隨著科技的進步，改變了人們的生活習慣，現代人坐式生活型態的增加導致身體活動嚴重不足，然而目前對身體活動定義及標準繁多，到底哪一種身體活動量才是最適合我國民眾，在改善肥胖及不同體位上，故研究將不同休閒性身體活動量與不同體位同時納入分析，進一步釐清臺灣民眾不同休閒性身體活動量在預測不同體位之情形，本研究採橫斷面研究設計，藉由文獻分析找出休閒性身體活動不足與不同體位之間的關係，隨後引用國家衛生研究院2001、2005、2009及2013年，國民健康訪問調查資料庫進行次級資料分析，研究目的如下：一、探討不同年代休閒性身體活動量不足與不同體位盛行率趨勢；二、分析休閒性身體活動量不足與不同體位之關聯性；三、分析不同休閒性身體活動量在預測不同體位之差異性，研究以 IBM SPSS 22.0 統計套裝軟體進行描述性統計、單因子變異數分析、卡方檢定及非條件式邏輯斯迴歸分析等統計分析，所有統計檢定皆採雙尾檢定，以α= .05 為顯著水準進行統計考驗及分析。
本研究結果如下：一、臺灣民眾休閒性身體活動量不足盛行率有逐年下降趨勢；二、臺灣民眾肥胖盛行率有逐年上升趨勢；三、休閒性身體活動量不足與不同體位具相關性；四、定量的休閒性身體活動量在與不同體位之間的關聯比定性來得高。綜上所述，本研究發現休閒性身體活動量不足在不同標準下，與不同體位之間是具有差異的，休閒性身體活動量越不足，罹患過重及肥胖的風險也越高，若能持續推廣、提高臺灣民眾從事休閒性身體活動的意願，則能有效降低醫療支出上的負擔。

Globally, many person lifestyle changes resulted in insufficient physical activity and obesity. Physical activity in daily life can be categorized into four physical activities such as work, household, transport and leisure time. Exercise is a subset of leisure-time physical activity (LTPA) that is planned, structured, and repetitive and has as a final or an intermediate objective the improvement or maintenance of physical function. The purpose of this study was to determine the association of leisure-time physical activity with growth development among Taiwanese adults.

We used a cross-sectional study design that data were from the database of the National Health Interview Survey in Taiwan in 2001, 2005, 2005, 2013 years by the National Health Research Institutes. The result of the data was analyzed by using IBM SPSS for Windows 22.0, one-way ANOVA, Pearson's chi-squared test, and Unconditional multiple logistic regression model were used to analyze the data. The results as the follows:
1.The prevalence of leisure-time physical inactivity for all adults is decreased in Taiwan.
2.The prevalence of obesity for all adults is increased in Taiwan.
3.The leisure-time physical inactivity was associated with growth development.
4.The leisure-time physical inactivity 750 kcal and 1000 kcal associated with BMI was better than another leisure-time physical inactivity.

On the study, we finding leisure-time physical inactivity have higher probability of suffering from obesity per week. If the people engaged in the promotion of leisure-time physical activity behavior, expectations can effectively reduce the burden of health care costs.

內政部統計處 (2016)。103年簡易生命表及平均餘命查詢。取自http://www.moi.gov.tw/stat/life.aspx
行政院衛生福利部(2015)。2014年國人十大主要死因。取自http://www.mohw.gov.tw
行政院主計總處 (2014)。行政院主教總處102年年報。取自http://www.dgbas.gov.tw/public/Data/44815337MKFO31LR.pdf
李彩華 (1998)。台北市國中學生身體活動量及其影響因素之研究 (未出版碩士論文)。國立臺灣師範大學，臺北市。
沈曉郁 (2008)。雲林縣成年男性嚼食檳榔及其它危險因子與肥胖之相關性。中山醫學大學，臺中市。
林佑真、溫啟邦、衛沛文 (2007)。台灣地區成年人之休閒運動行為與健康行為、 健康狀況、健康相關生活品質之關係探討。臺灣公共衛生雜誌，26(3)， 218-228。
教育部體育署 (2013)。102年運動城市調查報告。取自http://www.sa.gov.tw/wSite/sp?xdUrl=/wSite/query/searchResult.jsp&mp=09
教育部體育署 (2015)。104年運動城市調查報告。取自http://www.sa.gov.tw/wSite/sp?xdUrl=/wSite/query/searchResult.jsp&mp=11
郭世傑、吳忠芳、涂鵬斐。(2014)。不同休閒身體活動型式及身體活動總量對中年男性心臟血管疾病危險率之影響。興大體育學刊，(13)，49-60。
陳苑淑 (2012)。社區民眾健康行為與健康狀態之分析研究以台中市豐原區為例 (未出版碩士論文)。亞洲大學，臺中市。
鄒孟婷、鄒孟文 (2003)。健康知識、教育程度與肥胖之關係。 臺灣公共衛生雜誌，22(4)，295-307。
