Basic Search / Detailed Display

Author: 蕭方慈
Siao, Fang-Cih
Thesis Title: 以事件關聯電位探討多面向健身運動對執行功能之影響
The Effects of Multi-modal Exercises on Executive Functions: An ERP Study
Advisor: 張育愷
Chang, Yu-Kai
Committee: 黃崇儒
Huang, Chung-Ju
洪聰敏
Hung, Tsung-Min
Approval Date: 2021/06/29
Degree: 碩士
Master
Department: 體育學系
Department of Physical Education
Thesis Publication Year: 2021
Academic Year: 109
Language: 中文
Number of pages: 75
Keywords (in Chinese): 多面向健身運動執行功能社交互動抑制
Keywords (in English): multi-modal exercises, executive functions, social interaction, inhibition
Research Methods: 準實驗設計法
DOI URL: http://doi.org/10.6345/NTNU202100962
Thesis Type: Academic thesis/ dissertation
Reference times: Clicks: 115Downloads: 17
Share:
School Collection Retrieve National Library Collection Retrieve Error Report
  • 研究顯示健身運動與執行功能之間有正向關聯,而近年發現不同型態的健身運動與健康因子相結合亦對執行功能有正面的影響。此外,在系統性回顧與統合分析中發現相較於單一的健身運動,多面向健身運動對執行功能可能有較佳的效果,然而很少有研究同時探討不同成分的多面向健身運動對執行功能與事件關聯電位之影響。為此,本研究以事件關聯電位角度探討多面向健身運動對執行功能之影響,並同時量測身體適能。本研究採用準實驗設計之方法,總共招募48名健康大學生並分配到多面向健身運動組(有氧健身運動、柔軟度訓練、阻力健身運動、社交互動以及體適能知能)與太極拳組(伸展、阻力健身運動與社交互動),進行每周100分鐘、為期12週的介入。每位參與者在介入前與介入後皆以叫色測驗、次最大腳踏車測驗、屈膝仰臥起坐與坐姿體前彎等測驗,評估其執行功能、心肺適能、肌肉適能以及柔軟度,並同時記錄腦波資料。以介入前的數據作為共同變量進行控制後,結果發現與太極拳組相比,多面向健身運動組在叫色測驗的所有情境(中性、一致與不一致)之反應時間顯著減少,而在正確率上兩組沒有顯著差異;在事件關聯電位方面,多面向健身運動組與太極拳組之間在P3振幅沒有顯著差異;此外,在心肺適能方面兩組雖無顯著差異,但多面向健身運動組的肌肉適能與柔軟度皆顯著優於太極拳組。這些結果表明,兩組之間的心肺適能與P3振幅雖沒有顯著差異,但多面向健身運動可顯著提升行為表現,意即相較於太極拳組,為期12週的多面向健身運動可以有較佳之肌肉適能、柔軟度與執行功能。因此,本研究結果有利於提供增進年輕族群之身體適能與執行功能方面的運動處方,並鼓勵年輕族群規律的從事多面向健身運動,以提升不同面向的身體適能與認知表現。

    Exercise has been linked to executive functions, while exercise combined with more than one component has a positive effect on executive functions. Recent studies have shown that multi-modal exercises (MME) have better effects on executive functions compared to any single type of exercise. However, few studies explored the effects of MME with different components on executive functions and event-related potential (ERP) simultaneously. Therefore, the aim of the current study was to compare the effects of two MMEs with different components on executive functions and ERP. In addition, this study was assessed by physical fitness. Applying a quasi-experimental design, forty-eight university students were recruited and assigned into experimental MME group (aerobic exercise, flexibility training, resistance exercise, social interaction, and fitness knowledge) or tai chi group (stretching, resistance exercise, and social interaction). The intervention included one session per week and lasted for 12 weeks. All of the participants have completed the physical fitness test including the YMCA submaximal ergometer test, crunch, and the sit and reach test. Subsequently finished the Stroop test and the P3 component of ERPs were measured prior to and following the intervention. Adjusted pre-test scores as a covariate, it was found that the physical fitness of the MME group including muscular fitness, flexibility in post-test were better than the tai chi group. The reaction times in all conditions (eg. Neu., Cong., and Incong.) of the Stroop test were shorter than the tai chi group. These results suggested that the 12-week MME can enhance executive functions, muscular fitness, and flexibility compared with the tai chi group. We have found the beneficial effects of MME on both basic information processing and inhibition. Notably, MME may be associated with more positive effects and provide the foundation for establishing exercise prescription regarding executive functions for the young adult population.

