本研究旨在探究美國公共教育運動關鍵領導人物Horace Mann的公共教育思想，及探究Mann在師資培育之改革實踐。

本研究採用歷史研究法以及文件檔案分析法，得出以下結論：一、美國公共教育之普及發展主要源自對十九世紀美國政治、經濟、社會等結構面向變動之回應。二、Mann公共教育思想受到美國共和理念、美德典範與顱相學思想的影響。三、Mann倡議教育乃維繫民主社會之基石，申論教育的天賦權利性質，並視教育為傳遞知識與道德之理想途徑。四、Mann主張公共教育目標旨在培育理想的共和國公民、擴大全民教育機會，以及發展人民的知識與道德。五、Mann強調公共教育運作須健全公共教育體系發展、改善公共學校教學效能，同時落實學校委員會之治理職責。六、Mann促成麻州師範學校之設立，視健全師資培育之制度為公共教育發展之必要條件。

最後，本研究根據上述研究結果，提出可供國內未來教育發展參酌之相關建議。

This study attempts to explore the educational thought and practice of Horace Mann (1796-1859), a key figure in the public education movement in the United States, and explore his role in the reform of teacher training.

For that purpose, the research method adapted here is historical research and document analysis. Conclusions are as follows: First, the development of common school education mainly resulted from structural shifts in the political, economic, and social aspects of the United States in the 19th century. Second, Mann's educational thought was influenced by phrenology, republicanism, and paragons of virtue in the United States. Third, Mann believed that education is the cornerstone for a democratic society, argued for the right to receive an education, and regarded education as the ideal way to convey knowledge and morality. Fourth, Mann held that common school education aims at cultivating ideal citizens of the Republic, expanding educational opportunities for all, and developing people's knowledge and morality. Fifth, Mann emphasized that for public education to operate, it requires sound development of the public education system, improvement of the teaching effectiveness of common schools, and implementation of the governance duties of the school boards. Sixth, Mann promoted the establishment of normal schools in Massachusetts and regarded them as a necessary condition for developing common school education.

Finally, this study proposes recommendations for the future development of education in Taiwan.

參考文獻
壹、 主要研究史料
一、 Mann日誌與年度教育報告書
Mann, H. (1891a). Life and works of Horace Mann (Vol.1). Boston: Lee and Shepard.
Mann, H. (1891b). Life and works of Horace Mann (Vol.2). Boston: Lee and Shepard.
Mann, H. (1891c). Life and works of Horace Mann (Vol.3). Boston: Lee and Shepard.
Mann, H. (1891d). Life and works of Horace Mann (Vol.4). Boston: Lee and Shepard.
Mann, H. (1891e). Life and works of Horace Mann (Vol.5). Boston: Lee and Shepard.

二、 公共學校期刊
Mann, H. (Ed.) (1839). The Common School Journal (Vol.1). Boston: Marsh, Capen, Lyon, and Webb.
Mann, H. (Ed.) (1840). The Common School Journal (Vol.2). Boston: Marsh, Capen, Lyon, and Webb.
Mann, H. (Ed.) (1841). The Common School Journal (Vol.3). Boston: Marsh, Capen, Lyon, and Webb.
Mann, H. (Ed.) (1842). The Common School Journal (Vol.4). Boston: William B. Fowle and N. Capen.
Mann, H. (Ed.) (1843). The Common School Journal (Vol.5). Boston: William B. Fowle and N. Capen.
Mann, H. (Ed.) (1844a). The Common School Journal (Vol.6). Boston: William B. Fowle and N. Capen.
Mann, H. (Ed.) (1846a). The Common School Journal (Vol.8). Boston: William B. Fowle.

三、 Mann其他著作
Mann, H. (1844b). The common school controversy: consisting of three letters of the secretary of the board of education of the state of Massachusetts in reply to charges preferred against the board. Boston: J.N. Bradley.
Mann, H. (1844c). Reply to the "remarks" of thirty-one Boston schoolmasters on the seventh annual report of the secretary of the Massachusetts board of education. Boston: W.B. Fowle and N. Capen.
Mann, H. (1845). Answer to the "rejoinder" of twenty-nine Boston schoolmasters, part of the "thirty-one" who published "remarks" on the seventh annual report of the secretary of the Massachusetts board of education. Boston: W.B. Fowle and N. Capen.
Mann, H. (1846b). Remarks at the dedication of the state normal school-house at Bridgewater. In H. Barnard (Ed.) (1851). Normal Schools, and other institutions, agencies, and means designed for the professional education of teachers (pp. 195-200). Hartford, CT: Case, Tiffany.
Mann, H. (1852). Speech of Hon. Horace Mann, of Massachusetts: On the institution of slavery. Washington, D.C.: Buell & Blanchard.
Mann, H. (1855). Lectures on education. Boston: Ide & Dutton.
Mann, H. (1989). On the art of teaching. Carlisle, MA.: Applewood.

