新聞遊戲是新聞媒體一種新的樣貌，本研究旨在了解新聞遊戲對閱聽人的影響。本研究採用實驗法，執行2（新聞呈現形式：有新聞遊戲、無新聞遊戲）X2（議題涉入度：低、高）二因子組間實驗設計，探討新聞呈現形式與議題涉入度，對閱聽人在新聞記憶度、新聞注意力與同理心之影響。此外，本研究輔以深度訪談法，了解閱聽人內心的真實想法與實際情況。

實驗法研究結果顯示：（1）新聞遊戲對於受測者來說，在新聞記憶度、新聞注意力與同理心都比無新聞遊戲具有正向的顯著結果。（2）「新聞呈現方式X議題涉入度」對新聞注意力具有雙向交互效果。（3）「新聞呈現方式X議題涉入度」對同理心具有雙向交互效果。而深度訪談的結果顯示，新聞遊戲可以增加議題涉入度低的閱聽人對新聞的注意力與同理心。

In digital ages, newsgame has become a new format used by journalism, which blurred the boundary between news and games. Newsgame can help audiences explore unfamiliar worlds, experience stories, and engage them in a highly emotional and meaningful way. This study focused on how newsgame and issue involvement affect the audience’s reaction on their perceived news memory, news attention and empathy. The in-depth interview method is also employed on 5 interviewees.

The results revealed that news presentation format have significant influence on news memory, news attention and empathy. And a two-way interaction between news presentation format and issue involvement on news attention and empathy. The in-depth interview results show that newsgame would increase low-involvement audiences’ news attention and empathy.

王邵文（2016）。〈災難新聞中戲劇化、類型與同理心情緒之相關研究：以 2015年八仙樂園粉塵爆炸為例〉，2016 年中華傳播學會年會論文。嘉義：中正大學。
王泰俐（2015）。《電視新聞感官主義》。台北：五南。
王泰俐（2006）。〈電視新聞「感官主義」對閱聽人接收新聞的影響〉，《新聞學研究》，86: 91-133 。
台北市媒體代理商協會（2017）。《 2017 台灣媒體白皮書》。台北：台北市媒體代理商協會。
行政院環境保護署（2013）。《環境教育能力指標暨全民環境素養調查專案工作計畫》。(計劃編號:EPA-100-EALL-03-A264)。臺北:世新大學。
李茂政（1984）。《傳播學通論》。台北：時報文化。
李蔡彥、鄭宇君（2011）。〈資訊科技與新媒體研究之發展〉，《傳播研究與實踐》，1(1): 75-80。
吳明陸、涂金堂（2012）。《 SPSS 與統計應用分析》。台北：五南。
吳泰輝（2016 年 1 月 21 日）。〈急診人生的背後-新聞遊戲製作談〉，《報導者》。上網日期：2017 年 6 月 20 日，取自 https://www.twreporter.org/a/media-emergency-game
呂理德（2002）。〈 大眾傳播媒體與環境教育—以中國時報河川保護小組為例〉，「2002 年海峽兩岸環境教育研討會」論文。台灣，台中。
吳岱芸（2015）。〈從遊戲到遊戲化：行銷溝通遊戲化理論初探〉，《新聞學研究》，124: 215-251。
林照真（2013）。〈當代聚合對傳統報紙轉型的影響與衝擊：有關《紐約時報》與《衛報》的比較研究〉，「中華傳播學會 2013 年年會」論文。台灣，台北。
林照真（2014）。〈資料新聞學興起:後印刷時代應用電腦軟體說故事的新聞挑戰 〉，《傳播研究與實踐》，4(2)：93-116。
林照真（2017）。《新聞，在轉捩點上：數位時代的新聞轉型與聚合》。台北：聯經。
周佳勲（2015）。《環境新聞產製與數位公共領域-以台灣野放鯨鯊事件為研究案例》。國立臺灣大學新聞研究所學位論文。
洪欣慈、連珮宇（2017年7月27日）。〈新聞遊戲〈怪天氣大作戰〉／對抗夏季「超有感」劇烈天氣〉，《聯合報》。上網日期：2017年8月16日，取自https://udn.com/upf/newmedia/2017_data/summerweather/