劉影梅 (2006)。國際身體活動量表臺灣中文版之發展與信效度驗證 (未出版博士論文)。國立臺灣大學，臺北市
蔡宗晏、王進華 (2007)。淺談肌電圖在運動科學中的應用。大專體育，(90)， 155-161。
衛生福利部中央健康保險署 (2015)。2014年全民健康保險醫療費用前二十大疾病。取自http://www.nhi.gov.tw/
衛生福利部國民健康署 (2015)。103年臺灣運動地圖。取自http://www.hpa.gov.tw/BHPNet/Web/News/News.aspx?No=201504210001
衛生福利部國民健康署 (2015)。2013年國民營養健康狀況變遷調查。取自http://www.hpa.gov.tw/Bhpnet/Web/News/News.aspx?No=201402280001
衛生福利部國民健康署 (2016)。成年人吸菸行為調查。取自http://tobacco.hpa.gov.tw/Show.aspx?MenuId=581
衛生福利部國民健康署 (2016)。健康久久網站。取自http://health99.hpa.gov.tw/OnlinkHealth/Onlink_BMI.aspx
Ainsworth, B. E., Haskell, W. L., Whitt, M. C., Irwin, M. L., Swartz, A. M., Strath, S. J., ... & Jacobs, D. R. (2000). Compendium of physical activities: an update of activity codes and MET intensities. Medicine and science in sports and exercise, 32(9), 498-504.
American College of Sports Medicine (2007). ACSM and AHA Recommendations. Retrieved from http://www.bodyresults.com/e2acms_2007.asp
American College of Sports Medicine (2016). ACSM Issues New Recommendations on Quantity and Quality of Exercise. Retrieved from http://www.acsm.org/about-acsm/media-room/news-releases/2011/08/01/acsm-issues-new-recommendations-on-quantity-and-quality-of-exercise
American Diabetes Association (2005). American Diabetes Association complete guide to diabetes. Retrieved from http://dl.iem.iums.ac.ir/handle/Hannan/208#sthash.boZAyHvx.dpbs
American Heart Association (2014). American Heart Association Recommendations for Physical Activity in Adults. Retrieved from http://www.heart.org/HEARTORG/GettingHealthy/PhysicalActivity/FitnessBasics/American-Heart-Association-Recommendations-for-Physical-Activity-in-Adults_UCM_307976_Article.jsp#.VlsR2XYrLIU
Armstrong, N., & Welsman, J. R. (2006). The physical activity patterns of European youth with reference to methods of assessment. Sports Medicine,36(12), 1067-1086.
Averett, S. L., Sikora, A., & Argys, L. M. (2008). For better or worse: relationship status and body mass index. Economics & Human Biology, 6(3), 330-349.
Bauman, A., Phongsavan, P., Schoeppe, S., & Owen, N. (2006). Physical activity measurement-a primer for health promotion. Promotion & education,13(2), 92-103.
Biritwum, R. B., Gyapong, J., & Mensah, G. (2005). The epidemiology of obesity in Ghana. Ghana Med J, 39(3), 82-85.
Bize, R., Johnson, J. A., & Plotnikoff, R. C. (2007). Physical activity level and health-related quality of life in the general adult population: a systematic review. Preventive medicine, 45(6), 401-415.
Bovens, A. M., Van Baak, M. A., Vrencken, J. G., Wijnen, J. A., Saris, W. H., & Verstappen, F. T. (1993). Physical activity, fitness, and selected risk factors for CHD in active men and women. Medicine and science in sports and exercise, 25(5), 572-576.
Bravata, D. M., Smith-Spangler, C., Sundaram, V., Gienger, A. L., Lin, N., Lewis, R., ... & Sirard, J. R. (2007). Using pedometers to increase physical activity and improve health: a systematic review. Jama, 298(19), 2296-2304.
Brownson, R. C., Boehmer, T. K., & Luke, D. A. (2005). Declining rates of physical activity in the United States: what are the contributors?. Annu. Rev. Public Health, 26, 421-443.