四、 麻州法令與議會檔案
Massachusetts. (1789). An act to provide for the instruction of youth, and for the promotion of good education (Chap. 0019 ). Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/2452/104521
Massachusetts. (1830). Law of the commonwealth of Massachusetts providing for the instruction of youth, passed March 10, 1827. n.p.
Massachusetts General Court House of Representatives. (1837). Memorial of the directors of the American Institute of Instruction (House Bill 0012). Retrieved from http://archives.lib.state.ma.us/handle/2452/749900
Massachusetts General Court House of Representatives (1838). Report and resolves Relative to qualifying teachers of common schools (House Bill 0057). Retrieved from http://archives.lib.state.ma.us/handle/2452/750011
Massachusetts General Court House of Representatives (1840a). Report of the Committee on Education, including an act to abolish the Board of Education (House Bill 0049). Retrieved from http://archives.lib.state.ma.us/handle/2452/750632
Massachusetts General Court House of Representatives (1840b). Minority report of the committee on education regarding the abolishment of the board of education and normal schools (House Bill 0053). Retrieved from http://archives.lib.state.ma.us/handle/2452/750636

五、 歷史報章文獻
A meeting of Worcester County Association for the improvement of common schools. Massachusetts Spy (1838, September 26)
For the improvement of common schools. Massachusetts Spy (1838, October 3).
For the Massachusetts Spy. Massachusetts Spy (1838, September 9).
Mr. Mann’s Report on Education Abroad. Niles’ National Register 16 (1844, April 6): 85.
Popular education. Independent Chronicle and Boston Patriot (1838, March 17).
Report of the Secretary of the Board of Education, The Monthly Religious Magazine 1 (April 1844): 143.
Report of the Secretary of the Board of Education (1844, April 6). The Monthly Religious Magazine, 1, 143.
Seventh Annual Report of the Board of Education, together with the Seventh Annual Report of the Secretary of the Board (1844, Aprl). The North American Review, 58(123), 518.

