本研究基於工作要求—資源模式，旨在探究職場中不同情境的即時通訊對於工作幸福感之影響，以及時間控制感、情緒耗竭在其中的中介效果。本研究採用問卷調查法，以臺灣在職6個月以上，且工作中有使用即時通訊進行工作溝通聯繫之企業員工為研究對象，並採用兩階段問卷發放，總計回收有效問卷547份。研究結果顯示：（1）職場工作相關即時通訊與時間控制感具有正向關係。（2）時間控制感與工作幸福感具有正向關係。（3）時間控制感會中介職場工作相關即時通訊與工作幸福感之間的正向關係。（4）職場過度使用即時通訊與情緒耗竭具有正向關係。（5）情緒耗竭與工作幸福感具有負向關係。（6）情緒耗竭會中介職場過度使用即時通訊與工作幸福感之間的負向關係。最後針對兩種即時通訊情境所帶來的不同結果進行討論，並提出實務建議提供企業做為人力資源管理的參考。

Based on the job demands-resources model, this study investigated the impact of instant messaging under different conditions on workplace well-being and the mediating effects of perceived control of time and emotional exhaustion. A questionnaire survey was administered to employees in Taiwan who had been employed for more than six months and used instant messaging for work communication. The survey was conducted in two stages, resulting in 547 valid responses. The results indicated that: (1) work-related instant messaging use was positively related to perceived control of time. (2) perceived control of time was positively related to workplace well-being. (3) perceived control of time mediated the positive relationship between work-related instant messaging use and workplace well-being. (4) excessive instant messaging use at work was positively related to emotional exhaustion. (5) emotional exhaustion was negatively related to workplace well-being. (6) emotional exhaustion mediated the negative relationship between excessive instant messaging use at work and workplace well-being. Finally, the implications of the different outcomes under the two instant messaging conditions were discussed, and practical recommendations were proposed for enterprises to use as references in human resource management.

一、中文部份
LINE（2018，11月8日）。LINE公開2019年商務溝通三大趨勢：數據串接、訂製行銷、真實效益 「官方帳號2.0計畫」整併藍圖首度揭曉。LINE Press Releases(Taiwan)。https://linecorp.com/zh-hant/pr/news/zh-hant/2018/2466
LINE〔LINE 企業解決方案〕（2021，11月18日）。LINE CONVERGE 2021 Autumn年度大會 - Day2〔影片〕。Youtube。https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sw-AMH9zf04
陳怡靜（2020-2021）。工作場域中即時通訊使用之前因與後果研究（計畫編號： 109-2511-H-003-044-）〔補助〕。科技部。
https://www.grb.gov.tw/search/planDetail?id=13519217
勞動部統計處（2021，1月25日）。109年勞工生活及就業狀況調查統計結果。勞動部新聞稿。https://www.mol.gov.tw/1607/1632/1640/13386/
勞動部統計處（2022，2月23日）。110年勞工生活及就業狀況調查統計結果。勞動部新聞稿。 https://www.mol.gov.tw/1607/1632/1640/48857/post
勞動部統計處（2023，1月31日）。111年勞工生活及就業狀況調查統計結果。勞動部新聞稿。https://www.mol.gov.tw/1607/1632/1640/57422/post
臺北市政府勞動局（2024，5月6日）。臺北市事業單位實施居家工作勞動條件保障指導原則。居家工作勞動權益保障專區。https://bola.gov.taipei/cp.aspx?n=ECD43AA057E9D8B2
趙蔚蘭（2021，4月6日）。遠距工作浪潮 微軟台灣商用Teams用戶增6倍。中央通訊社產經。https://www.cna.com.tw/news/afe/202104060152.aspx
二、外文部份
Aeon B, Faber A, Panaccio A. (2021) Does time management work? A meta-analysis. PLoS ONE, 16(1), e0245066. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0245066
Ali-Hassan, H., Nevo, D., & Wade, M. (2015). Linking dimensions of social media use to job performance: The role of social capital. The Journal of Strategic Information Systems, 24(2), 65-89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsis.2015.03.001
Anasori, E., Kucukergin, K. G., Soliman, M., Tulucu, F., & Altinay, L. (2022). How can the subjective well-being of nurses be predicted? Understanding the mediating effect of psychological distress, psychological resilience and emotional exhaustion. Journal of Service Theory and Practice, 32(6), 762-780. https://doi.org/10.1108/JSTP-01-2022-0008
Ardèvol-Abreu, A., Rodríguez-Wangí¼emert, C., & Delponti, P. (2022). Mobile instant messaging techno-stressors: Measurement, dimensionality, and relationships with type of usage. Profesional de la Información/Information Professional, 31(4), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.3145/epi.2022.jul.01
Bahri, S., Fauzi, A., & Ahmad, N. S. (2020). A communication overload scale for use with mobile instant messaging in work management. Digital Business, 1(1), 100003. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.digbus.2021.100003
Bakker, A. B., & Demerouti, E. (2007). The job demands‐resources model: State of the art. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 22(3), 309-328. https://doi.org/10.1108/02683940710733115
Bakker, A. B., & Demerouti, E. (2017). Job demands–resources theory: Taking stock and looking forward. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 22(3), 273-285. https://doi.org/10.1037/ocp0000056
Bakker, A. B., & Oerlemans, W. G. (2011). Subjective well-being in organizations. The Oxford Handbook of Positive Organizational Scholarship (online ed., pp. 178-189). Oxford Academic https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199734610.013.0014