Caspersen, C. J., Powell, K. E., & Christenson, G. M. (1985). Physical activity, exercise, and physical fitness: definitions and distinctions for health-related research. Public health reports, 100(2), 126.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2015). Division of Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Obesity. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/physicalactivity/basics/adults/index.htm
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2015). Managing Diabetes. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/managing/index.html
Chen, Y. J., Huang, Y. H., Lu, F. H., Wu, J. S., Lin, L. L., Chang, C. J., & Yang, Y. C. (2011). The correlates of leisure time physical activity among an adults population from southern Taiwan. BMC Public Health, 11(1), 1.
Chief Medical Officers of England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland (2011). Start active, stay active: a report on physical activity form the four home countries’ Chief Medical Officers. Retrieved from https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/start-active-stay-active-a-report-on-physical-activity-from-the-four-home-countries-chief-medical-officers
Cooper, R., Mishra, G. D., & Kuh, D. (2011). Physical activity across adulthood and physical performance in midlife: findings from a British birth cohort. American journal of preventive medicine, 41(4), 376-384.
Ding, D., Sallis, J. F., Hovell, M. F., Du, J., Zheng, M., He, H., & Owen, N. (2011). Physical activity and sedentary behaviours among rural adults in Suixi, China: a cross-sectional study. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 8(1), 1.
EU Working Group “Sport and Health” (2008). EU Physical Activity Guidelines. Retrievedfrom http://ec.europa.eu/sport/what-we-do/doc/health/pa_guidelines_4th_consolidated_draft_en
Freedson, P. S., & Miller, K. (2000). Objective monitoring of physical activity using motion sensors and heart rate. Research quarterly for exercise and sport,71(2), 21-29.
Frydenlund, G., Jørgensen, T., Toft, U., Pisinger, C., & Aadahl, M. (2012). Sedentary leisure time behavior, snacking habits and cardiovascular biomarkers: the Inter99 Study. European journal of preventive cardiology, 19(5), 1111-1119.
German Health Update (2012). Germany physical activity fact sheet. Retrieved from http://ec.europa.eu/sport/library/factsheets/germany-factsheet_en.
Hamburg, N. M., McMackin, C. J., Huang, A. L., Shenouda, S. M., Widlansky, M. E., Schulz, E., ... & Vita, J. A. (2007). Physical inactivity rapidly induces insulin resistance and microvascular dysfunction in healthy volunteers. Arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biology, 27(12), 2650-2656.
Haskell, W. L., Lee, I. M., Pate, R. R., Powell, K. E., Blair, S. N., Franklin, B. A., ... & Bauman, A. (2007). Physical activity and public health: updated recommendation for adults from the American College of Sports Medicine and the American Heart Association. Circulation, 116(9), 1081.
Heath, G. W., Brownson, R. C., Kruger, J., Miles, R., Powell, K. E., Ramsey, L. T., & Task Force on Community Preventive Services. (2006). The effectiveness of urban design and land use and transport policies and practices to increase physical activity: a systematic review. Journal of Physical Activity & Health, 3, 55.
Howley, E. T. (2001). Type of activity: resistance, aerobic and leisure versus occupational physical activity. Medicine and science in sports and exercise, 33(6), 364-369.
Hu, F. B., Li, T. Y., Colditz, G. A., Willett, W. C., & Manson, J. E. (2003). Television watching and other sedentary behaviors in relation to risk of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus in women. Jama, 289(14), 1785-1791.
Hu, F. B., Stampfer, M. J., Colditz, G. A., Ascherio, A., Rexrode, K. M., Willett, W. C., & Manson, J. E. (2000). Physical activity and risk of stroke in women. Jama, 283(22), 2961-2967.
Hu, G., Sarti, C., Jousilahti, P., Silventoinen, K., Barengo, N. C., & Tuomilehto, J. (2005). Leisure time, occupational, and commuting physical activity and the risk of stroke. Stroke, 36(9), 1994-1999.
Kavouras, S. A., Panagiotakos, D. B., Pitsavos, C., Chrysohoou, C., Anastasiou, C. A., Lentzas, Y., & Stefanadis, C. (2007). Physical activity, obesity status, and glycemic control: the ATTICA study. Medicine and science in sports and exercise, 39(4), 606.
Kopelman, P. G. (2000). Obesity as a medical problem. Nature, 404(6778), 635-643.
Korczak, D., & Kister, C. (2013). Overweight and obesity: The efficacy of diets for weight maintenance after weight loss. GMS health technology assessment,9(6), 1-8.