六、 同時期相關史料
Adams, C. F. (Ed.)(1875). Memoirs of John Quincy Adams: Comprising portions of his diary from 1795 to 1848 (Vol.7). Philadelphia, PA: J. B. Lippincott.
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Alcott, A. B., Russell, W., & Woodbridge, W. C. (1826). American journal of education. Boston: Wait, Green.
Association of Masters of the Boston Public Schools (1844). Remarks on the seventh annual report of the Hon. Horace Mann, secretary of the Massachusetts board of education. Boston: Charles C. Little and James Brown.
Association of Masters of the Boston Public Schools. (1845). Rejoinder to the "reply" of the Hon. Horace Mann, secretary of the Massachusetts board of education, to the "remarks" of the association of Boston masters, upon his seventh annual report. Boston: C.C. Little and J. Brown.
Barnard, H. (Ed.) (1858). The American Journal of Education (vol.5). Hartford: F.C. Brownell.
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Barnard, H. (1842). Report on a System of Common Schools, For Cities and Large Villages. New-York District School Journal, 3(2), 17-31.
Boston School Committee (1845). Reports of the annual visiting committees of the public schools of the city of Boston 1845. Boston: J. H. Eastburn.
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Boutwell, G. S. (1859). Thoughts on educational topics and institutions. Boston: Phillips, Sampson.
Bowen, F. (1857). Memoir of Edmund Dwight. In H. Barnard (Ed.), American Journal of Education (vol.4) (pp. 5-22). Hartford: F.C. Brownell.
Brooks, C. (1837). Petition in behalf of elementary school teachers' seminaries. In H. Barnard (Ed.) (1867). The American Journal of Education (vol.17) (pp. 647-650). Boston: Joseph H. Allen.
Brooks, C. (1864). Two lectures: I. history of the introduction of state normal schools in America, II. a prospective system of national education for the United States. Boston: Printed by J. Wilson and Son.
Buckingham, J. T. & E. (1832). The New England Magazine (vol.3). Boston: J. T. And E. Buckingham.
Carter, J. G. (1826). Essays upon popular education: containing a particular examination of the schools of Massachusetts, and an outline of an institution for the education of teachers. Boston: Bowles & Dearborn.
Clark, B.F. (1864). Prohibition of the sale of intoxicating liquors impracticable: The Maine law a failure a stringent license law the true policy. Lowell, MA: Stone & Huse.
Combe, G. (1847). The constitution of man considered in relation to external objects. Edinburgh, UK: Maclachlan and Stewart.
Emerson, G. B. (1844). Observations on a pamphlet, entitled "remarks on the seventh annual report of the Hon. Horace Mann, secretary of the Massachusetts Board of Education". Boston: Samuel N. Dickinson.
Everett, E. (1839). At the opening of the Normal School at Barre. In Henry Barnard (Ed.) (1851). Normal Schools, and other institutions, agencies, and means designed for the professional education of teachers. (pp. 179-194). Hartford, CT: Case, Tiffany.
Howe, M. A. De W. (1846). Review of the reports of the annual visiting committees of the public schools of the city of Boston for 1845. Boston: Charles Stimpson.
Jefferson, T., & Cabell, J. C. (1856). Early history of the university of Virginia: As contained in the letters of Thomas Jefferson and Joseph C. Cabell, hitherto unpublished; with an appendix, consisting of Mr. Jefferson's bill for a complete system of education, and other illustrative documents; and an introduction, comprising a brief historical sketch of the university, and a biographical notice of Joseph C. Cabell. Richmond, VA: J.W. Randolph.
Massachusetts. Board of Education. (1873). Thirty-sixth annual report of the Board of Education together with the thirty-sixth annual report of the Secretary of the Board. Boston: Wright & Potter.
Morton, M. (1840). Address of his excellency, Marcus Morton: to the two branches of the legislature on the organization of the government for the political year commencing January 1, 1840. Boston: Dutton and Wentworth.
Otis, H. G., et al. (1839). Investigation into the fifteen gallon law of Massachusetts: Before a Joint Committee of the Legislature. Boston: Buckingham.
Primary School Committee. (1844). Report of the special committee of the primary school board on a portion of the remarks of the grammar masters. Boston: John H. Eastburn.
Rush, B. (1786). A plan for the establishment of public schools and the diffusion of knowledge in Pennsylvania; to which are added, thoughts upon the mode of education, proper in a republic. In F. Rudolph (Ed.) (1965). Essays on education in the early republic (pp. 3-8). Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
Simpson, J. (1834). Necessity of popular education, as a national object: with hints on the treatment of criminals, and observations on homicidal insanity. Edinburgh, UK: Adam & Charles Black.
Smith, M. H., Mann, H., Fowle, W. B. (1847). The Bible, the rod and religion in common schools the ark of God on a new cart: A sermon. Boston: Redding & Co.
Sumner, C. (1844). To Dr. Samael G. Howe. In Edward L. Pierce (Ed.) (1877). Memoir and letters of Charles Sumner (Vol.2) (pp. 318-319). Boston: Roberts Brothers.
The Board of Regents of the University of the State of New York. (1832). Annual report of the regents of the University of the state of New York made to the Legislature. Albany, NY: printed by Croswell, Van Benthuysen and Burt.
Ticknor, G. (1824). A Review of the Letters to the Honorable William Prescott, L.L.D., on the Free Schools of New England. North American Review, 19(45), 448-457.
Woodbridge, W. C. (Ed.) (1837). American annals of education and instruction (Vol.7). Boston: Otis, Broaders.

貳、 英文相關資料
一、 專書著作
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Conant, J. B. (1962). Thomas Jefferson and the development of American public education. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
Cremin, L. A. (1957). The republic and the school: Horace Mann on the education of free men. New York: Teachers College Press.
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Cremin, L. A. (1965). The wonderful world of Ellwood Patterson Cubberley: An essay on the historiography of American education. New York: Bureau of Publications, Teachers College, Columbia University.
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Culver, R. B. (1929). Horace Mann and religion in the Massachusetts public schools. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Curti, M. (1959). The social ideas of American education. Paterson, NJ: Pageant.
Darling, A. B. (1925). Political changes in Massachusetts, 1824-1848; a study of liberal movements in politics. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Dewey, J. (1916). Democracy and education. New York: Macmillan.
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Dunn, W. K. (1958). What happened to religious education? The decline of religious teaching in the public elementary school, 1776-1861. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins Press.
Filler, L. (Ed.) (1965). Horace Mann on the crisis in education. Yellow Springs, OH: Antioch Press.
Fishlow, A. (1968). The American Common School Revival: Fact or Fancy? In H. Rosovsky (ed.), Industrialization in two systems: Essays in honor of Alexander Gershenkro (pp.40-67). New York: Wiley.
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二、 期刊
Brick, B. (2005). Changing concepts of equal educational opportunity: A comparison of the views of Thomas Jefferson, Horace Mann and John Dewey. American Educational History Journal, 32(2), 166-174.
Fishlow, A. (1966). Levels of Nineteenth-Century American Investment in Education. The Journal of Economic History, 26(4), 418-436.
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Messerli, J. (1965a). James G. Carter's Liabilities as a Common School Reformer. History of Education Quarterly, 5(1), 14-25.
Messerli, J. (1965b). Localism and State Control in Horace Mann's Reform of the Common Schools. American Quarterly, 17(1), 104-118.
North, E. C. (2006). More than words? Delving into the substantive meanings(s) of “social justice” in education. Review of Educational Research, 76(4), 507-535.
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Vinovskis, M. (1972). Trends in Massachusetts education, 1826-1860. History of Education Quarterly, 12(4), 501-529.

