過去研究發現年齡歧視會嚴重影響老年人的心理健康，但有關可能導致年齡歧視的潛在因素，或年齡歧視與心理健康之間可產生緩衝作用的因素卻極少深入探討。本研究旨在透過個人、文化及社會角度，針對與年齡歧視有關的潛在因素進行分析探討，並比較大學生及老年族群的差異性。本研究擬分析三個主要目的：年齡歧視（對老年人的態度）對心理健康（心理幸福感及心理困擾）的直接影響，及孝道信念和人際親密關係對年齡歧視的直接影響；年齡歧視在孝道、人際親密關係和心理健康之間的中介作用；以及幽默風格在年齡歧視與心理健康之間的調節作用。本研究採隨機抽樣的方式進行調查，分別回收1341份大學生及375份老年人有效問卷。本研究主要結果發現在中介效果的部分，年齡歧視不影響老年人孝道信念和人際親密關係與心理健康之間的關係。反之，大學生樣本反映年齡歧視對孝道信念和人際親密關係與心理健康具有完全或部分中介效果。在調節效果的驗證，老年人樣本顯示四種幽默風格均影響年齡歧視與心理幸福感之間的關係；自我貶抑型幽默風格則影響了年齡歧視與心理困擾之間的關係。大學生樣本則反映出有害的幽默風格(「攻擊型」與「自我貶抑型」)在調節年齡歧視與心理幸福感的關係上有顯著效果；自我提升型的幽默風格則顯著調節年齡歧視與心理困擾的關係。最後，本研究依據研究結果提出對實務上的應用與未來研究相關建議，並期待研究結果有助於建立一個更年齡友善的社會。

Past studies have reported that ageism significantly affects older individuals’ mental health. However, limited studies provide potential factors that may lead to ageism or introduce moderators that implement a buffering effect on the relation between ageism and mental health. Based on potential individual, cultural, and social variance, this current study was designed to further investigate and compare the results among different age groups. Three primary effects were examined in this study: the direct effect of ageism (attitudes toward aging) on mental health (psychological wellbeing and psychological distress), as well as the direct effect of filial piety forms and interpersonal intimacy concepts on ageism; the mediating effect of ageism on the relationship between filial piety forms, interpersonal intimacy, and mental health; and the moderating effect of humor styles on the association between ageism and mental health among young (university students) and older adults in Taiwan. Based on random sampling, 1, 341 undergraduate students and 375 older adults were recruited in this study. The results indicated that ageism did not mediate the relationship between dual filial piety forms, interpersonal intimacy, and mental health among older adults. However, the results for the undergraduate students revealed that ageism either completely or partially mediated the relationship between dual filial piety forms, interpersonal intimacy, and mental health. Additionally, it was found that the relationship between ageism and psychological wellbeing was moderated by all four humor styles, whereas only the use of self-defeating humor was found to moderate ageism and psychological distress. As for the undergraduate student sample, negative humor styles (aggressive and self-defeating humor) significantly moderated the relationship between ageism and psychological wellbeing, whereas only self-enhancing humor moderated the effect of ageism on psychological distress. Last, this study provided applicable suggestions and future recommendations, which are in hopes of successfully building a more age-friendly society.

Abel, M. H. (1998). Interaction of humor and gender in moderating relationships between stress and outcomes. The Journal of Psychology, 132, 267–276. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223989809599166
Allport, G. W., Clark, K., & Pettigrew, T. (1954). The Nature of Prejudice. Addison-Wesley.
Albarracín, D., Wang, W., Li, H., & Noguchi, K. (2008). Structure of attitudes: Judgments, memory, and implications for change. In W. D. Crano & R. Prislin (Eds.), Attitudes and attitude change (pp. 19–39). Psychology Press.
Apte, M. L. (1985). Humor and laughter: An anthropological approach. Cornell University Press.
Ayalon, L., & Tesch-Römer, C. (2018). Introduction to the section: On the manifestations and consequences of ageism. In L. Ayalon & C. Tesch-Römer (Eds.), Contemporary perspectives on ageism (pp. 109–114). Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73820-8
Baltes, P., Lindenberger, U., Staudinger, U. (2006). Life-span theory in developmental psychology. In W. Damon (Series Ed.), R. M. Learner (Vol. Ed.), Handbook of child psychology (Vol. 1, pp. 1029–1143). John Wiley & Sons, Inc. https://doi.org/ 10.1002/9780470147658
Bass, S. A., Caro, F. G., & Chen, Y.-P. (1993). Achieving a productive aging society. In H. R. Moody (Ed.), Aging: Concepts and controversies (pp. 246–251). Pine Forge Press.
Bass, S. A., & Ferraro, K. F. (2000). Gerontology education in transition: Considering disciplinary and paradigmatic evolution. The Gerontologist, 40, 97–106. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/40.1.97
Berman, C. W. (2016). Humor: The Ultimate Defense. In C. W. Berman (Ed.), Surviving dementia (pp. 61–65). Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-35102-5_11
Bloom, D. E., Chatterji, S., Kowal, P., Lloyd-Sherlock, P., McKee, M., Rechel, B., Rosenberg, L., & Smith, J. P. (2015). Macroeconomic implications of population ageing and selected policy responses. The Lancet, 385, 649–657. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61464-1
Bodner, E. (2009). On the origins of ageism among older and younger adults. International Psychogeriatrics, 21, 1003–1014. https://doi.org/10.1017/S104161020999055X
Brooks, A. T. (2010). Aesthetic anti‐ageing surgery and technology: Women’s friend or foe? Sociology of Health & Illness, 32, 238–257. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9566.2009.01224.x
Brown, L., Bryant, C., Brown, V., Bei, B., & Judd, F. (2016). Self-compassion, attitudes to ageing and indicators of health and well-being among midlife women. Aging & Mental Health, 20, 1035–1043. https://doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2015.1060946
Bryant, C., Bei, B., Gilson, K.-M., Komiti, A., Jackson, H., & Judd, F. (2016). Antecedents of attitudes to aging: A study of the roles of personality and well-being. The Gerontologist, 56, 256–265. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/gnu041
Bryant, C., Bei, B., Gilson, K., Komiti, A., Jackson, H., & Judd, F. (2012). The relationship between attitudes to aging and physical and mental health in older adults. International Psychogeriatrics, 24, 1674–1683. https://doi.org/ 10.1017/S1041610212000774
Burnes, D., Sheppard, C., Henderson Jr, C. R., Wassel, M., Cope, R., Barber, C., & Pillemer, K. (2019). Interventions to reduce ageism against older adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis. American Journal of Public Health, 109, e1–e9. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2019.305123
Butler, R. N. (1969). Age-ism: Another form of bigotry. Gerontologist, 9, 243–246.