Ku, P. W., Fox, K. R., McKenna, J., & Peng, T. L. (2006). Prevalence of leisure-time physical activity in Taiwanese adults: results of four national surveys, 2000–2004. Preventive medicine, 43(6), 454-457.
Kujala, U., Kukkonen-Harjula, K., & Tikkanen, H. (2014). Physical activity in the treatment and rehabilitation of chronic diseases. Duodecim; laaketieteellinen aikakauskirja, 131(18), 1700-1706.
Laporte, R. E., Montoye, H. J., & Caspersen, C. J. (1985). Assessment of physical activity in epidemiologic research: problems and prospects. Public health reports, 100(2), 131.
Lee, I. M., Djoussé, L., Sesso, H. D., Wang, L., & Buring, J. E. (2010). Physical activity and weight gain prevention. Jama, 303(12), 1173-1179.
Lee, L. L., Arthur, A., & Avis, M. (2007). Evaluating a community-based walking intervention for hypertensive older people in Taiwan: A randomized controlled trial. Preventive Medicine, 44(2), 160-166.
Li, G., Zhang, P., Wang, J., Gregg, E. W., Yang, W., Gong, Q., ... & Shuai, Y. (2008). The long-term effect of lifestyle interventions to prevent diabetes in the China Da Qing Diabetes Prevention Study: a 20-year follow-up study. The Lancet, 371(9626), 1783-1789.
Little, M., Humphries, S., Patel, K., & Dewey, C. (2016). Factors associated with BMI, underweight, overweight, and obesity among adults in a population of rural south India: a cross-sectional study. BMC obesity, 3(1), 1.
Mendoza, J. A., Watson, K., Nguyen, N., Cerin, E., Baranowski, T., & Nicklas, T. A. (2011). Active commuting to school and association with physical activity and adiposity among US youth. Journal of physical activity & health, 8(4), 488.
Miyashita, M., Burns, S. F., & Stensel, D. J. (2006). Exercise and postprandial lipemia: effect of continuous compared with intermittent activity patterns. The American journal of clinical nutrition, 83(1), 24-29.
Miyashita, M., Burns, S. F., & Stensel, D. J. (2008). Accumulating short bouts of brisk walking reduces postprandial plasma triacylglycerol concentrations and resting blood pressure in healthy young men. The American journal of clinical nutrition, 88(5), 1225-1231.
Motl, R. W., McAuley, E., Birnbaum, A. S., & Lytle, L. A. (2006). Naturally occurring changes in time spent watching television are inversely related to frequency of physical activity during early adolescence. Journal of adolescence, 29(1), 19-32.
Ogden, C. L., Carroll, M. D., Kit, B. K., & Flegal, K. M. (2014). Prevalence of childhood and adult obesity in the United States, 2011-2012. Jama, 311(8), 806-814.
Orsini, N., Bellocco, R., Bottai, M., Pagano, M., Michaelsson, K., & Wolk, A. (2008). Combined effects of obesity and physical activity in predicting mortality among men. Journal of internal medicine, 264(5), 442-451.
Pate, R. R., Pratt, M., Blair, S. N., Haskell, W. L., Macera, C. A., Bouchard, C., ... & Kriska, A. (1995). Physical activity and public health: a recommendation from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the American College of Sports Medicine. Jama, 273(5), 402-407.
Patrick, K., Norman, G. J., Calfas, K. J., Sallis, J. F., Zabinski, M. F., Rupp, J., & Cella, J. (2004). Diet, physical activity, and sedentary behaviors as risk factors for overweight in adolescence. Archives of pediatrics & adolescent medicine, 158(4), 385-390.
Prentice, A. M., & Jebb, S. A. (1995). Obesity in Britain: gluttony or sloth?.Bmj, 311(7002), 437-439.
Public Health Agency of Canada (2012). Physical Activity Tips for Adults (18-64 years). Retrieved from http://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/hp-ps/hl-mvs/pa-ap/07paap-eng.php
Reilly, J. J., Penpraze, V., Hislop, J., Davies, G., Grant, S., & Paton, J. Y. (2008). Objective measurement of physical activity and sedentary behaviour: review with new data. Archives of disease in childhood, 93(7), 614-619.
Saelens, B. E., Sallis, J. F., & Frank, L. D. (2003). Environmental correlates of walking and cycling: findings from the transportation, urban design, and planning literatures. Annals of behavioral medicine, 25(2), 80-91.