三、 網路資料
Flaherty, T. F. & Flaherty, J. J. (1974). James Carter: Champion of the Normal School Movement. Retrieved from https://eric.ed.gov/?q=James+Carter%3a+Champion+of+the+Normal+School+Movement&id=ED087747
Jefferson, T. (1776). The Declaration of Independence. Retrieved from http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/charters/declaration_transcript.html
Kaestle, C. F. (2008). Victory of the Common School Movement: A Turning Point in American Educational History. In U.S. Department of State (Ed.), Historians on America (pp. 22-29). Retrieved from http://photos.state.gov/libraries/amgov/30145/publications-english/historians-on-america.pdf
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參、 中文相關資料
一、 專書著作
林玉体（1980）。西洋教育史。臺北市：文景。
林玉体（2015）。西洋教育史。臺北市：三民。
林立樹（1999）。美國通史。臺北市：五南。
徐宗林（1991）。西洋教育史。臺北市：五南。
單中惠，楊漢麟（2002）。西方教育學名著提要（下）。臺北：昭明。
彭煥勝（2010）。巴納德的教育領導：以美國公共學校為例（1838-1870）。高雄市：復文圖書。
顏子魁（1990）。美國經濟史。臺北市：華香園。

二、 期刊
周愚文（2003）。近五十年我國教育史學門研究之探討：1949-2002。師大學報（教育類），48（1），1-14。
馬信行（2005）。國際競爭力之比較對教育政策之啟示:以台灣為例。教育政策論壇，8（1），25-42。
張勝柏（2002）。從飢荒到移民：論十九世紀中期愛爾蘭人的移民美國運動。成大西洋史集刊，10，215-254。
張源泉（2011）。德國中小學學生法律地位之萌芽期。教育研究集刊，57（1），35-62。
彭煥勝（1997）。曼恩推動麻州公立學校教育的爭議，1837-1848。初等教育學報，5，149-182。
彭煥勝（2009）。近60年來臺灣教育史學發展的回顧與省思。教育科學研究期刊，54（1），1-22。
彭煥勝（2014）。十九世紀美國公共學校教改的本土化與普魯士化之辯證。銘傳教育電子期刊，5，3-19。
黃延齡（2006）。從美洲殖民地到獨立建國。歷史月刊，224，36-57。
楊深坑（2006）。教育改革方法論的回顧與前瞻。教育研究集刊，52（4），141-171。
楊深坑（2007）。德國師資培育中心歷史發展與組織結構。教育研究與發展，3（1），35-55。
蕭高彥（2006）。共和主義與現代政治。政治與社會哲學評論，1，85-116。

三、 網路資料
行政院教育改革審議委員會（1996）。總諮議報告書。取自http://www.naer.edu.tw/files/15-1000-7992,c1315-1.php?Lang=zh-tw
國家教育研究院（2019）。Board of education.取自http://terms.naer.edu.tw/search/?q=Board+of+Education&field=ti&op=AND&group=&num=10
教育部（2012）。中華民國師資培育白皮書。取自https://ws.moe.edu.tw/Download.ashx?u=C099358C81D4876CC76BC3215266429688C51908E957AA469494B1D88FE7AB095C2966547A1ADDF7B354D80B9E346783B21129435D904360DE50530AD08C92E0AD36C48541A4B3D6&n=70FF865D5FF4A15C6529A091A8E3627F8CF7DC9DBF086AD82442EE21DEE054D8D424F437A1884765D40682AF0E479632&icon=..pdf