    謝辭 i 中文摘要 ii 英文摘要 iii 目 次 iv 表 次 vi 圖 次 vii 第壹章 緒論 1 第一節 研究背景 1 第二節 研究目的 7 第三節 研究假設 7 第四節 操作性名詞定義解釋 8 第貳章 文獻探討 10 第一節 健身運動對執行功能之影響 10 第二節 多面向健身運動對執行功能與身體適能之影響 13 第三節 健身運動與社交互動對執行功能之影響 17 第四節 體適能知能對執行功能之影響 18 第五節 多面向健身運動對事件關聯電位之影響 19 第六節 文獻總結 21 第參章 研究方法與步驟 22 第一節 研究架構 22 第二節 研究對象 23 第三節 多面向健身運動介入設計 24 第四節 研究工具 26 第五節 研究設計與流程 33 第六節 資料處理與分析 36 第肆章 結果 40 第一節 參與者背景變項 40 第二節 多面向健身運動對體適能知能問卷分數之影響 41 第三節 多面向健身運動對身體適能指標之影響 43 第四節 多面向健身運動對叫色測驗表現之影響 46 第五節 多面向健身運動對事件關聯電位P3振幅之影響 51 第伍章 討論 54 第一節 多面向健身運動對行為表現之影響 54 第二節 多面向健身運動對事件關聯電位表現之影響 61 第三節 研究限制與未來方向 63 第陸章 結論 64 引用文獻 65

    王駿濠、蔡佳良 (2011)。運動對改善大腦認知功能之效益評析。應用心理研究,50,191-216。

    宋岱芬、張育愷、林季燕 (2015)。肥胖與體適能對孩童認知功能之影響。中華體育季刊,29,229-236。

    張育愷、洪巧菱 (2010)。身體活動與認知功能:對當代統合分析之回顧。國際競技與健身運動心理學期刊,8,491-511。

    張育愷、吳聰義 (2011)。急性健身運動對認知功能的影響事件相關電位的文獻回顧。體育學報,44,1-28。

    陳豐慈、黃植懋、王俊智、張育愷 (2018)。身體活動與老年大腦功能:功能性磁共振造影的研究回顧。教育心理學報,50,363-388。

    陳豐慈、張育愷、齊璘 (2018)。健身運動對倫敦塔作業之影響:文獻回顧與未來展望。中華體育季刊,32,63-73。

    陳豐慈、詹貴惠、馮勝賢、吳聰義、高士竣、張育愷 (2019)。新觀點:健身運動與營養補充劑對認知老化之影響。體育學報,52,1-15。

    齊璘、陳豐慈、祝堅恆、張育愷 (2014)。男大專生身體適能與認知功能之關聯。大專體育學刊,16,311-320。

    蕭方慈、陳豐慈、念裕祥、林季燕、楊高騰、張育愷 (2021)。多面向健身運動訓練與老年人認知功能之文獻回顧。臺灣運動心理學報,1,1-20。

    闕廷宇、謝潄石、黃崇儒、洪聰敏 (2016)。健身運動與工作記憶之文獻回顧-以研究方式及年齡層觀點探討。臺灣運動心理學報,16,119-149。

    Adcock, M., Fankhauser, M., Post, J., Lutz, K., Zizlsperger, L., Luft, A. R., . . . de Bruin, E. D. (2019). Effects of an in-home multicomponent exergame training on physical functions, cognition, and brain volume of older adults: A randomized controlled trial. Frontiers in Medicine, 6, 321.

    Albinet, C. T., Abou-Dest, A., André, N., & Audiffren, M. (2016). Executive functions improvement following a 5-month aquaerobics program in older adults: Role of cardiac vagal control in inhibition performance. Biological Psychology, 115, 69-77.