Baron, N. S. (2013). Instant Messaging. Pragmatics of Computer-mediated Communication (9th ed.). Walter de Gruyter https://books.google.com.tw/books?hl=zh-TW&lr=&id=9cTmBQAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PA135&dq=instant+messaging&ots=PFNV8KmrkB&sig=tMU02Gdw2yJwUTEJoGeOkXCaOqE&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=instant%20messaging&f=false
Bartels, A. L., Peterson, S. J., & Reina, C. S. (2019). Understanding well-being at work: Development and validation of the eudaimonic workplace well-being scale. PloS ONE, 14(4), e0215957. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0215957
Baumeister, V. M., Kuen, L. P., Bruckes, M., & Schewe, G. (2021). The relationship of work-related ICT use with well-being, incorporating the role of resources and demands: A meta-analysis. Sage Open, 11(4), 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440211061560
Biggio, G., & Cortese, C. (2013). Well-being in the workplace through interaction between individual characteristics and organizational context. International Journal of Qualitative Studies on Health and Well-being, 8(1), 19823. https://doi.org/10.3402/qhw.v8i0.19823
Brislin, R. W. (1970). Back-translation for cross-cultural research. Journal of Cross-cultural Psychology, 1(3), 185-216. https://doi.org/10.1177/135910457000100301
Bryson, A., Forth, J., & Stokes, L. (2017). Does employees’ subjective well-being affect workplace performance?. Human Relations, 70(8), 1017-1037. https://doi.org/10.1177/0018726717693073
Cameron, A. F., & Webster, J. (2005). Unintended consequences of emerging communication technologies: Instant messaging in the workplace. Computers in Human behavior, 21(1), 85-103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2003.12.001
Cao, X., & Yu, L. (2019). Exploring the influence of excessive social media use at work: A three-dimension usage perspective. International Journal of Information Management, 46, 83-92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2018.11.019
Caplan, S. E., & High, A. C. (2006). Beyond excessive use: The interaction between cognitive and behavioral symptoms of problematic Internet use. Communication Research Reports, 23(4), 265-271. https://doi.org/10.1080/08824090600962516
Chan, S. H. J., & Lai, H. Y. I. (2017). Understanding the link between communication satisfaction, perceived justice and organizational citizenship behavior. Journal of Business Research, 70, 214-223. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2016.08.017
Chang, H. J., & Ian, W. Z. (2014). Instant messaging usage and interruptions in the workplace. International Journal of Knowledge Content Development & Technology, 4(2), 25-47. http://dx.doi.org/10.5865/IJKCT.2014.4.2.025
Chen, X., & Wei, S. (2019). Enterprise social media use and overload: A curvilinear relationship. Journal of Information Technology, 34(1), 22-38. https://doi.org/10.1177/0268396218802728
Chen, Y., Zhang, F., Wang, Y., & Zheng, J. (2020). Work-family conflict, emotional responses, workplace deviance, and well-being among construction professionals: A sequential mediation model. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(18), 6883. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186883
Cheng, H. L., Lin, T. C., Tan, W. K. & Chiu, C. M. (2021). Understanding employees' response to work-related after-hours use of instant messaging apps: a stress and coping perspective. Online Information Review, 45(7), 1247-1267. https://doi.org/10.1108/OIR-06-2020-0214
Chesley, N. (2014). Information and communication technology use, work intensification and employee strain and distress. Work, Employment and Society, 28(4), 589-610. https://doi.org/10.1177/0950017013500112
Cho, J., Lee, H. E., & Kim, H. (2019). Effects of communication-oriented overload in mobile instant messaging on role stressors, burnout, and turnover intention in the workplace. International Journal of Communication, 13, 1743-1763. https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/9290
Claessens, B. J. C. (2004). Perceived control of time : time management and personal effectiveness at work. [Phd Thesis 1 (Research TU/e / Graduation TU/e), Industrial Engineering and Innovation Sciences]. Technische Universiteit Eindhoven. https://doi.org/10.6100/IR582438
Collins, A. M., Hislop, D., & Cartwright, S. (2016). Social support in the workplace between teleworkers, office‐based colleagues and supervisors. New Technology, Work and Employment, 31(2), 161-175. https://doi.org/10.1111/ntwe.12065