洪綾襄（2015）。〈蘋果陳裕鑫 我們要變形為數位媒體公司〉，《財訊雙週刊》，467：131。
胡詩憶（2012）。《硬性動畫新聞對閱聽人影響之初探研究》。國立中正大學電訊傳播研究所學位論文。
張玉佩（2011）。〈線上遊戲之閱聽人愉悅經驗探索〉，《中華傳播學刊》，19：61-96。
張郁敏（2012）。〈跨媒介新聞資訊處理模型:資訊來源擴大理論在新聞研究上的應用〉，《新聞學研究》，110: 85-124。
張春興（2013）。《現代心理學》。台北：東華。
張卿卿（2012）。〈科學新聞資訊呈現形式及其對閱聽眾資訊接收的影響─以科學知識觀點與認知基模理論來探討 〉，《科學教育學刊》，20(3)：193-216。
彭冉齡、張必隱（2000）。《認知心理學》，台北：東華。
彭芸（2008）。《21世紀新聞學與新聞學研究》。台北：雙葉。
邱皓政（2006）。《量化研究與統計分析-SPSS中文視窗版資料分析範例解析》。台北：五南。
凱絡媒體週報（2017年5月4日）。〈專題報告：2016年廣告量報告〉。上網日期：2017 年 10 月 8 日。取自：goo.gl/dtvs1d
畢恆達（1996）。詮釋學與質性研究。台北：巨流.。
黃哲斌（2015 年 3 月 6 日）。〈「日本買房生活」與「高僧木乃伊」的新聞啟示錄」 〉，《獨立評論@天下》。上網日期：2017 年 3 月 20 日，取自 http://opinion.cw.com.tw/blog/profile/51/article/2464
黃翊琪（2015）。《 媒體文化與科技的競合：多媒體互動新聞敘事之媒材、互動與權力》。國立交通大學傳播研究所學位論文。
黃鳴奮 （2014）。〈數字化語境中的新聞遊戲〉，《重慶郵電大學學報：社會科學版》，26（5）： 94-100。
黃嬿（2009）。《 台灣報紙全球與地方環境新聞分析─以全球暖化和「八八風災」新聞為例》。國立臺灣師範大學大眾傳播研究所學位論文。
程毓明、郭勝煌（2011）。遊戲式學習對學習成效影響之探討：以國中綜合活動童軍課程為例。工業科技教育學刊，4，25-32。
楊婕（2014 年 9 月 28 日）。〈腥紅海灣 殘殺海豚真有其必要？〉，《中時電子報》。上網日期：2017 年 10 月 20 日，取自 http://www.chinatimes.com/realtimenews/20140928001237-260408
魯皓平（2014 年 9 月 5 日）。〈最血腥的殺海豚傳統，日本和歌山縣的血色海灣〉， 《遠見》。上網日期：2017 年 9 月 11 日，取自 https://www.gvm.com.tw/article.html?id=26924
陳憶寧（2011）。〈電視新聞戲劇化效果研究：由議題設定與收視動機角度來看〉，《新聞學研究》，109：77-120。
蔣宜婷（2015 年 12 月 18 日）。〈報導者編輯部／為什麼用遊戲做新聞？〉，《報導者》。上網日期：2017 年 5 月 20 日，取自 https://www.twreporter.org/a/opinion-newsgame
蔣宜婷（2016）。《新聞遊戲可以報導新聞？：數位時代有關新聞遊戲的初探性 研究》。國立臺灣大學新聞研究所學位論文。
蔡琰、臧國仁（2008）。〈老人接收新聞訊息之情感與記憶〉，《中華傳播學刊》，13：3-35。
蔡琰、臧國仁（2017）。〈數位時代的「敘事傳播」： 兼論新科技對傳播學術思潮的可能影響〉，《新聞學研究》，131：1-48。
鄭宇君、李蔡彥（2011）。〈資訊科技與新媒體研究之發展〉，《傳播研究與實踐》，1（1）：75-81。
鄭昭明（2010）。《認知心理學：理論與實踐》。台北：學富。
顧潔、梁冰潔（2016）。〈新聞遊戲：一種新式傳播理念的實踐〉，《東南傳播》，7：4-6。
Anderson, J. R. (2005). Cognitive psychology and its implications. Macmillan.
Antilla, L. (2010). Self-censorship and science: a geographical review of media coverage of climate tipping points. Public Understanding of Science, 19(2),240-256.
Ashcraft, M. H. (1993). Human memory and cognition (2nd ed.). New York： HarperCollins College Publishers.
Atkinson, R. C., & Shiffrin, R. M. (1968). Human memory: A proposed system and its control processes1. In Psychology of learning and motivation (Vol. 2, pp.89-195). Academic Press.