    Anderson, M. C., & Green, C. (2001). Suppressing unwanted memories by executive control. Nature, 410, 366-369.

    Banich, M. T. (2009). Executive function: The search for an integrated account. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 18, 89-94.

    Banich, M. T., Milham, M. P., Atchley, R., Cohen, N. J., Webb, A., Wszalek, T., . . . Magin, R. (2000). fMRI studies of Stroop tasks reveal unique roles of anterior and posterior brain systems in attentional selection. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 12, 988-1000.

    Berryman, N., Bherer, L., Nadeau, S., Lauzière, S., Lehr, L., Bobeuf, F., . . . Bosquet, L. (2014). Multiple roads lead to rome: Combined high-intensity aerobic and strength training vs. gross motor activities leads to equivalent improvement in executive functions in a cohort of healthy older adults. Age, 36, 9710.

    Blumenthal, J. A., Smith, P. J., Mabe, S., Hinderliter, A., Lin, P. H., Liao, L., . . . Sherwood, A. (2019). Lifestyle and neurocognition in older adults with cognitive impairments: A randomized trial. Neurology, 92, e212-e223.

    Boa Sorte Silva, N. C., Gill, D. P., & Petrella, R. J. (2020). A scoping review of multiple-modality exercise and cognition in older adults: Limitations and future directions. Current Sports Medicine Reports, 19, 298-325.

    Bouaziz, W., Lang, P. O., Schmitt, E., Kaltenbach, G., Geny, B., & Vogel, T. (2016). Health benefits of multicomponent training programmes in seniors: A systematic review. International Journal of Clinical Practice, 70, 520-536.

    Cardenas, V. A., Chao, L. L., Studholme, C., Yaffe, K., Miller, B. L., Madison, C., . . . Weiner, M. W. (2011). Brain atrophy associated with baseline and longitudinal measures of cognition. Neurobiology of Aging, 32, 572-580.

    Chang, J. Y., Tsai, P. F., Beck, C., Hagen, J. L., Huff, D. C., Anand, K. J., . . . Beuscher, L. (2011). The effect of tai chi on cognition in elders with cognitive impairment. Medsurg Nursing : Official journal of the Academy of Medical-Surgical Nurses, 20, 63-69.

    Chang, Y. K., Chu, I. H., Liu, J. H., Wu, C. H., Chu, C. H., Yang, K. T., & Chen, A. G. (2017). Exercise modality is differentially associated with neurocognition in older adults. Neural Plasticity, 2017, 3480413.

    Chang, Y. K., Nien, Y. H., Chen, A. G., & Yan, J. (2014). Tai ji quan, the brain, and cognition in older adults. Journal of Sport and Health Science, 3, 36-42.

    Chen, F. T., Etnier, J. L., Chan, K. H., Chiu, P. K., Hung, T. M., & Chang, Y. K. (2020). Effects of exercise training interventions on executive function in older adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Sports Medicine, 50, 1451-1467.

    Chen, F. T., Hopman, R. J., Huang, C. J., Chu, C. H., Hillman, C. H., Hung, T. M., & Chang, Y. K. (2020). The effect of exercise training on brain structure and function in older adults: A systematic review based on evidence from randomized control trials. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 9.

    Cheng, S. T. (2016). Cognitive reserve and the prevention of dementia: The role of physical and cognitive activities. Current Psychiatry Reports, 18, 85.

    Cohen, D. L., Wintering, N., Tolles, V., Townsend, R. R., Farrar, J. T., Galantino, M. L., & Newberg, A. B. (2009). Cerebral blood flow effects of yoga training: Preliminary evaluation of 4 cases. Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, 15, 9-14.

    Collins, A., & Koechlin, E. (2012). Reasoning, learning, and creativity: Frontal lobe function and human decision-making. PLoS Biology, 10, e1001293.

    Coubard, O. A., Duretz, S., Lefebvre, V., Lapalus, P., & Ferrufino, L. (2011). Practice of contemporary dance improves cognitive flexibility in aging. Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience, 3, 13.

    Dai, C. T., Chang, Y. K., Huang, C. J., & Hung, T. M. (2013). Exercise mode and executive function in older adults: An ERP study of task-switching. Brain and Cognition, 83, 153-162.