Cropanzano, R., Rupp, D. E., & Byrne, Z. S. (2003). The relationship of emotional exhaustion to work attitudes, job performance, and organizational citizenship behaviors. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(1), 160-169. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/0021-9010.88.1.160
Curry, D. (2023, January 9). Slack Revenue and Usage Statistics (2023). Business of Apps. https://www.businessofapps.com/data/slack-statistics/
Day, A., Barber, L. K., & Tonet, J. (2019). Information communication technology and employee well-being: Understanding the “iParadox Triad” at work. In R. N. Landers (Ed.), The Cambridge Handbook of Technology and Employee Behavior (pp. 580-607). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108649636.022
Day, A., & Nielsen, K. (2017). What Does Our Organization Do 16 to Help Our Well-Being? Creating Healthy Workplaces and Workers. An Introduction to Work and Organizational Psychology: An International Perspective, 295. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119168058.ch16
Day, A., Paquet, S., Scott, N., & Hambley, L. (2012). Perceived information and communication technology (ICT) demands on employee outcomes: the moderating effect of organizational ICT support. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 17(4), 473-491. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0029837
Day, A., Scott, N., & Kevin Kelloway, E. (2010). Information and communication technology: Implications for job stress and employee well-being. In New Developments in Theoretical and Conceptual Approaches to Job Stress (pp. 317-350). Emerald Group Publishing Limited.https://doi.org/10.1108/S1479-3555(2010)0000008011
Demerouti, E., Bakker, A. B., Nachreiner, F., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2001). The job demands-resources model of burnout. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86(3), 499-512. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.86.3.499
DeVellis, R. F. (1991). Scale development: Theory and applications. Sage Publications, Inc. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1991-98125-000
Diener, E. (1984). Subjective well-being. Psychological Bulletin, 95(3), 542-575. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.95.3.542
Diener, E. (2000). Subjective well-being: The science of happiness and a proposal for a national index. American Psychologist, 55(1), 34-43. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.55.1.34
Fisher, C. D. (2010). Happiness at work. International Journal of Management Reviews, 12(4), 384-412. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2370.2009.00270.x
Häfner, A., & Stock, A. (2010). Time management training and perceived control of time at work. The Journal of Psychology, 144(5), 429-447. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223980.2010.496647
Halbesleben, J. R., & Bowler, W. M. (2007). Emotional exhaustion and job performance: the mediating role of motivation. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92(1), 93-106. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/0021-9010.92.1.93
Halbesleben, J. R., & Buckley, M. R. (2004). Burnout in organizational life. Journal of Management, 30(6), 859-879. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jm.2004.06.004
Harter, J. K., Schmidt, F. L., & Keyes, C. L. M. (2003). Well-being in the workplace and its relationship to business outcomes: A review of the Gallup studies. In C. L. M. Keyes & J. Haidt (Eds.), Flourishing: Positive Psychology and the Life Well-lived (pp. 205–224). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/10594-009
Hobfoll, S. E. (1989). Conservation of resources: A new attempt at conceptualizing stress. American Psychologist, 44(3), 513-524. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.44.3.513
Hobfoll, S. E., Halbesleben, J., Neveu, J. P., & Westman, M. (2018). Conservation of resources in the organizational context: The reality of resources and their consequences. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 5, 103-128. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-032117-104640
Holland, P., Cooper, B. K., & Hecker, R. (2016). Use of social media at work: A new form of employee voice? The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 27(21), 2621-2634. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2016.1227867