Butler, R. N. (1980). Ageism: A foreword. Journal of Social Issues, 36(2), 8–11. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.1980.tb02018.x
Butler, R. N. (2009). Combating ageism. International Psychogeriatrics, 21, 211–211. https://doi.org/10.1017/S104161020800731X
Cadiz, D. M., Pytlovany, A. C., & Truxillo, D. M. (2017). Ageism in the workplace. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190236557.013.2
Cameron, P. (1970). The generation gap: Which generation is believed powerful versus generational members' self-appraisals of power. Developmental Psychology, 3(3, Pt.1), 403–404. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0030050
Cann, A., Stilwell, K., & Taku, K. (2010). Humor styles, positive personality and health. Europe’s Journal of Psychology, 6(3), 213–235. https://doi.org/10.5964/ejop.v6i3.214
Carstensen, L. L., Pasupathi, M., Mayr, U., & Nesselroade, J. R. (2000). Emotional experience in everyday life across the adult life span. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79(4), 644–655. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.79.4.644
Chan, Y.-C., Hsu, W.-C., Liao, Y.-J., Chen, H.-C., Tu, C.-H., & Wu, C.-L. (2018). Appreciation of different styles of humor: An fMRI study. Scientific Reports, 8, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-33715-1
Chan, Y., Chen, H., Cho, S., & Martin, R. A. (2011). Distinguishing between kindhearted and malicious humor: Development of a traditional Chinese version of the Humor Styles Questionnaire. Test, 58, 207–234. https://doi.org/ 10.7108/PT.201104.0062
Chasteen, A. L., Kang, S. K., & Remedios, J. D. (2012). Aging and stereotype threat: Development, process, and interventions. In M. Inzlicht & T. Schmader (Eds.), Stereotype threat: Theory, process, and application (pp. 202–216). Oxford University Press.
Chasteen, A. L., Schwarz, N., & Park, D. C. (2002). The activation of aging stereotypes in younger and older adults. The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 57, 540–547. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/57.6.P540
Chen, G.-H., & Martin, R. A. (2007). A comparison of humor styles, coping humor, and mental health between Chinese and Canadian university students. Humor, 20, 215–234. https://doi.org/10.1515/HUMOR.2007.011
Chen, S. C.-I., & Liu, C. (2020). Factors influencing the application of connected health in remote areas, Taiwan: A qualitative pilot study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17, 1282. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17041282
Cheng, S.-T., & Chan, A. C. (2005). Measuring psychological well-being in the Chinese. Personality and Individual Differences, 38, 1307–1316. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2004.08.013
Cheng, S.-T., & Chan, A. C. (2006). Filial piety and psychological well-being in well older Chinese. The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 61, 262–269. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/61.5.P262
Cheng, W.-J., & Cheng, Y. (2017). Minor mental disorders in Taiwanese healthcare workers and the associations with psychosocial work conditions. Journal of the Formosan Medical Association, 116, 300–305. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfma.2016.05.004
Cheung, C.-k., & Yue, X. D. (2012). Sojourn students’ humor styles as buffers to achieve resilience. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 36, 353–364. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2011.10.001
Cheung, C., Lee, J., & Chan, C. (1994). Explicating filial piety in relation to family cohesion. Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 9(3), 565–580.
Chong, M.-Y., Chen, C.-C., Tsang, H.-Y., Yeh, T.-L., Chen, C.-S., Lee, Y.-H., Tang, T.-C., & Lo, H.-Y. (2001). Community study of depression in old age in Taiwan: Prevalence, life events and socio-demographic correlates. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 178, 29–35. https://doi.org/ 10.1192/bjp.178.1.29
Christian, J., Turner, R., Holt, N., Larkin, M., & Cotler, J. H. (2014). Does intergenerational contact reduce ageism: When and how contact interventions actually work? Journal of Arts and Humanities, 3, 1–15. https://doi.org/10.18533/journal.v3i1.278
Chu, L. C. (2017). Impact of providing compassion on job performance and mental health: The moderating effect of interpersonal relationship quality. Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 49, 456–465. https://doi.org/10.1111/jnu.12307
Chuang, S. P., Wu, J. Y. W., & Wang, C. S. (2021). Humor styles moderate the relationship between rumination and mental health in community residents. SAGE Open, 11(4), 21582440211054477. https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440211054477
Chuang, Y., & Yang, K.-S. (1991). The change and practice of traditional filial piety. The Psychology and Behavior of Chinese People, 135–175.
Cumming, E., & Henry, W. E. (1961). Growing old, the process of disengagement. Basic Books.
De Medeiros, K. (2016). The short guide to aging and gerontology. Policy Press.