    Desjardins-Crépeau, L., Berryman, N., Fraser, S. A., Vu, T. T., Kergoat, M. J., Li, K. Z., . . . Bherer, L. (2016). Effects of combined physical and cognitive training on fitness and neuropsychological outcomes in healthy older adults. Clinical Interventions in Aging, 11, 1287-1299.

    Di Russo, F., Martínez, A., Sereno, M. I., Pitzalis, S., & Hillyard, S. A. (2002). Cortical sources of the early components of the visual evoked potential. Human Brain Mapping, 15, 95-111.

    Diamond, A. (2013). Executive functions. Annual Review of Psychology, 64, 135-168.

    Dohle, S., Diel, K., & Hofmann, W. (2018). Executive functions and the self-regulation of eating behavior: A review. Appetite, 124, 4-9.

    Fabiani, M., Gratton, G., & Federmeier, K. D. (2007). Event-related brain potentials: Methods, theory, and applications. Handbook of psychophysiology, 53-84.

    Falck, R. S., Davis, J. C., Best, J. R., Crockett, R. A., & Liu-Ambrose, T. (2019). Impact of exercise training on physical and cognitive function among older adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurobiology of Aging, 79, 119-130.

    Forte, R., Boreham, C. A. G., Leite, J. C., De Vito, G., Brennan, L., Gibney, E. R., & Pesce, C. (2013). Enhancing cognitive functioning in the elderly: Multicomponent vs resistance training. Clinical Interventions in Aging, 8, 19.

    Fortes, L. S., Costa, M. D. C., Perrier-Melo, R. J., Brito-Gomes, J. L., Nascimento-Júnior, J. R. A., de Lima-Júnior, D., & Cyrino, E. S. (2018). Effect of volume in resistance training on inhibitory control in young adults: A randomized and crossover investigation. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, 2028.

    Foverskov, E., Glymour, M. M., Mortensen, E. L., Holm, A., Lange, T., & Lund, R. (2018). Education and cognitive aging: Accounting for selection and confounding in linkage of data from the Danish registry and survey of health, ageing and retirement in Europe. American Journal of Epidemiology, 187, 2423-2430.

    Funahashi, S. (2001). Neuronal mechanisms of executive control by the prefrontal cortex. Neuroscience Research, 39, 147-165.

    Gajewski, P. D., Ferdinand, N. K., Kray, J., & Falkenstein, M. (2018). Understanding sources of adult age differences in task switching: Evidence from behavioral and ERP studies. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 92, 255-275.

    Hötting, K., Reich, B., Holzschneider, K., Kauschke, K., Schmidt, T., Reer, R., . . . Röder, B. (2012). Differential cognitive effects of cycling versus stretching/coordination training in middle-aged adults. Health Psychology, 31, 145-155.

    Hayes, S. M., Forman, D. E., & Verfaellie, M. (2016). Cardiorespiratory fitness is associated with cognitive performance in older but not younger adults. The Journals of Gerontology. Series B, Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 71, 474-482.

    Herrmann, D. J., Yoder, C. Y., Gruneberg, M., & Payne, D. G. (2006). Applied cognitive psychology: A textbook. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.

    Hsieh, S. S., Lin, C. C., Chang, Y. K., Huang, C. J., & Hung, T. M. (2017). Effects of childhood gymnastics program on spatial working memory. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 49, 2537-2547.

    Huettel, S. A., & McCarthy, G. (2004). What is odd in the oddball task?: Prefrontal cortex is activated by dynamic changes in response strategy. Neuropsychologia, 42, 379-386.

    Imaoka, M., Nakao, H., Nakamura, M., Tazaki, F., Maebuchi, M., Ibuki, M., & Takeda, M. (2019). Effect of multicomponent exercise and nutrition support on the cognitive function of older adults: A randomized controlled trial. Clinical Interventions in Aging, 14, 2145-2153.

    Iuliano, E., di Cagno, A., Aquino, G., Fiorilli, G., Mignogna, P., Calcagno, G., & Di Costanzo, A. (2015). Effects of different types of physical activity on the cognitive functions and attention in older people: A randomized controlled study. Experimental Gerontology, 70, 105-110.