Hsu, H. C. (2019). Age differences in work stress, exhaustion, well-being, and related factors from an ecological perspective. International Journal of Environmental Eesearch and Public Health, 16(1), 50. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16010050
Huang, L. C., Ahlstrom, D., Lee, A. Y. P., Chen, S. Y., & Hsieh, M. J. (2016). High performance work systems, employee well-being, and job involvement: An empirical study. Personnel Review, 45(2), 296-314. https://doi.org/10.1108/PR-09-2014-0201
Hurbean, L., Dospinescu, O., Munteanu, V., & Danaiata, D. (2022). Effects of instant messaging related technostress on work performance and well-being. Electronics, 11(16), 2535. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics11162535
Hurbean, L., Wong, L. H., Ou, C. X., Davison, R. M., & Dospinescu, O. (2023). Instant messaging, interruptions, stress and work performance. Information Technology & People. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1108/ITP-09-2022-0656
Inceoglu, I., Thomas, G., Chu, C., Plans, D., & Gerbasi, A. (2018). Leadership behavior and employee well-being: An integrated review and a future research agenda. The Leadership Quarterly, 29(1), 179-202. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2017.12.006
Jeon, L., Buettner, C. K., & Grant, A. A. (2018). Early childhood teachers’ psychological well-being: Exploring potential predictors of depression, stress, and emotional exhaustion. Early Education and Development, 29(1), 53-69. https://doi.org/10.1080/10409289.2017.1341806
Johnson, B. J., & Mabry, J. B. (2022). Remote work video meetings: Workers’ emotional exhaustion and practices for greater well-being. German Journal of Human Resource Management, 36(3), 380-408. https://doi.org/10.1177/23970022221094532
Karaca, G., Tanova, C., & Gokmenoglu, K. (2023). How do shared values improve eudaimonic workplace well-being: role of perceived justice and emotional exhaustion among nurses. Journal of Health Organization and Management, 37(2), 158-176. https://doi.org/10.1108/JHOM-07-2022-0199
Kinnunen, U., Geurts, S., & Mauno, S. (2004). Work-to-family conflict and its relationship with satisfaction and well-being: A one-year longitudinal study on gender differences. Work & Stress, 18(1), 1-22. https://doi.org/10.1080/02678370410001682005
Kooij, D. T., Guest, D. E., Clinton, M., Knight, T., Jansen, P. G., & Dikkers, J. S. (2013). How the impact of HR practices on employee well‐being and performance changes with age. Human Resource Management Journal, 23(1), 18-35. https://doi.org/10.1111/1748-8583.12000
Korunovska, J., & Spiekermann, S. (2019). The effects of information and communication technology use on human energy and fatigue: A review. arXiv. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1910.01970
Kowalski, T. H., & Loretto, W. (2017). Well-being and HRM in the changing workplace. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 28(16), 2229-2255. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2017.1345205
Kun, Á., Balogh, P., & Krasz, K. G. (2017). Development of the work-related well-being questionnaire based on Seligman’s PERMA model. Periodica Polytechnica Social and Management Sciences, 25(1), 56-63. https://doi.org/10.3311/PPso.9326
Lee, Y. H., R. Richards, K. A., & Washhburn, N. S. (2020). Emotional intelligence, job satisfaction, emotional exhaustion, and subjective well-being in high school athletic directors. Psychological Reports, 123(6), 2418-2440. https://doi.org/10.1177/0033294119860254
Leitner, S. M., & Stöllinger, R. (2022). Does my computer protect me from burnout? Cross-country evidence on the impact of ICT use within the job demandsresources model (Working Paper No. 216). The Vienna Institute for International Economic. https://hdl.handle.net/10419/272994
Leonardi, P. M., Huysman, M., & Steinfield, C. (2013). Enterprise social media: Definition, history, and prospects for the study of social technologies in organizations. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 19(1), 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcc4.12029
Lerouge, L., & Trujillo Pons, F. (2022). Contribution to the study on the ‘right to disconnect’from work. Are France and Spain examples for other countries and EU law?. European Labour Law Journal, 13(3), 450-465. https://doi.org/10.1177/20319525221105102
Liang, M., Xin, Z., Yan, D. X., & Jianxiang, F. (2020). How to improve employee satisfaction and efficiency through different enterprise social media use. Journal of Enterprise Information Management, 34(3), 922-947. https://doi.org/10.1108/JEIM-10-2019-0321