Babbie, E. (2004). Survey research. The practice of social research, 10(1), 242-280.
Barr, P. (2008). Video game values: Play as human-computer interaction. (Doctoral Dissertation) Victoria University of Wellington.
Bezemer, J., & Kress, G. (2008). Writing in multimodal texts: A social semiotic account of designs for learning. Written communication, 25(2), 166-195.
Bogost, I. (2007). Persuasive games: The expressive power of videogames. Mit Press.
Bogost, I., Ferrari, S., & Schweizer, B. (2010). Newsgames: Journalism at play. Mit Press.
Boykoff, M. T. (2009). We speak for the trees: Media reporting on the environment. Annual Review of Environment and Resources, 34, 431-457.
Breznitz, Z. (1997). Effects of accelerated reading rate on memory for text among dyslexic readers. Journal of Educational Psychology, 89(2), 289.
Burke, M.C., & Edell, J.A. (1989). The Impact of Feelings on Ad-Based Affect and Cognition. Journal of Marketing Research, 26(1), 69-83.
Burton, J. (2005). News-game journalism: History, current use and possible futures. Australian Journal of Emerging Technologies and Society, 3(2), 87-99.
Castronova, E. (2005). Synthetic worlds: The business and culture of online games.Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
Chaffee, S. H., & Roser, C. (1986). Involvement and the consistency of knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors. Communication research, 13(3), 373-399.
Chyi, H. I., Lewis, S. C., & Zheng, N. (2012). A matter of life and death? Examining how newspapers covered the newspaper “Crisis”. Journalism Studies, 13(3),305-324.
Cox, R. (2006). Environmental communication and the public sphere. Sage publications.
Craig, D. (2006). The ethics of the story: Using narrative techniques responsibly injournalism. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.
Crawford, N. C. (2014). Institutionalizing passion in world politics: fear and empathy. International Theory, 6(03), 535-557.
Cronbach, L. J., Rajaratnam, N., & Gleser, G. C. (1963). Theory of generalizability: a liberalization of reliability theory. British Journal of Statistical Psychology, 16(2), 137-163.
Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1975). Beyond Boredom and Anxiety. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
Davis, M. H. (1983). The effects of dispositional empathy on emotional reactions and helping: A multidimensional approach. Journal of Personality, 51(2), 167.
Deterding, S., Dixon, D., Khaled, R., & Nacke, L. (2011). From game design elements to gamefulness: Defining gamification. Proceedings of the 15th International Academic MindTrek Conference: Envisioning Future Media Environments, 9-15.
Findahl, O., & Hoijer, B. (1985). Some characteristics of news memory and comprehension. Journal Broadcasting and Electronic Media, 29(4): 379-396.
Garham, N. (2000). Emancipation, the media and modernity: Arguments about the media and social theory. New York: Oxford University Press.
Gunter, B. (1987). Poor reception: Misunderstanding and forgetting broadcast news. Routledge.
Gutsche Jr, R. E., Jacobson, S., & Marino, J. (2015). Can Longform Journalism Thrive in the Age of the Mobile Device? RjiOnline. org, October, 28.
Hansen, A. (2011). Communication, media and environment: Towards reconnecting research on the production, content and social implications of environmental communication. International Communication Gazette, 73(1-2), 7-25.
Hoffman, M. L. (1984). Interaction of affect and cognition in empathy. In Emotions,Cognition, and Behavior, In C. Izard, J. Kagan, and R.B. Zajonc, eds. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 103-131.
Howard-Pitney, B., Borgida, E., & Omoto A. M. (1986). Personal Involvement: An examination of processing differences. Social Cognition, 4(1), 39-57.
Huizinga, J. (1955). Homo Ludens: A Study of the Play Element in Culture. Boston: Beacon Press.
Hunsdahl, J. B. (1967). Concerning Einfühlung (empathy): A concept analysis of its origin and early development. Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences, 3(2), 180-191.
Hunt, M. (1994). The story of psychology. New York: Anchor Books.
James, W. (1890). Principles of psychology. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.
Kayany, J. M., & Yelsma, P. (2000). Displacement effects of online media in the socio-technical contexts of households. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 44(2), 215-229.
Kim, M. (2016). The Role of Partisan Sources and Audiences' Involvement in Bias Perceptions of Controversial News. Media Psychology, 19(2), 203-223.
