本論文旨在瞭解臺北市國中二年級學生與母親間對與「性」相關議題溝通之現況，以及探討雙方填答上是否有差異，並與1995年張美皓、晏涵文之研究結果相比較。研究以99學年度臺北市國中二年級學生及其母親為對象，採集束抽樣方式，實施問卷調查，扣除無效問卷，配對完成資料共340筆有效樣本，共680位受試者，回收率85%。問卷資料經整理及統計分析後，研究結果發現，不論是學生或母親對與「性」相關議題的溝通頻率皆偏低，態度也都偏向不自在；在五個議題中，以「親子間之身體親密」溝通情形較其他議題良好，以「懷孕、避孕、性行為」溝通情形最差；在親子之間對性溝通知覺的差異分析顯示，母親知覺溝通之頻率較子女知覺來得高，溝通態度也相對自在；與之前的研究結果相比較，母親與子女在溝通頻率與溝通態度上均有所提高。根據研究結果，建議若要順利推展性教育，除應加強家庭親子間對與「性」相關議題的溝通與加強能自在談「性」的溝通能力外，健康課程教學的落實與健康教育專業師資的適才適用，以及社會方面的大眾媒體運用與結合社區組織的力量來推展更是缺一不可。

The purpose of the research was to realize that situation nowadays of communication about sex between mothers and 8th grade children in Taipei City, and to discuss whether there are differences on both sides or not. And the research will also compare with Chang, M. H. & Yen, H. W.’s results in 1995. The interviewees of the research are 8th graders in Taipei City at 99 school year and their mothers. The questionnaire survey was conducted with cluster sampling method. There are 680 interviewees and 340 compared-effective questionnaires are obtained after reviewed with 85% effective response rate. The conclusion of the research finds that the sex related communication rate of students and their mothers is low and the attitude toward the issue is much more uncomfortable. In the five topics, the communication of “Physical intimacy between parent-child” is better than other topics. “Pregnancy, contraception and sexuality “are the worst. The variance analysis result of sex communication between parent-child shows that mother’s consciousness-communication frequency is higher than child’s, and the attitude is also much more comfortable. Comparing with Chang, M. H. & Yen, H. W.’s results in 1995, the communication frequency and attitude between mother and child are both increased. According to the result, we suggest that if the government wants to promote the sex education smoothly, it should not only enhance parent-children‘s communication frequency of “sex” related issues and the ability in talking about “sex” comfortably, but also implement the health education, employ the specialized teachers to teach the correct health knowledge, use the mass media, and cooperate with community organizations are all indispensable.

一、中文
王瑞琪（1992）。臺北市高職三年級學生避孕行為及其相關因素探討。國立臺灣師範大學衛生教育研究所碩士論文，未出版，臺北。
方炳林（2005）。普通教學法。臺北：三民。余坤煌、林佩娟、陳根深（1995）。臺北市國小學童家長性知識、性態度及對性教育看法之研究。臺北市：臺北市教師研習中心。
吳秀櫻（1987）。一般青少年與偏差青少年親子關係相關因素之比較研究。東海大學社會工作研究所碩士論文，未出版，臺中。