    Kao, S. C., Cadenas-Sanchez, C., Shigeta, T. T., Walk, A. M., Chang, Y. K., Pontifex, M. B., & Hillman, C. H. (2020). A systematic review of physical activity and cardiorespiratory fitness on P3b. Psychophysiology, 57, e13425.

    Kramer, A. F., & Erickson, K. I. (2007). Capitalizing on cortical plasticity: Influence of physical activity on cognition and brain function. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 11, 342-348.

    Kueper, J. K., Speechley, M., Lingum, N. R., & Montero-Odasso, M. (2017). Motor function and incident dementia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Age Ageing, 46, 729-738.

    Kuiper, J. S., Zuidersma, M., Zuidema, S. U., Burgerhof, J. G., Stolk, R. P., Oude Voshaar, R. C., & Smidt, N. (2016). Social relationships and cognitive decline: A systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal cohort studies. International Journal of Epidemiology, 45, 1169-1206.

    Kujach, S., Byun, K., Hyodo, K., Suwabe, K., Fukuie, T., Laskowski, R., . . . Soya, H. (2018). A transferable high-intensity intermittent exercise improves executive performance in association with dorsolateral prefrontal activation in young adults. Neuroimage, 169, 117-125.

    Lambiase, M. J., Gabriel, K. P., Kuller, L. H., & Matthews, K. A. (2014). Sleep and executive function in older women: The moderating effect of physical activity. The Journals of Gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences, 69, 1170-1176.

    Lauenroth, A., Ioannidis, A. E., & Teichmann, B. (2016). Influence of combined physical and cognitive training on cognition: A systematic review. BMC Geriatrics, 16, 141.

    Laurens, K. R., Kiehl, K. A., & Liddle, P. F. (2005). A supramodal limbic-paralimbic-neocortical network supports goal-directed stimulus processing. Human Brain Mapping, 24, 35-49.

    Ligeza, T. S., Maciejczyk, M., Kałamała, P., Szygula, Z., & Wyczesany, M. (2018). Moderate-intensity exercise boosts the N2 neural inhibition marker: A randomized and counterbalanced ERP study with precisely controlled exercise intensity. Biological Psychology, 135, 170-179.

    Liu-Ambrose, T., Nagamatsu, L. S., Graf, P., Beattie, B. L., Ashe, M. C., & Handy, T. C. (2010). Resistance training and executive functions: A 12-month randomized controlled trial. Archives of Internal Medicine, 170, 170-178.

    Liu, J. H., Alderman, B. L., Song, T. F., Chen, F. T., Hung, T. M., & Chang, Y. K. (2018). A randomized controlled trial of coordination exercise on cognitive function in obese adolescents. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 34, 29-38.

    Lox, C. L., Ginis, K. A. M., & Petruzzello, S. J. (2016). The psychology of exercise: Integrating theory and practice. Taylor and Francis.

    Ludyga, S., Gerber, M., Kamijo, K., Brand, S., & Pühse, U. (2018). The effects of a school-based exercise program on neurophysiological indices of working memory operations in adolescents. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 21, 833-838.

    Ludyga, S., Gerber, M., Pühse, U., Looser, V. N., & Kamijo, K. (2020). Systematic review and meta-analysis investigating moderators of long-term effects of exercise on cognition in healthy individuals. Nature Human Behaviour, 1-10.

    MacLeod, C. M. (1991). Half a century of research on the Stroop effect: An integrative review. Psychological Bulletin, 109, 163-203.

    McCarthy, G., Luby, M., Gore, J., & Goldman-Rakic, P. (1997). Infrequent events transiently activate human prefrontal and parietal cortex as measured by functional MRI. Journal of Neurophysiology, 77, 1630-1634.

    McClelland, M. M., Acock, A. C., Piccinin, A., Rhea, S. A., & Stallings, M. C. (2013). Relations between preschool attention span-persistence and age 25 educational outcomes. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 28, 314-324.

    McMorris, T., & Hale, B. J. (2012). Differential effects of differing intensities of acute exercise on speed and accuracy of cognition: A meta-analytical investigation. Brain and Cognition, 80, 338-351.