Korgaonkar, P. K. and P. G. Moschis. (1982). An Experimental Study of Cognitive Dissonance, Product Involvement, Expectations, Performance and Consumer Judgement of Product Performance. Journal of Advertising, 11(3). 32-44
Kovach, B., & Rosenstiel, T. (2007). The elements of journalism: What newspeople should know and the public should expect. New York, NY: Three Rivers Press.
Kulhavy, R. W., Stock, W. A., & Kealy, W. A. (1993). How geographic maps increase recall of instructional text. Educational Technology Research and Development, 41(4), 47-62.
Lang, A. (2006). Using the limited capacity model of motivated mediated message processing to design effective cancer communication messages. Journal of Communication, 56(1), 57-80.
Laurent, G., & Kapferer, J. N. (1985). Measuring consumer involvement profiles. Journal of Marketing Research, 41-53.
Leavitt, C., Greenwald, A. G., & Obermiller, C. (1981). What is low involvement low in? Advances in Consumer Research, 8(1), 15-19.
Lee, E.J. & Kim, Y.W. (2016). Effects of infographics on news elaboration, cquisition, and evaluation: Prior knowledge and issue involvement as moderators. New Media & Society, 18, 1579–1598.
Mathew I. (2015). The Smartphone Is Eating the Television, Nielsen Admits. Retrieved April 1, 2018, from http://fortune.com/2015/12/07/smartphone-tv-report/
McComas, K. A., Shanahan, J., & Butler, J. S. (2001). Environmental content in prime-time network TV's non-news entertainment and fictional programs. Society & Natural Resources, 14(6), 533-542.
McCormick, T. (2013). Anthropology of an idea gamification. Foreign Policy, 201, 26-27. Retrieved January 20, 2018, from ProQuest Research Libraryon the World Wild Web:http://search.proquest.com/docview/1411123673?accounted
=10067
McElroy, T., & Seta, J. J. (2003). Framing effects: An analytic–holistic perspective. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 39(6), 610-617.
Mihee, Kim. (2016). The Role of Partisan Sources and Audiences’ Involvement in Bias Perceptions of Controversial News. Media Psychology, 19, 203–223.
Murray, J. H. (2006). Toward a cultural theory of gaming: Digital games and the co-evolution of media, mind, and culture. Popular Communication, 4, 185-202.
Newman, N., Fletcher, R., Kalogeropoulos, A., Levy, D. A., & Nielsen, R. K. (2017). Reuters institute digital news report 2017.
New York Times (2014.01.17). The New York Times’s most visited content of 2013. Retrieved Aug 13, 2017, from https://www.nytco.com/the-new-york-timess-most- visited-content-of-2013/
Norman, D. A., & Books, I. (2002). The design of everyday things (Vol. 16): Basic Books New York.
Novak, T. P., & Hoffamn, D. L. (1998). Bridging the racial divide on the Internet. Science, 280(5362), 390-392.
Petty, R. E., & Cacioppo, J. T. (1979). Issue involvement can increase or decrease persuasion by enhancing message-relevant cognitive responses. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37(10), 1915.
Petty, R. E., & Cacioppo, J. T. (1984). The effects of involvement on responses to argument quantity and quality: Central and peripheral routes to persuasion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 46(1), 69.
Pfeifer, J. H., & Dapretto, M. (2011). 14 “Mirror, Mirror, in My Mind”: Empathy, Interpersonal Competence, and the Mirror Neuron System. The social neuroscience of empathy, 183.
Plewe, C., & Fürsich, E. (2017). Are Newsgames Better Journalism? Empathy, information and representation in games on refugees and migrants. Journalism Studies, 1-18.
Ray, M.L. , Sawyer, A.G. , Rothschild, M.L. , Heeler, R.M. , Strong, E.C. and Reed, J.B. (1973) ‘Marketing Communication and the Hierarchy-of-Effects’, in P. Clarke (ed.) New Models for Mass Communication Research, pp. 147–176.Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Robinson, J. P., & Levy, M. R. (1986). The main source: Learning from television news (Vol. 17). Sage Publications, Inc.
Rogers, C. R. (1957). The necessary & sufficient conditions of therapeutic personality change. Journal of consulting psychology, 21 (2), 95.
Rogers, C. R. (1975). Empathic: An unappreciated way of being. The counseling psychologist, 5 (2), 2-10.
Rogers, C. R. (1989). On becoming a person: A therapist's view of psychotherapy. NY: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.