Liu, J., Siu, O. L., & Shi, K. (2010). Transformational leadership and employee well‐being: The mediating role of trust in the leader and self‐efficacy. Applied Psychology, 59(3), 454-479. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-0597.2009.00407.x
Luo, X., Gurung, A., & Shim, J. P. (2010). Understanding the determinants of user acceptance of enterprise instant messaging: an empirical study. Journal of Organizational Computing and Electronic Commerce, 20(2), 155-181. https://doi.org/10.1080/10919391003709179
Macan, T. H. (1994). Time management: Test of a process model. Journal of Applied Psychology, 79(3), 381. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/0021-9010.79.3.381
Macan, T. H., Shahani, C., Dipboye, R. L., & Phillips, A. P. (1990). College students' time management: Correlations with academic performance and stress. Journal of Educational Psychology, 82(4), 760. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/0022-0663.82.4.760
Maslach, C. (1978). The client role in staff burn‐out. Journal of Social Issues, 34(4), 111-124. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.1978.tb00778.x
Maslach, C. (1993). Burnout: A multidimensional perspective. In C. Maslach (Ed.), Professional Burnout: Recent Developments in Theory and Research (pp. 19–32). Philadelphia, PA:Taylor and Francis. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315227979-3
Maslach, C., & Jackson, S. E. (1981). The measurement of experienced burnout. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 2(2), 99-113. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.4030020205
Maslach, C., & Jackson, S. E. (1984). Burnout in organizational settings. Applied Social Psychology Annual, 5, 133–153. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1985-24012-001
Maslach, C., & Pines, A. (1977). The burn-out syndrome in the day care setting. Child Care Quarterly, 6, 100-113. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01554696
Mata, K. K. C., & Tarroja, M. C. H. (2022). Impact of emotional exhaustion and self-efficacy on the psychological well-being of child care workers in the Philippines. Psychological Studies, 67(3), 352-361. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12646-022-00662-x
McGuire, D., & McLaren, L. (2009). The impact of physical environment on employee commitment in call centres: The mediating role of employee well‐being. Team Performance Management: An International Journal, 15(1/2), 35-48. https://doi.org/10.1108/13527590910937702
Nardi, B. A., Whittaker, S., & Bradner, E. (2000, December). Interaction and outeraction: Instant messaging in action. In Proceedings of the 2000 ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work, 79-88. https://doi.org/10.1145/358916.358975
Nielsen, K., Nielsen, M. B., Ogbonnaya, C., Känsälä, M., Saari, E., & Isaksson, K. (2017). Workplace resources to improve both employee well-being and performance: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Work & Stress, 31(2), 101-120. https://doi.org/10.1080/02678373.2017.1304463
Nonis, S. A., Hudson, G. I., Logan, L. B., & Ford, C. W. (1998). Influence of perceived control over time on college students’ stress and stress-related outcomes. Research in Higher Education. Research in Higher Education, 39, 587-605. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1018753706925
Nyberg, A., Leineweber, C., & Magnusson Hanson, L. (2015). Gender differences in psychosocial work factors, work-personal life interface, and well-being among Swedish managers and non-managers. International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health, 88, 1149-1164. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00420-015-1043-0
O’Driscoll, M. P., Brough, P., Timms, C., & Sawang, S. (2010). Engagement with information and communication technology and psychological well-being. In New Developments in Theoretical and Conceptual Approaches to Job Stress (pp. 269-316). Emerald Group Publishing Limited. https://doi.org/10.1108/S1479-3555(2010)0000008010
Ou, C. X. J., & Davison, R. M. (2011). Interactive or interruptive? Instant messaging at work. Decision Support Systems, 52(1), 61-72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dss.2011.05.004
Page, K. M., & Vella-Brodrick, D. A. (2009). The 'what', 'why' and 'how' of employee well-being: A new model. Social Indicators Research, 90(3), 441-458. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-008-9270-3