    Mortimer, J. A., Ding, D., Borenstein, A. R., DeCarli, C., Guo, Q., Wu, Y., . . . Chu, S. (2012). Changes in brain volume and cognition in a randomized trial of exercise and social interaction in a community-based sample of non-demented Chinese elders. Journal of Alzheimer's Disease: JAD, 30, 757-766.

    Nelson, E. E., Leibenluft, E., McClure, E. B., & Pine, D. S. (2005). The social re-orientation of adolescence: A neuroscience perspective on the process and its relation to psychopathology. Psychological Medicine, 35, 163-174.

    Nguyen, L., Murphy, K., & Andrews, G. (2019). Cognitive and neural plasticity in old age: A systematic review of evidence from executive functions cognitive training. Ageing Research Reviews, 53, 100912.

    Niemann, C., Godde, B., & Voelcker-Rehage, C. (2014). Not only cardiovascular, but also coordinative exercise increases hippocampal volume in older adults. Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience, 6, 170.

    Näätänen, R., & Picton, T. (1987). The N1 wave of the human electric and magnetic response to sound: A review and an analysis of the component structure. Psychophysiology, 24, 375-425.

    Northey, J. M., Cherbuin, N., Pumpa, K. L., Smee, D. J., & Rattray, B. (2018). Exercise interventions for cognitive function in adults older than 50: A systematic review with meta-analysis. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 52, 154-160.

    Nouchi, R., Taki, Y., Takeuchi, H., Hashizume, H., Nozawa, T., Kambara, T., . . . Kawashima, R. (2013). Brain training game boosts executive functions, working memory and processing speed in the young adults: A randomized controlled trial. PLoS One, 8, e55518.

    Nouchi, R., Taki, Y., Takeuchi, H., Sekiguchi, A., Hashizume, H., Nozawa, T., . . . Kawashima, R. (2014). Four weeks of combination exercise training improved executive functions, episodic memory, and processing speed in healthy elderly people: Evidence from a randomized controlled trial. Age, 36, 787-799.

    Okada, Y. C., Kaufman, L., & Williamson, S. J. (1983). The hippocampal formation as a source of the slow endogenous potentials. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, 55, 417-426.

    Park, D. C., Lautenschlager, G., Hedden, T., Davidson, N. S., Smith, A. D., & Smith, P. K. (2002). Models of visuospatial and verbal memory across the adult life span. Psychology and Aging, 17, 299-320.

    Park, H., Park, J. H., Na, H. R., Hiroyuki, S., Kim, G. M., Jung, M. K., . . . Park, K. W. (2019). Combined intervention of physical activity, aerobic exercise, and cognitive exercise intervention to prevent cognitive decline for patients with mild cognitive impairment: A randomized controlled clinical study. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 8, 940.

    Pettigrew, C., & Soldan, A. (2019). Defining cognitive reserve and implications for cognitive aging. Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports, 19, 1.
    Piercy, K. L., Troiano, R. P., Ballard, R. M., Carlson, S. A., Fulton, J. E., Galuska, D. A., . . . Olson, R. D. (2018). The physical activity guidelines for americans. JAMA, 320, 2020-2028.

    Plassman, B. L., Williams, J. W., Jr., Burke, J. R., Holsinger, T., & Benjamin, S. (2010). Systematic review: Factors associated with risk for and possible prevention of cognitive decline in later life. Annals of Internal Medicine, 153, 182-193.

    Prehn, K., Lesemann, A., Krey, G., Witte, A. V., Köbe, T., Grittner, U., & Flöel, A. (2019). Using resting-state fMRI to assess the effect of aerobic exercise on functional connectivity of the DLPFC in older overweight adults. Brain and Cognition, 131, 34-44.

    Rehfeld, K., Lüders, A., Hökelmann, A., Lessmann, V., Kaufmann, J., Brigadski, T., . . . Müller, N. G. (2018). Dance training is superior to repetitive physical exercise in inducing brain plasticity in the elderly. PLoS One, 13, e0196636.