吳思霈（2004）。高中生異性交往之研究-以桃園地區為例。國立臺灣師範大學人類發展學與家庭研究所碩士論文，未出版，臺北。
杏陵醫學基金會（1999）。國小高年級學生及家長性教育現況及需求研究。臺北市：杏陵醫學基金會。
何嘉雯（1998）。臺北縣市大學生親子關係,婚姻態度對婚前性行為影響之研究。中國文化大學生活應用科學研究所碩士論文，未出版，臺北。
林秀如（1992）。國小兒童性概念發展之研究。國立臺灣師範大學家政教育研究所碩士論文，未出版，臺北。
林惠生（2002）。臺灣地區高中、高職及五專在校學生之性知識、性態度及危害健康行為與網路之使用。鄭丞傑、林燕卿（主持人）。臺灣性教育協會第五屆第二次年度大會暨學術研討會，臺北。
林燕卿（1998）。學校性教育。性教育。臺北：性林。
林燕卿、晏涵文（1999）。親職性教育介入效果之研究。衛生教育學報，12， 159-181。
邱瑞芳（2002）‧國小學童家長親子兩性議題溝通方案成效之研究，國立高雄師範大學成人教育研究所碩士論文，未出版，高雄。
孫毓英（1986）。親子互動模式與青少年社會關係之研究。中國文化大學兒童福利研究所碩士論文，未出版，臺北。
翁嘉穗（2009）。國小六年級學童親子間的性溝通、網路使用行為、性知識與性態度及彼此間的相關性研究。高雄醫學大學護理學研究所碩士論文，未出版，高雄。
秦玉梅、晏涵文（1987）。高職三年級學生性知識、態度和行為家長、教師對性教育的看法調查研究。衛生教育雜誌，8，39-57。
晏涵文（1991）。生命與心理的結合。臺北：張老師出版。
晏涵文、劉潔心、鄭其嘉（2009）。臺北市五專五年級學生近三十年約會與性行為變化趨勢研究。中華輔導與諮商學報，25，251-274。
晏涵文、劉潔心、劉捷文（2001）。國民中學健康教師性教育專業能與進修需求研究。衛生教育學報，16，203-229。
晏涵文、蘇鈺婷、李佳容（2001）。國小高年級學生性教育現況與需求。臺灣性學學刊，7（2），1-22。
晏涵文（2011）。性、兩性關係與性教育。臺北：心理。
晏涵文、劉潔心、李思賢、馮嘉玉（2009）。台灣國小、國中、高中職學校性教育成果調查研究。臺灣性學學刊，15（2），65-80。
陳正憲（2004）。高雄市地區外籍配偶國中生子女性知識、性態度、性行為關係之研究。國立高雄師範大學教育學系研究所碩士論文，未出版，高雄市。
陳明月（2000）。高雄市國小高年級學生親子溝通與其性知識、性態度關係之研究。國立高雄師範大學輔導研究所碩士論文，未出版，高雄市。
陳秀玲（1998）。中部四縣市國小六年級學生第一性徵成熟狀況及性知識和性態度之調查研究。臺中師範學院國民教育研究所碩士論文，未出版，臺中。
張允中、林燕卿（2006）。單親家長對青春期學生「性」溝通之探討。中華輔導學報，20，175-200。
張美皓、晏涵文（1995）。臺北市國二學生與母親溝通與性有關議題之研究。臺灣性學學刊，1（2），14-23。
張春興（2007）。教育心理學─三化取向的理論與實踐。臺北市：東華。
張嘉真、李美枝（2000）。親子間情感行為的溯源與文化塑形。中華心理衛生學刊，13（2），1-35。
黃春枝（1980）。社會變遷與親子關係適應。張老師月刊，5（4），34-40。
黃琪瑜（1986）。青少女的月經態度及其有關因素之探討。國立政治大學心理學研究所碩士論文，未出版。臺北。
單玉安、鄭其嘉、孫鳳卿（2008）。高中職學生性溝通、性態度及其受同儕關係類型影響之研究-以高雄市為例。臺灣性學學刊，14（1），23-36。
單懷聖（1995）。臺北市高級中等學校學生婚姻與家庭生活態度及其相關因素之研究。中國文化大學家政學系碩士論文，未出版，臺北。
楊慧敏（1988）。父母參與學生的性教育。諮商與輔導，2，30-33。
廖梨伶、洪栩隆（2006）。主要照顧者與青少年於性議題之溝通現況調查研究–以彰化縣國中小學為主要對象。臺灣性學學刊，12（2），1-12。
劉仲冬（1999）。性別教育之我見。兩性平等教育季刊，7，24-27。
蔡文輝（2007）。婚姻與家庭：家庭社會學(4版)。臺北市：五南。
賴彥君（2008）。臺北市國小高年級學生與父母親子溝通「性」相關議題之研究。國立臺北教育大學生命教育與健康促進研究所碩士論文，未出版，臺北。
謝佩如（2001）。國小六年級學生與家長溝通性議題之現況調查—以新竹市學生為對象。國立臺灣師範大學衛生教育研究所碩士論文，未出版，臺北。
魏美芬（1985）。親子溝通與青少年生活適應之研究。東海大學社會學研究所碩士論文，未出版，臺北。
魏慧美（1995）。國中學生性態度之現況調查研究。高雄師大學報，6，111-129。
魏慧美（1998）。高雄市公私立高中高職學生同儕影響與其婚前性行為與態度關係之研究。教育學刊，14，295-315。
羅樊妮（2003）。父母管教方式、異性交往之親子溝通與青少年異性交往態度之相關研究。國立臺灣師範大學人類發展與家庭研究所未出版碩士論文，臺北。
二、英文
Abramson, P. R., Moriuchi, K. D., Waite, M.S., & Perry, L. B. (1983). Parental attitudes about sexual education : cross-cultural differences and covariate controls. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 12(5), 381-397.