Sallis, J. F., Floyd, M. F., Rodríguez, D. A., & Saelens, B. E. (2012). Role of built environments in physical activity, obesity, and cardiovascular disease.Circulation, 125(5), 729-737.
Santtila, M., Kyrolainen, H., Vasankari, T., Tiainen, S., Palvalin, K., Hakkinen, A., & Hakkinen, K. (2006). Physical fitness profiles in young Finnish men during the years 1975-2004. Medicine and science in sports and exercise, 38(11), 1990.
Shephard, R. J., & Bouchard, C. (1994). Physical activity, fitness, and health: International proceedings and consensus statement. Gaston, NY: Human Kinetics Publishers.
Shetty, P. S. (2002). Nutrition transition in India. Public health nutrition, 5(1), 175-182.
Sigal, R. J., Kenny, G. P., Wasserman, D. H., & Castaneda-Sceppa, C. (2004). Physical activity/exercise and type 2 diabetes. Diabetes care, 27(10), 2518-2539.
Siscovick, D. S., Weiss, N. S., Hallstrom, A. P., Inui, T. S., & Peterson, D. R. (1982). Physical activity and primary cardiac arrest. JAMA, 248(23), 3113-3117.
Starnes, H. A., Troped, P. J., Klenosky, D. B., & Doehring, A. M. (2011). Trails and physical activity: a review. Journal of Physical Activity and Health, 8(8), 1160.
Stehr, M. D., & von Lengerke, T. (2012). Preventing weight gain through exercise and physical activity in the elderly: a systematic review. Maturitas,72(1), 13-22.
Sugiyama, T., Healy, G. N., Dunstan, D. W., Salmon, J., & Owen, N. (2008). Is television viewing time a marker of a broader pattern of sedentary behavior?.Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 35(2), 245-250.
Taylor, H. (2003). Large declines since 1995 in favorite activities which require physical exercise. Rochester, NY: Harris Interact.
Tremblay, M. S., Shephard, R. J., Mckenzie, T. L., & Gledhill, N. (2001). Physical activity assessment options within the context of the Canadian Physical Activity, Fitness, and Lifestyle Appraisal. Canadian journal of applied physiology, 26(4), 388-407.
Troiano, R. P., Berrigan, D., Dodd, K. W., Masse, L. C., Tilert, T., & McDowell, M. (2008). Physical activity in the United States measured by accelerometer.Medicine and science in sports and exercise, 40(1), 181.
US Department of Health and Human Services (2008). Physical activity guidelines advisory committee. Retrieved from https://health.gov/PAGuidelines/pdf/paguide.
Vanhees, L., Lefevre, J., Philippaerts, R., Martens, M., Huygens, W., Troosters, T., & Beunen, G. (2005). How to assess physical activity? How to assess physical fitness?. European Journal of Cardiovascular Prevention & Rehabilitation, 12(2), 102-114.
Vogels, N., Egger, G., Plasqui, G., & Westerterp, K. R. (2004). Estimating changes in daily physical activity levels over time: implication for health interventions from a novel approach. International journal of sports medicine,25(08), 607-610.
Voulgari, C., Pagoni, S., Vinik, A., & Poirier, P. (2013). Exercise improves cardiac autonomic function in obesity and diabetes. Metabolism, 62(5), 609-621.
Wai, J. P. M., Wen, C. P., Chan, H. T., Chiang, P. H., Tsai, M. K., Tsai, S. P., & Chang, H. Y. (2008). Assessing physical activity in an Asian country: low energy expenditure and exercise frequency among adults in Taiwan. Asia Pacific journal of clinical nutrition, 17(2), 297-308.
Warburton, D. E., Nicol, C. W., & Bredin, S. S. (2006). Health benefits of physical activity: the evidence. Canadian medical association journal, 174(6), 801-809.
Wen, C. P., Wai, J. P. M., Tsai, M. K., Yang, Y. C., Cheng, T. Y. D., Lee, M. C., ... & Wu, X. (2011). Minimum amount of physical activity for reduced mortality and extended life expectancy: a prospective cohort study. The Lancet, 378(9798), 1244-1253.
World Health Organization (2015). Recommend on physical activity for health. Retrieved from http://www.who.int/chp/steps/resources/GPAQ_Analysis_Guide.
World Health Organization (2016). BMI classification. Retrieved from http://apps.who.int/bmi/index.jsp?introPage=intro_3.html
World Health Organization (2016). Obesity and overweight. Retrieved from http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs311/en/
World Health Organization (2016). Physical activity. Retrieved from http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs385/en/