    Roldán-Tapia, M. D., Cánovas, R., León, I., & García-Garcia, J. (2017). Cognitive vulnerability in aging may be modulated by education and reserve in healthy people. Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience, 9, 340.

    Smith, E. E., & Jonides, J. (1999). Storage and executive processes in the frontal lobes. Science, 283, 1657-1661.

    Smith, J. J., Eather, N., Weaver, R. G., Riley, N., Beets, M. W., & Lubans, D. R. (2019). Behavioral correlates of muscular fitness in children and adolescents: A systematic review. Sports Medicine, 49, 887-904.

    Sáez de Asteasu, M. L., Martínez-Velilla, N., Zambom-Ferraresi, F., Casas-Herrero, Á., & Izquierdo, M. (2017). Role of physical exercise on cognitive function in healthy older adults: A systematic review of randomized clinical trials. Ageing Research Reviews, 37, 117-134.

    Song, Y., & Hakoda, Y. (2015). An fMRI study of the functional mechanisms of Stroop/reverse-Stroop effects. Behavioural Brain Research, 290, 187-196.

    Stern, Y., MacKay-Brandt, A., Lee, S., McKinley, P., McIntyre, K., Razlighi, Q., . . . Sloan, R. P. (2019). Effect of aerobic exercise on cognition in younger adults: A randomized clinical trial. Neurology, 92, e905-e916.

    Stroop, J. R. (1935). Studies of interference in serial verbal reactions. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 18, 643.

    Ten Brinke, L. F., Best, J. R., Chan, J. L. C., Ghag, C., Erickson, K. I., Handy, T. C., & Liu-Ambrose, T. (2020). The effects of computerized cognitive training with and without physical exercise on cognitive function in older adults: An 8-week randomized controlled trial. The Journals of Gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and Medical Sciences, 75, 755-763.

    Tsai, C. L., Pan, C. Y., Chen, F. C., & Tseng, Y. T. (2017). Open- and closed-skill exercise interventions produce different neurocognitive effects on executive functions in the elderly: A 6-month randomized, controlled trial. Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience, 9, 294.

    Vedovelli, K., Giacobbo, B. L., Corrêa, M. S., Wieck, A., de Lima Argimon, I. I., & Bromberg, E. (2017). Multimodal physical activity increases brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels and improves cognition in institutionalized older women. Geroscience, 39, 407-417.

    Verburgh, L., Königs, M., Scherder, E. J., & Oosterlaan, J. (2014). Physical exercise and executive functions in preadolescent children, adolescents and young adults: A meta-analysis. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 48, 973-979.

    Voelcker-Rehage, C., Godde, B., & Staudinger, U. M. (2010). Physical and motor fitness are both related to cognition in old age. European Journal of Neuroscience, 31, 167-176.

    Witard, O. C., & Ball, D. (2018). The interaction between nutrition and exercise for promoting health and performance. The Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, 77, 1-3.

    Wittberg, R. A., Northrup, K. L., & Cottrel, L. (2009). Children’s physical fitness and academic performance. American Journal of Health Education, 40, 30-36.
    Woods, D. L. (1995). The component structure of the N1 wave of the human auditory evoked potential. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, 44, 102-109.

    Wu, M. T., Tang, P. F., Goh, J. O. S., Chou, T. L., Chang, Y. K., Hsu, Y. C., . . . Lan, C. (2018). Task-switching performance improvements after tai chi chuan training are associated with greater prefrontal activation in older adults. Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience, 10, 280.

    Yang, Y., Chen, T., Shao, M., Yan, S., Yue, G. H., & Jiang, C. (2019). Effects of tai chi chuan on inhibitory control in elderly women: An fNIRS study. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 13, 476.

    Yeung, N., & Nieuwenhuis, S. (2009). Dissociating response conflict and error likelihood in anterior cingulate cortex. The Journal of Neuroscience, 29, 14506-14510.

    Zahodne, L. B., Mayeda, E. R., Hohman, T. J., Fletcher, E., Racine, A. M., Gavett, B., . . . Mungas, D. (2019). The role of education in a vascular pathway to episodic memory: Brain maintenance or cognitive reserve? Neurobiology of Aging, 84, 109-118.

    下載圖示
    QR CODE