Alexander, S. J. (1984). Improving Sex Eeducation Programs for Young Adolescents : Parent's views. Family Relations, 32(2), 251-257.
Alter, J. S., Baxter, S., Cook, A. T. ; Kirby, D., & Wilson, P. (1982). Teaching Parents to be the Primary Sex Educators of their Children 1. Final Report. Volume I ; Impact of Programs. Center for Disease Control(DHHS/PHS). Atlanta Ga.
Atienzo, E.E., Walker, D.M., Campero, L., Lamadrid-Figueroa, H., and Gutiĕrrez, J.P., (2009). Parent-adolescent communication about sex in Morelos, Mexico: does it impact sexual behaviour? The European Journal of Contraception and Reproductive Health Care, 14(2):111–119.
Baldwin, S. E., & Baranoski, M. V. (1990). Family lnteractions and Sex Education in The Home, Adolescence, 25(99), 573-582.
Baldwin, C. & Bauer, K. E. (1994). Teaching sexuality: Schools supporting families as primary sex educators. Journal of Humanistic Counseling, Education & Development, 32, 4, 162-171.
Bennett, S. M., & Dickinson, W. B. (1980). Student - parent rapport and parent involvement in sex, birth control, and venereal disease education. Journal of Sex Research, 16, 114 - 130.
Bennett, S. M. (1984). Family environment for sexual learning as a function of father's involvement in family work and discipline. Adolescence, 19(75), 609-627.
Benshoff, J. M. & Alexander S. J.(1993). The Family communication project : Fostering parent-child communication about sexuality. Elementary School Guidance and Counseling, 27(4), 288-303.
Blake, S. M., Ledsky, R., Lehman, T. (2001). Preventing sexual risk　behaviors among gay, lesbian, and bisexual adolescents : the benefits of gay-sensitive HIV instruction in schools. American Journal of Public Health, 91, 940-946.
Block, D. (1972). Sex education practices of mothers. Journal of Sex Education and Therapy, 7, 7-12.
Bonnell, K. H. & Caillouet, L. M. (1991). Communication Patterns and Barriers between Teenagers and Parents abouf Sex-Related Topics：A Survey of Teenagers in Education Classes, ERIC : ED336773.
Bower, Donald. (1990). Sex espionage. NY : Knightsbridge.
Brock, L. J. & Jennings G.H. (1993). What Daughter in Their 30s Wish Their Mothers Had Told Them, Family Relations, 42(1), 61-65.
Brosnan, M. J.(1998). The impact of computer anxiety and self-efficacy upon performance. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 14, 223-234.
Crawford, I., Jason, L. A., Riordan, N., Kaufman, J., Salina, D., Sawalski, L., Ho, F. C. & Zolik, E. (1990). A multimedia-based approach to increasing communication and the level of AIDS knowledge within families. 18, 361-373.