Dodge, R., Daly, A. P., Huyton, J., & Sanders, L. D. (2012). The challenge of defining wellbeing. International Journal of Wellbeing, 2, 222–235. https://doi.org/10.5502/ijw.v2i3.4
Harris, L. A., & Dollinger, S. (2010). Participation in a course on aging: Knowledge, attitudes, and anxiety about aging in oneself and others. Educational Gerontology, 27, 657–667. https://doi.org/10.1080/036012701317117893
Dong, X., Li, M., & Hua, Y. (2017). The association between filial discrepancy and depressive symptoms: Findings from a community-dwelling Chinese aging population. The Journals of Gerontology: Series A, 72, 63–68. https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/glx040
Donizzetti, A. R. (2019). Ageism in an aging society: The role of knowledge, anxiety about aging, and stereotypes in young people and adults. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16, 1329. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16081329
Donlon, M. M., Ashman, O., & Levy, B. R. (2005). Re‐vision of older television characters: A stereotype‐awareness intervention. Journal of Social Issues, 61, 307–319. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.2005.00407.x
Downs, M. (2000). Ageing update: dementia in a socio-cultural context: an idea whose time has come. Ageing and Society, 20, 369–375. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0144686X99007758
Dozois, D. J., Martin, R. A., & Bieling, P. J. (2009). Early maladaptive schemas and adaptive/maladaptive styles of humor. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 33, 585–596. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-008-9223-9
Dyck, K. T., & Holtzman, S. (2013). Understanding humor styles and well-being: The importance of social relationships and gender. Personality and Individual Differences, 55, 53–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2013.01.023
Eagly, A., Wood, W., & Diekman, A. B. (2000). Social role theory of sex differences and similarities: A current appraisal. In T. Eckes & H. M. Trautner (Eds.), The Developmental Social Psychology of Gender (pp.123–174). Psychology Press. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781410605245
Feinman, S., & Coon, R. H. (1983). The effect of status on the evaluation of behavior: elderly, adults, and children aged 5-65. Research on Aging, 5, 119–135. https://doi.org/10.1177/0164027583005001007
Feng, Q., & Straughan, P. T. (2017). What does successful aging mean? Lay perception of successful aging among elderly Singaporeans. Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 72, 204–213. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbw151
Fernandes, H. M., Vasconcelos-Raposo, J., & Teixeira, C. M. (2010). Preliminary analysis of the psychometric properties of Ryff's scales of psychological well-being in Portuguese adolescents. The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 13, 1032–1043. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1138741600002675
Ferraro, K. F. (2007). The gerontological imagination. In J. M. Wilmoth & K. Ferraro (Eds.), Gerontology: Perspectives and issues (pp. 325–342). Springer Publishing Company.
Fingerman, K. L., Hay, E. L., & Birditt, K. S. (2004). The best of ties, the worst of ties: Close, problematic, and ambivalent social relationships. Journal of Marriage and Family, 66, 792–808. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0022-2445.2004.00053.x
Ford, T. E., Lappi, S. K., O’Connor, E. C., & Banos, N. C. (2017). Manipulating humor styles: Engaging in self-enhancing humor reduces state anxiety. Humor, 30, 169–191. https://doi.org/10.1515/humor-2016-0113
Freeman, G. P. (2009). Does humor benefit health in retirement?: Exploring humor as a moderator. (Publication No. 1539626607) [Masters Thesis, The College of William and Mary]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global. https://dx.doi.org/doi:10.21220/s2-7d1m-zh95
Gayman, M. D., & Barragan, J. (2013). Multiple perceived reasons for major discrimination and depression. Society and Mental Health, 3, 203–220. https://doi.org/10.1177/2156869313496438
Giles, H., Noels, K. A., Williams, A., Ota, H., Lim, T.-S., Ng, S. H., Ryan, E. B., & Somera, L. (2003). Intergenerational communication across cultures: Young people's perceptions of conversations with family elders, non-family elders and same-age peers. Journal of Cross-Cultural Gerontology, 18, 1–32. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1024854211638
Giles, L. C., Paterson, J. E., Butler, S. J., & Stewart, J. J. (2002). Ageism among health professionals: A comparison of clinical educators and students in physical and occupational therapy. Physical & Occupational Therapy in Geriatrics, 21(2), 15–26. https://doi.org/10.1080/J148v21n02_02
Green, L. R., Richardson, D. S., Lago, T., & Schatten-Jones, E. C. (2001). Network correlates of social and emotional loneliness in young and older adults. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 27, 281–288. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167201273002
Greengross, G. (2013). Humor and aging-a mini-review. Gerontology, 59(5), 448–453. https://doi.org/10.1159/000351005
Grefe, D. (2011). Combating ageism with narrative and intergroup contact: Possibilities of intergenerational connections. Pastoral Psychology, 60, 99–105. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11089-010-0280-0
Gum, A. M., & Ayalon, L. (2018). Self‐perceptions of aging mediate the longitudinal relationship of hopelessness and depressive symptoms. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 33, 591–597. https://doi.org/10.1002/gps.4826
Guo, Q., Gao, X., Sun, F., & Feng, N. (2020). Filial piety and intergenerational ambivalence among mother–adult child dyads in rural China. Ageing & Society, 40, 2695–2710. https://doi.org/ 10.1017/S0144686X19000783
Han, J., & Richardson, V. E. (2015). The relationships among perceived discrimination, self-perceptions of aging, and depressive symptoms: a longitudinal examination of age discrimination. Aging & Mental Health, 19, 747–755. https://doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2014.962007
Havighurst, R. J. (1963). Successful aging. In R. H. Williams, C. Tibbitts, & W. Donohue, Processes of aging: Social and psychological perspectives (pp. 299–320). Transaction Publishers.
Heintz, S. (2019). Locating eight comic styles in basic and broad concepts of humor: Findings from self-reports and behavior tests. Current Psychology, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-019-00179-z
Helmes, E. (2012). Attitudes toward older workers among undergraduates: Does status make a difference? Educational Gerontology, 38, 391–399. https://doi.org/10.1080/03601277.2011.559848
Hickey, A., O’Hanlon, A., & McGee, H. (2010). Quality of life in community-dwelling older people in Ireland: Association with ageing perceptions, physical health and psychological well-being. The Irish Journal of Psychology, 31, 135-150. https://doi.org/10.1080/03033910.2010.10446331
Ho, D. Y. (1996). Filial piety and its psychological consequences. In M. H. Bond (Ed.), The handbook of Chinese psychology (pp. 155–165). Oxford University Press.