Peng, X., Sheng, Y., & Huo, W. (2022). Work-related use of information and communication technologies and error admission: The roles of emotional exhaustion and person-organization fit. Social Behavior and Personality: An International Journal, 50(8), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.2224/sbp.11605
Peslak, A., Ceccucci, W., & Sendall, P. (2010). An empirical study of instant messaging (IM) behavior using theory of reasoned action. Journal of Behavioral and Applied Management, 11(3), 263-278. https://doi.org/10.21818/001c.17350
Pi, S. M., Liu, Y. C., Chen, T. Y., & Li, S. H. (2008, January). The influence of instant messaging usage behavior on organizational communication satisfaction. In Proceedings of the 41st Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (pp. 449-449). IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/HICSS.2008.445
Poppel, H. J. (2020). An Examination of Enterprise Social Media and its Impact on Employees in a Global Corporate Organization [Doctoral dissertation, Concordia University (Oregon)]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global. https://digitalcommons.csp.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1454&context=cup_commons_grad_edd
Ramirez Jr, A., & Broneck, K. (2009). `IM me' : Instant messaging as relational maintenance and everyday communication. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 26(2-3), 291-314. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407509106719
Ryff, C. D. (1995). Psychological well-being in adult life. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 4(4), 99-104. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8721.ep10772395
Saeed, S., Hassan, I., Dastgeer, G., & Iqbal, T. (2023). The route to well-being at workplace: examining the role of job insecurity and its antecedents. European Journal of Management and Business Economics, 32(1), 47-72. https://doi.org/10.1108/EJMBE-02-2020-0025
Schaufeli, W. B., & Taris, T. W. (2014). A critical review of the job demands-resources model: Implications for improving work and health. In G. F. Bauer & O. Hämmig (Eds.), Bridging Occupational, Organizational and Public Health: A Transdisciplinary Approach (pp. 43-68). Springer Science + Business Media. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-5640-3_4
Seligman, M. E. (2011). Flourish: A Visionary New Understanding of Happiness and Well-being. Free Press. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2010-25554-000
Siegrist, J., Wahrendorf, M., Knesebeck, O., Jürges, H., & Börsch-Supan, A. (2006). Quality of work, well-being, and intended early retirement of older employees: Baseline results from the SHARE Study. European Journal of Public Health, 17(1), 62-68. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckl084
Singh, S. K., Pradhan, R. K., Panigrahy, N. P., & Jena, L. K. (2019). Self-efficacy and workplace well-being: moderating role of sustainability practices. Benchmarking: An International Journal, 26(6), 1692-1708. https://doi.org/10.1108/BIJ-07-2018-0219
Sivapragasam, P., & Raya, R. P. (2018). HRM and employee engagement link: Mediating role of employee well-being. Global Business Review, 19(1), 147-161. https://doi.org/10.1177/0972150917713369
Slemp, G. R., Kern, M. L., & Vella-Brodrick, D. A. (2015). Workplace well-being: The role of job crafting and autonomy support. Psychology of Well-being, 5, 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13612-015-0034-y
Slemp, G. R., & Vella-Brodrick, D. A. (2014). Optimising employee mental health: The relationship between intrinsic need satisfaction, job crafting, and employee well-being. Journal of Happiness Studies, 15, 957-977. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.103.3.411
Tehseen, S., Ramayah, T., & Sajilan, S. (2017). Testing and controlling for common method variance: A review of available methods. Journal of Management Sciences, 4(2), 142-168.https://doi.org/10.20547/JMS.2014.1704202
Van De Voorde, K., Paauwe, J., & Van Veldhoven, M. (2012). Employee well‐being and the HRM-organizational performance relationship: a review of quantitative studies. International Journal of Management Reviews, 14(4), 391-407. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2370.2011.00322.x
Van Dierendonck, D., Schaufeli, W. B., & Buunk, B. P. (1998). The evaluation of an individual burnout intervention program: The role of inequity and social support. Journal of applied psychology, 83(3), 392. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/0021-9010.83.3.392