Russell, J. A. (1978). Evidence of convergent validity on the dimensions of affect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 36(10), 1152.
Ruth, J. A., Brunel, F. F., & Otnes, C. C. (2002). Linking thoughts to feelings: Investigating cognitive appraisals and consumption emotions in a mixed-emotions context. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 30(1), 44-58.
Scheufele, D. A. (1999). Framing as a theory of media effects. Journal of Communication, 49(1), 103-122.
Seabra, G. A., & Santos, L. A. (2015). NewsGames-Applied General Theory of Games Based News: Creating the Foundations Narratives of a New Online Journalism Model. Geraldo A. Seabra.
Sherif, C. W., Sherif, M., & Nebergall, R. E. (1965). Attitude and attitude change: The social judgment-involvement approach. Philadelphia: Saunders.
Sicart, M. (2008). Newsgames: Theory and design. In International Conference on Entertainment Computing (pp. 27-33). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg.
Singer, E. & Endreny, P. M. (1993). Reporting on risk: How the mass media portray accidents, diseases, disaster, and other hazards. NY: Russell Sage Foundation.
Sundar, S. S. (2000). Multimedia effects on processing and perception of online news: A study of picture, audio, and video downloads. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 77(3), 480-499.
Stiff, J., Dillard, J. P., Somera , L., Kim, H., & Sleight, C.(1988). Empathy, Communication and prosocial behavior. Communication Monographs, 55, 198-213.
Stuart, K. (2015, April 6). Syrian Journey: Why the BBC is right to make a game about the refugee crisis. Retrieved May 30, 2017, from http://www.theguardian.com/ chnology/2015/apr/06/syrian-journey-bbc-game-refugee-crisis
Tao, C.C. (2007), Cognitive processing during Web search: A cognitive control approach: Psychological versus attribute-based definitions, Human Communication Research, 33(4), 397–426.
Treanor, M., & Mateas, M. (2009). Newsgames-Procedural Rhetoric Meets Political Cartoons. In DiGRA Conference.
Ungar, S. (2000). Knowledge, ignorance and the popular culture: climate change versus the ozone hole. Public Understanding of Science, 9(3), 297-312.
Unnava, H. R., Burnkrant, R. E., & Erevelles, S. (1994). Effects of presentation order and communication modality on recall and attitude. Journal of Consumer Research, 21(3), 481-490.
WM Van Gerven, Fred GWC Paas, Jeroen JG Van Merriënboer, Henk G. Schmidt, P.(2000). Cognitive load theory and the acquisition of complex cognitive skills in the elderly: Towards an integrative framework. Educational Gerontology, 26(6), 503-521.
Vettehen, P. H., Nuijten, K., & Peeters, A. (2008). Explaining effects of sensationalism on liking of television news stories: The role of emotional arousal. Communication Research, 35(3), 319-338.
Walma van der Molen, J. H., & Klijn, M. E. (2004). Recall of television versus print news: Retesting the semantic overlap hypothesis. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 48(1), 89-107.
Wei, S. (2013, April 23). Heartsaver: Experimenting with news games to tell a story.Retrieved May 20,2017, from https://www.propublica.org/nerds/item/heartsaver-an-experiment-in-using-news-games-to-tell-a-story.
Wick, R. H., & Deetz, S. A. (1992). Schema theory and measurement in mass communication research: Theorical and methodological issues in news information processing. Communication yearbook, 15, 115-145.
Wortman, C. B., Loftus, E. F., & Marshall, M. E. (1992). Sensation and Perception. In C. B. Wortman, E. F. Loftus, & M. E. Marshall (Eds.), Psychology. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Zaichkowsky, J. L. (1985). Measuring the involvement construct. Journal of consumer research, 12(3), 341-352.
Zaichkowsky, J. L. (1986). Conceptualizing involvement. Journal of advertising, 15(2), 4-34.
Zaichkowsky, J. L. (1987). The emotional affect of product involvement. Advances in Consumer Research, 14, 32–35.
Zaichkowsky, J. L. (1994). The personal involvement inventory: Reduction, revision, and application to advertising. Journal of Advertising, 23(4), 59-70.
Zichermann, G., & Cunningham, C. (2011). Gamification by design: Implementing game mechanics in web and mobile apps. Sebastopol, CA: O’Reilly Media.
Zillmann, D., & Brosius, H. B. (2012). Exemplification in communication: The influence of case reports on the perception of issues. Routledge.