Hsu, H.-C. (2007a). Does social participation by the elderly reduce mortality and cognitive impairment? Aging & Mental Health, 11, 699–707. https://doi.org/10.1080/13607860701366335
Hsu, H.-C. (2007b). Exploring elderly people's perspectives on successful ageing in Taiwan. Ageing & Society, 27, 87–102. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0144686X06005137
Huang, V., & Fiocco, A. J. (2019). Measuring perceived receipt of filial piety among Chinese middle-aged and older adults. Journal of Cross-Cultural Gerontology, 35, 195–208. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10823-019-09391-7
Hui, T., Yuen, M., & Chen, G. (2018). Career‐Related Filial Piety and Career Adaptability in Hong Kong University Students. The Career Development Quarterly, 66, 358–370. https://doi.org/10.1002/cdq.12156
Idler, E. L. (1993). Age differences in self–assessments of health: age changes, cohort differences, or survivorship? Journal of Gerontology, 48, 289–300. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronj/48.6.S289
Izekenova, A. K., Kumar, A. B., Abikulova, A. K., & Izekenova, A. K. (2015). Trends in ageing of the population and the life expectancy after retirement: a comparative country-based analysis. Journal of Research in Medical Sciences: The Official Journal of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, 20, 250–252.
Jiang, F., Lu, S., Jiang, T., & Jia, H. (2020). Does the Relation Between Humor Styles and Subjective Well-Being Vary Across Culture and Age? A Meta-Analysis. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.02213
Kafetsios, K., & Sideridis, G. D. (2006). Attachment, social support and well-being in young and older adults. Journal of Health Psychology, 11, 863–875. https://doi.org/10.1177/1359105306069084
Kim, H., Thyer, B. A., & Munn, J. C. (2019). The relationship between perceived ageism and depressive symptoms in later life: Understanding the mediating effects of self-perception of aging and purpose in life, using structural equation modeling. Educational Gerontology, 45, 105–119. https://doi.org/10.1080/03601277.2019.1583403
Kim, J.-h., & Han, J. (2012). The Comparison of Strategies Combating Ageism among Korea, Japan, and US. Korean Journal of Sociology, 46, 93–113.
Kim, K. C., Kim, S., & Hurh, W. M. (1991). Filial piety and intergenerational relationship in Korean immigrant families. The International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 33, 233–245. https://doi.org/10.2190/Y91P-UNGR-X5E1-175K
Kite, M. E., Stockdale, G. D., Whitley Jr, B. E., & Johnson, B. T. (2005). Attitudes toward younger and older adults: An updated meta‐analytic review. Journal of Social Issues, 61, 241–266. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.2005.00404.x
Koponen, J., Julkunen, S., Gabrielsson, M., & Pullins, E. B. (2021). An intercultural, interpersonal relationship development framework. International Marketing Review, 38, 1189–1216. https://doi.org/10.1108/IMR-11-2019-0267
Ku, L.-C., Chang, Y.-T., & Chen, H.-C. (2020). How do extraverts process jokes? An event-related potential study on humor processing. Brain and Cognition, 141, 105553. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bandc.2020.105553
Kuiper, N. A., Martin, R. A., & Olinger, L. J. (1993). Coping humour, stress, and cognitive appraisals. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science/Revue canadienne des sciences du comportement, 25, 81–96. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0078791
Kuiper, N. A., & McHale, N. (2009). Humor styles as mediators between self-evaluative standards and psychological well-being. The Journal of Psychology, 143, 359–376. https://doi.org/10.3200/JRLP.143.4.359-376
Kuo, C.-Y. (2015). The relationship of filial expectations, filial beliefs and well-being among middle-aged and elder in Taiwan. [Masters Thesis, Chung Shan Medical University]. National Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations in Taiwan. https://hdl.handle.net/11296/2k84n3
Kydd, A., Fleming, A., Gardner, S., & Hafford-Letchfield, T. (2018). Ageism in the third age. In L. Ayalon & C. Tesch-Römer (Eds.), Contemporary perspectives on ageism (pp. 115–130). Springer, Cham.
Laditka, S. B., Fischer, M., Laditka, J. N., & Segal, D. R. (2004). Attitudes about aging and gender among young, middle age, and older college-based students. Educational Gerontology, 30, 403–421. https://doi.org/10.1080/03601270490433602
Laidlaw, K., Power, M., & Schmidt, S. (2007). The Attitudes to Ageing Questionnaire (AAQ): development and psychometric properties. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 22, 367–379. https://doi.org/10.1002/gps.1683
Lamont, R. A., Nelis, S. M., Quinn, C., & Clare, L. (2017). Social support and attitudes to aging in later life. The International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 84, 109–125. https://doi.org/10.1177/0091415016668351
Lansford, J. E., Sherman, A. M., & Antonucci, T. C. (1998). Satisfaction with social networks: An examination of socioemotional selectivity theory across cohorts. Psychology and Aging, 13, 544–552. https://doi.org/10.1037/0882-7974.13.4.544
Lee, M.-B. (2008). The five-item Brief-Symptom Rating Scale as a suicide ideation screening instrument for psychiatric inpatients and community residents. BMC Psychiatry, 8, 53–61. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-244X-8-53
Lefcourt, H. M., Davidson, K., Shepherd, R., Phillips, M., Prkachin, K., & Mills, D. (1995). Perspective-taking humor: Accounting for stress moderation. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 14, 373–391. https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.1995.14.4.373
Levy, B. R. (2003). Mind matters: Cognitive and physical effects of aging self-stereotypes. The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 58, 203–211. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/58.4.P203
Levy, B. R., & Banaji, M. R. (2002). Implicit ageism. In T. Nelson (Ed.), Ageism: Stereotyping and prejudice against older persons (pp. 49–75). MIT Press. https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/10679.001.0001
Levy, B. R., Hausdorff, J. M., Hencke, R., & Wei, J. Y. (2000). Reducing cardiovascular stress with positive self-stereotypes of aging. The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 55, 205–213. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/55.4.P205
Levy, B. R., & Myers, L. M. (2004). Preventive health behaviors influenced by self-perceptions of aging. Preventive Medicine, 39, 625–629. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2004.02.029
Levy, B. R., Slade, M. D., Chung, P. H., & Gill, T. M. (2015). Resiliency over time of elders’ age stereotypes after encountering stressful events. Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 70, 886–890. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbu082
