. H., Chi, L., Chen, S. R., Chu, I. H., & Chang, Y. K. (2019). Effects of acute aerobic and resistance exercise on cognitive function and salivary cortisol responses. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 41(2), 73–81. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.2018-0244
Wilke, J., Giesche, F., Klier, K., Vogt, L., Herrmann, E., & Banzer, W. (2019). Acute effects of resistance exercise on cognitive function in healthy adults: A systematic review with multilevel meta-analysis. Sports Medicine, 49(6), 905–916. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-019-01085-x
Won, J., Wu, S., Ji, H., Smith, J. C., & Park, J. (2017). Executive function and the P300 after treadmill exercise and futsal in college soccer players. Sports (Basel), 5(4), 73. https://doi.org/10.3390/sports5040073
Wu, C. H., Karageorghis, C. I., Wang, C. C., Chu, C. H., Kao, S. C., Hung, T. M., & Chang, Y. K. (2019). Effects of acute aerobic and resistance exercise on executive function: An ERP study. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 22(12), 1367–1372. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2019.07.009
Zhang, X., Zong, B., Zhao, W., & Li, L. (2021). Effects of mind–body exercise on brain structure and function: A systematic review on MRI studies. Brain Sciences, 11(2), 205. https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/11/2/205