Vanhala, S., & Tuomi, K. (2006). HRM, company performance and employee well-being. International Review of Management Studies, 17(3), 241-255. http://hdl.handle.net/10419/78931
Wang, C. C., Yang, Y. Y. H., & Tseng, C. Y. (2016, September 03). Always on Duty? The Positive and Negative Effects of Using Mobile Social Networking Tools for Work. PACIS 2016 Proceedings. https://aisel.aisnet.org/pacis2016/270
Wang, D., Wang, H., Yu, M., Ashktorab, Z., & Tan, M. (2022). Group Chat Ecology in Enterprise Instant Messaging: How Employees Collaborate Through Multi-User Chat Channels on Slack. Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction, 6(CSCW1), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1145/3512941
Wang, H., & Li, J. (2015). How trait curiosity influences psychological well-being and emotional exhaustion: The mediating role of personal initiative. Personality and Individual Differences, 75, 135-140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2014.11.020
Watson-Manheim, M. B., & Bélanger, F. (2007). Communication media repertoires: Dealing with the multiplicity of media choices. MIS Quarterly, 31(2), 267-293. https://doi.org/10.2307/25148791
Weber, M. S., & Shi, W. (2017). Enterprise social media. The International Encyclopedia of Organizational Communication, (1st ed., pp. 1-9). John Wiley & Sons, Inc. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/315824815_Enterprise_Social_Media
Wharton, A. S. (1993). The affective consequences of service work: Managing emotions on the job. Work and Occupations, 20(2), 205-232. https://doi.org/10.1177/0730888493020002004
Wilks, D. C., & Neto, F. (2013). Workplace well-being, gender and age: Examining the ‘double jeopardy’effect. Social Indicators Research, 114, 875-890. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-012-0177-7
Wright, T. A., & Cropanzano, R. (1998). Emotional exhaustion as a predictor of job performance and voluntary turnover. Journal of Applied Psychology, 83(3), 486. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/0021-9010.83.3.486
Wright, T. A., & Huang, C. C. (2012). The many benefits of employee well‐being in organizational research. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 33(8), 1188-1192. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.1828
Xie, J., Ma, H., Zhou, Z. E., & Tang, H. (2018). Work-related use of information and communication technologies after hours (W_ICTs) and emotional exhaustion: A mediated moderation model. Computers in Human Behavior, 79, 94-104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2017.10.023
Xu, C., Yao, Z., & Xiong, Z. (2023). The impact of work-related use of information and communication technologies after hours on time theft. Journal of Business Ethics, 187(1), 185-198. https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10551-022-05167-1
Yang, Y., Han, J., & Zhang, X. (2021). The Development of Enterprise Instant Messaging System based on Android. International Core Journal of Engineering, 7(11), 155-160. https://doi.org/10.6919/ICJE.202111_7(11).0026
Yu, L., Cao, X., Liu, Z., & Wang, J. (2018). Excessive social media use at work: Exploring the effects of social media overload on job performance. Information Technology & People, 31(6), 1091-1112. https://doi.org/10.1108/ITP-10-2016-0237
Yu, L., Chen, Y., Zhang, S., Dai, B., & Liao, S. (2022). Excessive use of personal social media at work: antecedents and outcomes from dual-system and person-environment fit perspectives. Internet Research, 33(3), 1202-1227. https://doi.org/10.1108/INTR-05-2021-0287
Zellars, K. L., Perrewe, P. L., & Hochwarter, W. A. (2000). Burnout in health care: The role of the five factors of personality. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 30(8), 1570-1598. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.2000.tb02456.x
Zheng, X., Zhu, W., Zhao, H., & Zhang, C. (2015). Employee well‐being in organizations: Theoretical model, scale development, and cross‐cultural validation. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 36(5), 621-644. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.1990
Zhou, R., Luo, Z., Zhong, S., Zhang, X., & Liu, Y. (2022). The impact of social media on employee mental health and behavior based on the context of intelligence-driven digital data. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(24), 16965. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192416965