Levy, B. R., Slade, M. D., Kunkel, S. R., & Kasl, S. V. (2002). Longevity increased by positive self-perceptions of aging. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83, 261–270. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.83.2.261
Levy, B. R., Zonderman, A. B., Slade, M. D., & Ferrucci, L. (2009). Age stereotypes held earlier in life predict cardiovascular events in later life. Psychological Science, 20, 296–298. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2009.02298.x
Levy, S. R. (2018). Toward reducing ageism: PEACE (positive education about aging and contact experiences) model. The Gerontologist, 58, 226–232. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/gnw116
Li, L. W., & Liang, J. (2007). Social exchanges and subjective well-being among older Chinese: Does age make a difference? Psychology and Aging, 22, 386–391. https://doi.org/10.1037/0882-7974.22.2.386
Li, M., & Dong, X. (2018). The association between filial piety and depressive symptoms among US Chinese older adults. Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, 4, 2333721418778167. https://doi.org/10.1177/2333721418778167
Li, R.-H. (2014). Reliability and validity of a shorter Chinese version for Ryff’s psychological well-being scale. Health Education Journal, 73, 446–452. https://doi.org/10.1177/0017896913485743
Liao, Y.-H., Luo, S.-Y., Tsai, M.-H., & Chen, H.-C. (2020). An exploration of the relationships between elementary school teachers’ humor styles and their emotional labor. Teaching and Teacher Education, 87, 102950. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2019.102950
Lin, Y.-Y., & Huang, C.-S. (2016). Aging in Taiwan: building a society for active aging and aging in place. The Gerontologist, 56, 176–183. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/gnv107
Liu, M.-Z. (2000). A study on the relationship of older people's interpersonal intimacy, adult attachment, and well-being. [Masters Thesis, National Kaohsiung Normal University]. National Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations in Taiwan. https://hdl.handle.net/11296/ytmn6t
Lo, W.-C., Shie, R.-H., Chan, C.-C., & Lin, H.-H. (2017). Burden of disease attributable to ambient fine particulate matter exposure in Taiwan. Journal of the Formosan Medical Association, 116, 32–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfma.2015.12.007
Low, G., Molzahn, A. E., & Schopflocher, D. (2013). Attitudes to aging mediate the relationship between older peoples’ subjective health and quality of life in 20 countries. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 11, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1186/1477-7525-11-146
Lu, L. (2012). Attitudes towards aging and older people's intentions to continue working: a Taiwanese study. Career Development International, 17, 83–98. https://doi.org/10.1108/13620431211201346
Lu, L., & Kao, S. (2009). Attitudes towards old people in Taiwan: Scale development and preliminary evidence of reliability and validity. Journal of Education and Psychology, 32, 147–171.
Lucchetti, M., Corsonello, A., & Gattaceca, R. (2008). Environmental and social determinants of aging perception in metropolitan and rural areas of Southern Italy. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics, 46, 349–357. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.archger.2007.05.009
Luo, B., Zhou, K., Jin, E. J., Newman, A., & Liang, J. (2013). Ageism among college students: A comparative study between US and China. Journal of Cross-Cultural Gerontology, 28(1), 49–63. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10823-013-9186-5
Luong, G., & Charles, S. T. (2014). Age differences in affective and cardiovascular responses to a negative social interaction: The role of goals, appraisals, and emotion regulation. Developmental Psychology, 50(7), 1919–1930. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0036621
Luong, G., Charles, S. T., & Fingerman, K. L. (2011). Better with age: Social relationships across adulthood. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 28, 9–23. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407510391362
Lutz, W., Sanderson, W., & Scherbov, S. (2008). The coming acceleration of global population ageing. Nature, 451, 716–719. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature06516
Lytle, A., Nowacek, N., & Levy, S. R. (2020). Instapals: Reducing ageism by facilitating intergenerational contact and providing aging education. Gerontology & Geriatrics Education, 41, 308–319. https://doi.org/10.1080/02701960.2020.1737047
Macnicol, J. (2006). Age discrimination: An historical and contemporary analysis. Cambridge University Press.
Mak, W., & Carpenter, B. D. (2007). Humor comprehension in older adults. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 13, 606–614. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1355617707070750
Malone, J., & Dadswell, A. (2018). The role of religion, spirituality and/or belief in positive ageing for older adults. Geriatrics, 3(2), 28. https://doi.org/10.3390/geriatrics3020028
MaÔano, C., Ninot, G., & Bilard, J. (2004). Age and gender effects on global self-esteem and physical self-perception in adolescents. European Physical Education Review, 10, 53–69. https://doi.org/10.1177/1356336X04040621
Marquet, M., Chasteen, A. L., Plaks, J. E., & Balasubramaniam, L. (2019). Understanding the mechanisms underlying the effects of negative age stereotypes and perceived age discrimination on older adults’ well-being. Aging & Mental Health, 23(12), 1666–1673. https://doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2018.1514487
Martin, R. A. (2002). Is laughter the best medicine? Humor, laughter, and physical health. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 11, 216–220. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8721.00204
Martin, R. A., & Ford, T. (2018). The psychology of humor: An integrative approach. Academic Press.
Martin, R. A., Puhlik-Doris, P., Larsen, G., Gray, J., & Weir, K. (2003). Individual differences in uses of humor and their relation to psychological well-being: Development of the Humor Styles Questionnaire. Journal of Research in Personality, 37, 48–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0092-6566(02)00534-2
McCann, R., & Giles, H. (2002). Ageism in the workplace: A communication perspective. In T. D. Nelson (Ed.), Ageism: Stereotyping and prejudice against older persons (pp. 163–199). The MIT Press.
McConatha, J. T., Schnell, F., Volkwein, K., Riley, L., & Leach, E. (2003). Attitudes toward aging: A comparative analysis of young adults from the United States and Germany. The International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 57, 203–215. https://doi.org/10.2190/K8Q8-5549-0Y4K-UGG0
McCrae, R. R. (1989). Age differences and changes in the use of coping mechanisms. Journal of Gerontology, 44(6), 161–169. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronj/44.6.P161
McCrae, R. R., & Costa, P. T. (2003). Personality in adulthood: A five-factor theory perspective. Guilford Press.