DiIorio, C., Kelley, M., & Hockenberry-Eaton, M. (1999). Communication about sexual issues : Mothers, fathers, and friends. Journal of Adolescent Health. 24, 181-189.
Driskill, P. & DelCampo, R. L. (1992). Sex Education in the 1990’s : A Systems Perspective on Family Sexuality, Journal of Sex Education and Therapy, 18(3), 175-185.
Ekman, P., & Friesen, W. V. (1976). Pictures of facial affect.Palo Alto, CA : Consulting Psychologists Pres.
Feldman, S. S., & Rosenthal, D. A. (2000). The Effect of Communication Characteristics on Family Members' Perceptions of Parents as Sex Educators. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 10, 119-150.
Fisher, T. D. (1986). Parent-Child Communication About Sex And Young Adolescent's Sexual Knowledge and Attitudes, Adolescence, 21(83), 517-527.
Fisher, T. D.(1987). Family communication and the sexual behaveior and attitudes of college students. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 16 (5),481-495.
Fisher, T. D. (1988b). Parental sexual attitudes, family sexual communication, and adolescent sexual behavior. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of American Psychological Association, Atlanta, G. A.(ED303711).
Fitz-gerald, M., ＆ Fitz-gerald, D. R.(1987). Parent's involvement in the sex education of their children.Volta Review, 89(5), 96-110.
Fox, G. L., & Inazu, J. K. (1980). Patterns and Outcomes of Mmother-Daughter Communication About Sexuality. Journal of Social Issues, 36(1), 7-29.
Furstenberg, F. F. Jr., Moore, K. A., & Peterson, J. L. (1985). Sex education and sexual experience among adolescents. American Journal of Public Health , 75, 1331-1332.
Goldman, R., & Goldman, J.(1982). Children’s sexual thinking : A comparative study of children aged 5 to 15 years in Australia, North America, Britain and Sweden. Routledge and Kegan Paul.(ED224562)
Gomez, D. S.(2001). Sex, Peers, Media-and Family Values. NEA Today, 19(7), 29.
Goodman, B & Goodman, N.(1976). Effects of parent orientation meetings on parent-child communication about sexuality and family life. The Family Coordinator, 25(3), 285-290.
Graham, M. A. (1992). The effects of parent-adolescent communication on adolescent sexual behavior. Paper presented at the Annual Convention of the American Psychological Association. Washington, DC.(ED358380).
Hansen, J. C. (1982). Sex differences in interests and interpreting opposite-sex scores on the Strong-Campbell Interest Inventory. Illinois Guidance and Personnel Quarterly, 84, 5-12.
Hepburn, E. E. (1983). A three-level model of parent–daughter communication about sexual topics. Adolescence, 18, 523-534.
Hollander(1998). A failure to communicate. Family of Planning Perspectives, 30(4), 1-7.
Hovell, M., Spian, C., Blumberg, E., Atkins, C., Hofstetter, C. R., and Kreitner ,S. (1994) : Family influences on Latino and Anglo adolescent’s sexual behavior. Journal of Marriage and Family, 56(4), 973-986.
Hurlock, E. B. (1974). Personality Development, New York : McGraw-Hill.
Jones, C. L., Tempperman, L. & Wilson, S. J. (1995). The future of the Family(ch.4). NJ : Prentice Hall.
Jordan, Timothy R., Price, James H., Fitzgerald, shawn. (2000). Rural Parents' Communication with Their Teen-agers about Sexual Issues. Journal of School Health, 70 (80), 338-344.
Kakavoulis, A. (2001). Family and Sex Education: a survey of parental attitudes, Sex Education, 1(2), 163-173.
Kirby, D. & Miller, B. C. (2002) Interventions designed to promote parent-teen communication about sexuality. In : Talking Sexuality : Parent-Adolescent Communication. New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development (eds S. Feldman & D. A. Rosenthal), pp. 93-110. Jossey-Bass, San Francisco, CA, USA.