Melton, L. M. (2016). If I don't laugh, I'll cry: Exploring humor coping in breast cancer. Journal of Psychosocial Oncology, 34, 530–541. https://doi.org/10.1080/07347332.2016.1233926
Menéndez-Aller, Á., Postigo, Á., Montes-Álvarez, P., González-Primo, F. J., & García-Cueto, E. (2020). Humor as a protective factor against anxiety and depression. International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology, 20, 38–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijchp.2019.12.002
Miche, M., Elsässer, V. C., Schilling, O. K., & Wahl, H.-W. (2014). Attitude toward own aging in midlife and early old age over a 12-year period: Examination of measurement equivalence and developmental trajectories. Psychology and Aging, 29, 588–600. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0037259
Miller, J. D., Lynam, D. R., Vize, C., Crowe, M., Sleep, C., Maples‐Keller, J. L., Few, L. R., & Campbell, W. K. (2018). Vulnerable narcissism is (mostly) a disorder of neuroticism. Journal of Personality, 86, 186–199. https://doi.org/10.1111/jopy.12303
Milner, C., Van Norman, K., & Milner, J. (2012). The media’s portrayal of ageing. Global Population Ageing: Peril or Promise?, 25–28.
Mirkin, B., & Weinberger, M. B. (2000). The demography of population ageing. Population bulletin of the United Nations.
Moor, C., Zimprich, D., Schmitt, M., & Kliegel, M. (2006). Personality, aging self-perceptions, and subjective health: A mediation model. The International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 63, 241–257. https://doi.org/10.2190/AKRY-UM4K-PB1V-PBHF
Munro, B. H., & Sexton, D. L. (1984). Path analysis: A method for theory testing. Western Journal of Nursing Research, 6, 97–106. https://doi.org/10.1177/019394598400600107
Nelson, T. D. (2004). Ageism: Stereotyping and prejudice against older persons. MIT Press. https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/10679.001.0001
Nelson, T. D. (2005). Ageism: Prejudice against our feared future self. Journal of Social Issues, 61, 207–221. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.2005.00402.x
Nezlek, J. B., & Derks, P. (2001). Use of humor as a coping mechanism, psychological adjustment, and social interaction. Humor, 14, 395–414. https://doi.org/10.1515/humr.2001.011
Ng, S. H. (1998). Social psychology in an ageing world: Ageism and intergenerational relations. Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 1(1), 99–116. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-839X.00007
Ng, S. H. (2002). Will families support their elders? Answers from across cultures. In T. D. Nelson (Ed.), Ageism: Stereotyping and prejudice against older persons (pp. 295–309). The MIT Press. https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/10679.001.0001
North, M. S., & Fiske, S. T. (2015). Modern attitudes toward older adults in the aging world: A cross-cultural meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 141(5), 993–1021. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0039469
O'shea, D., Dotson, V., & Fieo, R. (2017). Aging perceptions and self‐efficacy mediate the association between personality traits and depressive symptoms in older adults. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 32, 1217–1225. https://doi.org/10.1002/gps.4584
Okada, M., Suzue, T., & Jitsunari, F. (2010). Association between interpersonal relationship among high-school students and mental health. Environmental Health and Preventive Medicine, 15, 57–62. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12199-009-0108-7
Okuyama, S. (2018). Ageism in Japan: Negative and Positive. Tokyo Keizai Law Review, 34, 47–56.
Olson, M. L., Hugelshofer, D. S., Kwon, P., & Reff, R. C. (2005). Rumination and dysphoria: The buffering role of adaptive forms of humor. Personality and Individual Differences, 39, 1419–1428. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2005.05.006
Palmore, E. (1999). Ageism: Negative and positive. Springer Publishing Company.
Paluck, E. L., Green, S. A., & Green, D. P. (2019). The contact hypothesis re-evaluated. Behavioural Public Policy, 3, 129–158. https://doi.org/ 10.1017/bpp.2018.25
Passarino, G., De Rango, F., & Montesanto, A. (2016). Human longevity: Genetics or Lifestyle? It takes two to tango. Immunity & Ageing, 13(1), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12979-016-0066-z
Pettigrew, T. F., & Tropp, L. R. (2005). Allport’s intergroup contact hypothesis: Its history and influence. In J. F. Dovidio, P. Glick, & L. A. Rudman, On the nature of prejudice: Fifty years after Allport (pp. 262–277). John Wiley & Sons.
Plessen, C. Y., Franken, F. R., Ster, C., Schmid, R. R., Wolfmayr, C., Mayer, A.-M., Sobisch, M., Kathofer, M., Rattner, K., & Kotlyar, E. (2020). Humor styles and personality: A systematic review and meta-analysis on the relations between humor styles and the Big Five personality traits. Personality and Individual Differences, 154, 109676. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2019.109676
Polizzi, K. G., & Millikin, R. J. (2002). Attitudes toward the elderly: Identifying problematic usage of ageist and overextended terminology in research instructions. Educational Gerontology, 28, 367–377. https://doi.org/10.1080/03601270290081344
Randel, J., German, T., & Ewing, D. (2017). The ageing and development report: poverty, independence and the world's older people. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315071541
Richards, K., & Kruger, G. (2017). Humor styles as moderators in the relationship between perceived stress and physical health. SAGE Open, 7(2), 2158244017711485. https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244017711485
Richman, J. (2007). The role of psychotherapy and humor for death anxiety, death wishes, and aging. OMEGA-Journal of Death and Dying, 54, 41–51. https://doi.org/10.2190/D0NX-7V03-W1H0-4614
Robertson, G. (2012). Positive ageing–from the political to the personal. Working with Older People, 16, 149–153. https://doi.org/10.1108/13663661211286675
Roldán-Tapia, M. D., Cánovas, R., León, I., & García-Garcia, J. (2017). Cognitive vulnerability in aging may be modulated by education and reserve in healthy people. Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience, 9, 340. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnagi.2017.00340
Roos, V., & Malan, L. (2012). The role of context and the interpersonal experience of loneliness among older people in a residential care facility. Global Health Action, 5, 18861. https://doi.org/10.3402/gha.v5i0.18861
Ross, L. D., Amabile, T. M., & Steinmetz, J. L. (1977). Social roles, social control, and biases in social-perception processes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 35, 485–494. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.35.7.485
Rowe, J. W., & Kahn, R. L. (1997). Successful aging. The Gerontologist, 37(4), 433–440. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/37.4.433
Rowe, J. W., & Kahn, R. L. (2015). Successful aging 2.0: Conceptual expansions for the 21st century. The Journals of Gerontology: Series B, 70, 593–596. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbv025
Ruch, W. F., Hofmann, J., Rusch, S., & Stolz, H. (2018). Training the sense of humor with the 7 Humor Habits Program and satisfaction with life. Humor, 31, 287–309. https://doi.org/10.1515/humor-2017-0099
Rupp, D. E., Vodanovich, S. J., & Credé, M. (2005). The multidimensional nature of ageism: Construct validity and group differences. The Journal of Social Psychology, 145, 335–362. https://doi.org/10.3200/SOCP.145.3.335-362
Ryff, C. D. (1989). Happiness is everything, or is it? Explorations on the meaning of psychological well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57, 1069–1081. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.57.6.1069
Schoenberg, N. E., & Lewis, D. C. (2005). Cross-cultural ageism. In E. B. Palmore, L. Branch, & D. Harris (eds), Encyclopedia of ageism (pp. 87–92). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315043975
Setia, M. S. (2016). Methodology series module 3: Cross-sectional studies. Indian Journal of Dermatology, 61, 261–264. https://doi.org/10.4103/0019-5154.182410
Shammi, P., & Stuss, D. T. (2003). The effects of normal aging on humor appreciation. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 9(6), 855–863. https://doi.org/ 10.1017/S135561770396005X
Sliter, M., Kale, A., & Yuan, Z. (2014). Is humor the best medicine? The buffering effect of coping humor on traumatic stressors in firefighters. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 35, 257–272. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.1868
Sousa, L. M. M., Antunes, A. V., Marques-Vieira, C. M. A., Silva, P. C. L., Valentim, O. M. M. d. S., & José, H. M. G. (2019). Subjective wellbeing, sense of humor and psychological health in hemodialysis patients. Enfermería Nefrológica, 22, 34–41. https://doi.org/ 10.4321/s2254-28842019000100006
Spijker, J., & MacInnes, J. (2013). Population ageing: the timebomb that isn’t? BMJ, 347, f6598. https://doi.org/ 10.1136/bmj.f6598
Stanley, J. T., Lohani, M., & Isaacowitz, D. M. (2014). Age-related differences in judgments of inappropriate behavior are related to humor style preferences. Psychology and Aging, 29, 528–541. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0036666
Steptoe, A., Deaton, A., & Stone, A. A. (2015). Psychological wellbeing, health and ageing. Lancet, 385, 640–648. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(13)61489-0
Steverink, N., Westerhof, G. J., Bode, C., & Dittmann-Kohli, F. (2001). The personal experience of aging, individual resources, and subjective well-being. The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 56, 364–373. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/56.6.P364
Strong, M. (2020). Taiwan to lower age of adulthood to 18 in 2023. Taiwan News. https://www.taiwannews.com.tw/en/news/3986050
Su, Y.-Y., Wang, S.-H., Chou, H.-C., Chen, C.-Y., Hsieh, W.-S., Tsao, P.-N., Tsou, K.-I., Hsu, C.-H., Mu, S.-C., & Lin, H.-C. (2016). Morbidity and mortality of very low birth weight infants in Taiwan—Changes in 15 years: A population based study. Journal of the Formosan Medical Association, 115, 1039–1045. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfma.2016.10.011
Sullivan, H. S. (2013). The interpersonal theory of psychiatry. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315014029
Sun, P., Fan, X., Sun, Y., Jiang, H., & Wang, L. (2019). Relations between dual filial piety and life satisfaction: The mediating roles of individuating autonomy and relating autonomy. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 2549. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02549
Sun, Y. (2017). Among a hundred good virtues, filial piety is the first: Contemporary moral discourses on filial piety in urban China. Anthropological Quarterly, 90, 771–799.
Sung, K. T., & Song, B. (2001). A new look at ideals and practices of filial piety: The case of exemplary filial persons. Global Economic Review, 30(3), 35–49. https://doi.org/10.1080/12265080108449826
Taiwan Ministry of the Interior. (2018). Statistical Yearbook of Interior. https://www.moi.gov.tw/stat/news_detail.aspx?sn=13742
Teater, B., & Chonody, J. (2017). Promoting actively aging: Advancing a framework for social work practice with older adults. Families in Society, 98(2), 137–145. https://doi.org/10.1606/1044-3894.2017.98.19
Teater, B., & Chonody, J. M. (2020). How do older adults define successful aging? A scoping review. The International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 91, 599–625. https://doi.org/10.1177/0091415019871207
Tessler, H., Choi, M., & Kao, G. (2020). The anxiety of being Asian American: Hate crimes and negative biases during the COVID-19 pandemic. American Journal of Criminal Justice, 45, 636–646. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12103-020-09541-5
Ting-Toomey, S. (1989). Culture and interpersonal relationship development: Some conceptual issues. Annals of the International Communication Association, 12, 371–382. https://doi.org/10.1080/23808985.1989.11678727
Tsvirko, А., & Kasperovich, K. (2020). The aging population as the inevitable trend of the 21st century. http://edoc.bseu.by:8080/bitstream/edoc/81847/1/Tsvirko_A._194_195.pdf
Turner, R. J. (2013). Understanding health disparities: The relevance of the stress process model. Society and Mental Health, 3, 170–186. https://doi.org/10.1177/2156869313488121
Uekermann, J., Channon, S., & Daum, I. (2006). Humor processing, mentalizing, and executive function in normal aging. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 12, 184–191. https://doi.org/ 10.1017/S1355617706060280
United Nations. (1989, December 12). Convention on the rights of the child. http://wunrn.org/reference/pdf/Convention_Rights_Child.PDF
United Nations. (2015). World population ageing 2015. https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/publications/pdf/ageing/WPA2015_Report.pdf
United Nations. (2019). Ageing. https://www.un.org/en/sections/issues-depth/ageing/
Van Dierendonck, D. (2004). The construct validity of Ryff's Scales of Psychological Well-being and its extension with spiritual well-being. Personality and Individual Differences, 36(3), 629–643.