Koblinsky, S., ＆ Atkinson, J. (1982). Parental plans for children's sex education. Family Relations, 31(1), 29-35.
Lefkowitz, E. S., Kahlbaugh, P., Au, T. K., & Sigman, M. (1998). A longitudinal study of mother-adolescent AIDS conversations. AIDS Education and Prevention, 10, 351-365.
Lefkowitz, E. S., Romo. L. F., Corona, R., Au, T. K., & Sigman, M. (2000). How Latino American and European American adolescents discuss conflicts, sexuality, and AIDS with their mothers. Developmental Psychology, 36(3), 315-325.
Lu ,(1994) .Parental Attitudes toward Sex Education for Young Children in Taiwan. ED374386.
Marcela, R., Karen, B., & Mary, F. F. (1998). Parent-teen communication about sexual topics. Journal of Family Issues, 19(3), 315-334.
Miller, H. Richard & King, E. M. (1974). Sex education for parents using behavior rehearsal. Journal of Family Counseling, 2(2), 28-31.
Miller, B. C., & Norton, M. C. (1993). Impact evaluation of facts & feelings : A home-based video sex education curriculum. Family Relations, 42(4), 392-400.
Mueller, K. E., & Powers, W. G. (1990). Parent-Child sexual discussion:Perceived Communicator style and subsequent behavior. Adolesence, 25(98), 469-482.
Nolin, M. J. & Petersen, K. K. (1992). Gender differences in parent-child communication about sexuality : an exploratory study. Journal of Adolescent Research, 7, 59-79.
Richardson, J. G., and Cranston, J. E.(1981). Social change, parental values, and the salience of sex education. Journal of Marriage and the Family. 4(2), 547-556.
Roberts, E. K., Kline, D., & Gagnon, J. (1978). Family life and sexual leaning : A study of the role of parents in the sexual learning of children. Cambridge, MA : Population Education, Inc.
Schaefer Charles E. (1984). How To Talk To Children About Really Import Things. Harper and Raw. Publisher New York.
Schuster, M. A., Corona, R., Elliott, M. N., Kanouse, D. E., Eastman, K. L., Zhou, A. J., & Klein, D. J. (2008). Evaluation of Talking Parents, Healthy Teens, a new worksite based parenting programme to promote parent-adolescent communication about sexual health: Randomised controlled trial. British Medical Journal, 337, 273-277.
Shipman, Gordon. (1968), The Psychodynamics of Sex Education, The Family Coordinator, 17(1), 3-12.
SIECUS. (1996) Guidelines for Comprehensive Sexuality Education, 2nd edition : Kindergarten Through 12th Grade. SIECUS, New York, NY,USA.
Simon Forrest & Annabel Kanabus (2005). Sex Education that Work‧http://WWW.AVERT.ORG
Thornburg, H. D.(1981). Adolescent sourses of information on sex. Journal of School Health, 51(4), 274-277.
Torres, A., Forres, J. D., and Eisman, S. (1980). Telling parents : Clinic policies and adolescents’ use of family planning and abortion services. Family Planning Perspectives, 12(6), 284-292.
Wang B, Li X, Stanton B, Kamali V, Naar-King S, Shah I and Thomas R.(2007). Sexual attitudes, pattern of communication, and sexual behavior among unmarried out-of-school youth in China. BMC Public Health, 7:189
Welbourne, A. K. (1978). The relation of parental sexual knowledge with their early adolescent children. Dissertation Abstracts International, 38, 6031A-6032A.
Wilson, E. K., Dalberth, B. T., Koo, H. P., and Gard, J.C.（2010）. Parents’ Perspectives on Talking to Preteenage Children About Sex. Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health, 42(1):56–63, doi: 10.1363/4205610.
Zhang L., Li X., Shah, I.H., Baldwin, W., & Stanton, B. (2007). Parent-adolescent sex communication in China. The European Journal of Contraception and Reproductive Health Care, 12(2), 138-147.