van Tilburg, T. G., Steinmetz, S., Stolte, E., van der Roest, H., & de Vries, D. H. (2020). Loneliness and mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic: A study among Dutch older adults. The Journals of Gerontology: Series B, 76, 249–255. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbaa111
Vaux, A. (1985). Variations in social support associated with gender, ethnicity, and age. Journal of Social Issues, 41, 89–110. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.1985.tb01118.x
Vilaythong, A. P., Arnau, R. C., Rosen, D. H., & Mascaro, N. (2003). Humor and hope: Can humor increase hope? Humor, 16, 79–89. https://doi.org/10.1515/humr.2003.006
Vogt Yuan, A. S. (2007). Perceived age discrimination and mental health. Social Forces, 86, 291–311. https://doi.org/10.1353/sof.2007.0113
Wahl, H.-W. (2020). Aging Successfully: Possible in Principle? Possible for all? Desirable for all? Integrative Psychological and Behavioral Science, 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12124-020-09513-8
Walker, A. (2012). The new ageism. The Political Quarterly, 83, 812–819. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-923X.2012.02360.x
Walker, R. V., Powers, S. M., & Witten, T. M. (2017). Impact of anticipated bias from healthcare professionals on perceived successful aging among transgender and gender nonconforming older adults. LGBT Health, 4, 427–433. https://doi.org/10.1089/lgbt.2016.0165
Wang, C. Y. (2008). Enhancing the interactive relationship between lifelong learning and social changes to carry out a learning society in Taiwan. International Journal of Lifelong Education, 27, 535–542. https://doi.org/10.1080/02601370802051702
Wendt, P. F., & Peterson, D. A. (1993). Gerontology: A case study in the evolution of professional education. The Review of Higher Education, 16, 181–198. https://doi.org/ 10.1353/rhe.1993.0023
Whitbourne, S. K., & Collins, K. (1999). Employing interactive learning methods in a course on the psychology of aging. Teaching of Psychology, 26, 48–49. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15328023top2601_13
Whitbourne, S. K., & Sneed, J. R. (2002). The paradox of well-being, identity processes, and stereotype threat: Ageism and its potential relationships to the self in later life. In T. D. Nelson (Ed.), Ageism: Stereotyping and prejudice against older persons (pp. 247–273). The MIT Press. https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/10679.001.0001
White House Conference on Ageing. (2015). Final Report to White House Conference on Aging. Reference & User Services Quarterly, 130–132.
World Health Organization. (2002). Active ageing: A policy framework. https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/67215/WH0?sequence=1
World Health Organization. (2014). Adolescence: A period needing special attention. Health for the World’s Adolescents: A second chance in the second decade.
World Health Organization. (2020). Ageing. World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/health-topics/ageing
Wu, C.-L., & Chen, H.-C. (2019). The influence of creativity on incongruity-resolution and nonsense humor comprehension. Creativity Research Journal, 31, 110–118. https://doi.org/10.1080/10400419.2019.1577675
Wu, C.-L., Zhong, S., Chan, Y.-C., Chen, H.-C., & He, Y. (2018). White-matter structural connectivity in relation to humor styles: An exploratory study. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, 1654. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01654
Yaakov, S., Shrira, A., Bodner, E., & Palgi, Y. (2020). Response to van Orden's Commentary on" COVID-19 Related Loneliness and Psychiatric Symptoms among Older Adults: The Buffering Role of Subjective Age". The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 28, 1208–1209. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.jagp.2020.08.014
Yan, J., & Chen, W.-W. (2018). The relationships between filial piety, self-esteem, and life satisfaction among emerging adults in Taiwan. In M. Demir & N. Sümer, Close relationships and happiness across cultures (pp. 151–164). Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-89663-2
Yang, S., Hsu, W.-C., & Chen, H.-C. (2016). Age and gender’s interactive effects on learning satisfaction among senior university students. Educational Gerontology, 42(12), 835–844. https://doi.org/10.1080/03601277.2016.1231514
Yeh, K.-H. (2003). The beneficial and harmful effects of filial piety: An integrative analysis. In K.-S. Yang, K.-K. Hwang, P. Pedersen, & I. Daibo, Progress in Asian Social Psychology: Conceptual and Empirical Contributions: Conceptual and Empirical Contributions (pp. 67–82). Greenwood Publishing Group.
Yeh, K.-H., & Bedford, O. (2004). Filial belief and parent-child conflict. International Journal of Psychology, 39, 132–144. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207590344000312
Yeh, K. H., & Bedford, O. (2003). A test of the dual filial piety model. Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 6, 215–228. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1467-839X.2003.00122.x
Youmans, E. G. (1971). Generation and perceptions of old age: An urban-rural comparison. The Gerontologist, 11, 284–288. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/11.4_Part_1.284
Yu, C. Y., & Chen, K. M. (2012). Experiencing simulated aging improves knowledge of and attitudes toward aging. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 60, 957–961. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.2012.03950.x
Yue, X., & Ng, S. H. (1999). Filial obligations and expectations in China: Current views from young and old people in Beijing. Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 2, 215–226. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-839X.00035
Yue, X. D., Liu, K. W.-Y., Jiang, F., & Hiranandani, N. A. (2014). Humor styles, self-esteem, and subjective happiness. Psychological Reports, 115, 517–525. https://doi.org/10.2466/07.02.PR0.115c18z6
Zeigler-Hill, V., McCabe, G. A., & Vrabel, J. K. (2016). The dark side of humor: DSM-5 pathological personality traits and humor styles. Europe's Journal of Psychology, 12, 363–376. https://doi.org/ 10.5964/ejop.v12i3.1109
Zhou, W., Chen, D., Hong, Z., Fan, H., Liu, S., & Zhang, L. (2020). The relationship between health-promoting lifestyles and depression in the elderly: roles of aging perceptions and social support. Quality of Life Research, 30, 721–728. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11136-020-02674-4
Zimmer, Z., & McDaniel, S. (2016). Global ageing in the twenty-first century: An introduction. In S. A. McDaniel (Ed.), Global ageing in the twenty-first century: Challenges, opportunities, and implications (pp. 21–32). Routledge.
Zubair, M., & Norris, M. (2015). Perspectives on ageing, later life and ethnicity: ageing research in ethnic minority contexts. Ageing & Society, 35, 897–916. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0144686X14001536