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研究生: 黃崇儒
CHUNG-JU HUANG
論文名稱: 運動心理堅韌性概念的建構與測量
Establishing the Construct of Mental Toughness for Sport: Preliminary Investigation and Instrument Development
指導教授: 林清和
Lin, Ching-Ho
學位類別: 博士
Doctor
系所名稱: 體育學系
Department of Physical Education
論文出版年: 2004
畢業學年度: 92
語文別: 中文
論文頁數: 186
中文關鍵詞: 運動心理堅韌性質性研究心理技能訓練
英文關鍵詞: mental toughness for sport, qualitative research, quantitative research, psychological skills training
論文種類: 學術論文
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本研究主要目的是要建構運動心理堅韌性的概念、內涵、與影響因素,建立其運作的機制,並且編製具有信效度的測量工具。研究方法是用質性研究去探索相關的問題,訪談10位優秀運動員和5位資深教練,開放式問卷調查168位的大學運動員,將所得的資料加以分析,建立初步概念。接著利用質性研究的結果,針對1326名中學和大學運動員,以探索性與驗證性因素分析,發展出『特質運動心理堅韌性量表』和『賽前狀態心理堅韌性量表』,最後本研究得到下列發現:
一、運動心理堅韌性是指個體在運動情境中知覺遭受威脅時,心理上不容易被擊敗的特性。可以將其分為兩個部分,特質運動心理堅韌性是指在遭遇困難時,其不容易被擊敗的特性一般所會呈現之水準;狀態運動心理堅韌性是指在某一特定的運動情境下,其不容易被擊敗的特性所呈現之水準。
二、運動心理堅韌性強者的行為特徵包括有:無論情境為何,皆能保持高度的專注;能忍受生理的傷痛;積極自律;追求完美與既定目標;高度自信心;比賽時擁有堅強的求勝意志;有因應壓力的能力等。
三、影響運動心理堅韌性的因素,包括有:有體能和技術的狀況、社會支持、成就感、外在誘因與目標的設定、隊上的風氣、情境的因素、競爭壓力、以及個人的特質。
四、狀態運動心理堅韌性的運作受到情境、生理和技術因素的影響,會受到壓力處理能力、社會支持、外在誘因等調節,還會受到特質運動心理堅韌性持久的影響,最後它會影響到行為表現。
五、特質運動心理堅韌性量表共有三個分量表:積極奮鬥、抗壓性、忍受傷痛,具有不錯的內部一致性,經驗證性因素分析後構念效度不錯,具有可以接受的區別和聚斂效度。
六、狀態運動心理堅韌性量表包含有兩個部分:威脅知覺和韌性反應(自信心、努力求勝和進步、壓力因應),狀態韌性是兩者交互作用的結果,這樣的測量方式,具有不錯的計量特性。
依據本研究結果歸納所得的運動心理堅韌性初步概念,以及所發展的測量工具,可以去發展出一些心理技能訓練計畫,增強參與運動者的心理堅韌性,以期促進運動表現;在研究上,對運動心理堅韌性這樣的概念也更加清楚,有助於更進一步去探討相關的研究領域。

The term of mental toughness is mentioned frequently, but least understood in applied sport psychology. The purposes of this study were to explore the conceptualization of mental toughness for sport and to develop reliable measures of mental toughness. In qualitative research phase, 10 elite athletes and 5 coaches from various sports background were interviewed, as well as an open-ended questionnaire from 168 intercollegiate athletes. The results indicated that the definition of mental toughness including trait and state components, and the attributes of mentally tough athletes including concentration, endurance, self-disciplined, pursuing perfection, self-confidence, desire to win, and the ability to cope with pressure. The results further revealed that a numbers of factors influenced athletes’ mental toughness including perception of technical and physical states, social support, achievement, extrinsic award, norm of team, situational factors, competitive stress, and personality. In terms of quantitative research, both exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis were utilized to develop two measurements of mental toughness for athletes. A total of 1326 high school and intercollegiate athletes participated in this study. The psychometric evidence supported the factor structure, reliability, and validity of both Trait Mental Toughness Inventory for Sport (TMTIS, positive effort, anti-pressure, and endurance), and Pre-competition State Mental Toughness Inventory (PSMTI, confidence, desire to win, and coping with pressure). From the theoretical perspective, the findings of this study could assist researchers to not only understand the basic construct of mental toughness of individual participated in sport with reliable and valid measurements, but also clarify the mechanism of mental toughness in sport psychology. In practical, this study provided guidance for coaches and psychologists to enhance athletes’ performance.

目  次 口試委員與系主任簽字證書 ............. Ⅰ 授 權 書 .................. Ⅱ 謝 誌 ...................... Ⅲ 中文摘要 ...................... Ⅳ 英文摘要 ...................... Ⅵ 目 次 ...................... Ⅶ 表 次 ...................... Ⅹ 圖 次 ...................... ⅩⅡ 第壹章 緒 論 .................. 1 第一節 問題背景 ................. 2 第二節 研究之重要性 ............... 8 第三節 研究目的與研究問題............. 9 第四節 研究限制 ................. 9 第五節 名詞解釋 ................. 9 第貳章 文獻探討 .................. 12 第一節 有關心理堅韌性的理論機制 ......... 12 第二節 心理堅韌性的定義與內涵 .......... 23 第三節 影響心理堅韌性因素的相關研究 ....... 34 第四節 心理堅韌性的相關研究 ........... 39 第五節 本章總結 ................. 43 第叄章 研究方法 .................. 46 第一節 本研究的研究架構 ............. 46 第二節 質性研究方法論 .............. 47 第三節 質性研究的流程 .............. 50 第四節 訪談的實施 ................ 51 第五節 開放式問卷施測 .............. 56 第六節 質性研究的資料處理 ............ 57 第七節 量化研究的資料處理 ............ 59 第肆章 質性研究結果分析與討論 ......... 63 第一節 運動心理堅韌性的定義 ........... 63 第二節 運動心理堅韌性強者的行為特徵 ....... 71 第三節 影響運動心理堅韌性的因素 ......... 81 第四節 研究結果的綜合發現 ............ 90 第五節 質性研究結果之討論 ............ 93 第伍章 特質運動心理堅韌性量表之編製 ......... 107 第一節 TMTIS編製的流程 ............. 107 第二節 TMTIS題目的編製與預試 .......... 108 第三節 TMTIS構念的建立 ............. 110 第四節 TMTIS構念的驗證 ............. 115 第陸章 賽前狀態心理堅韌性量表之編製 ........ 126 第一節 PSMTI編製的流程 ............. 126 第二節 PSMTI題目的編製與預試 .......... 127 第三節 PSMTI構念的建立 ............. 130 第四節 PSMTI構念的驗證 ............. 136 第柒章 綜合討論 .................. 156 第一節 運動心理堅韌性概念建構的討論 ....... 156 第二節 運動心理堅韌性測量的討論 ......... 158 第捌章 結論與建議 .................. 160 第一節 結論 ................... 160 第二節 建議 ................... 161 參考文獻 ...................... 165 中文部分 ...................... 165 英文部分 ...................... 165 附 錄 ...................... 171 附錄一 特質運動心理堅韌性量表初版 ........ 171 附錄二 特質運動心理堅韌性量表二版 ........ 174 附錄三 特質運動心理堅韌性量表正式版 ....... 177 附錄四 賽前狀態心理堅韌性量表初版 ........ 179 附錄五 賽前狀態心理堅韌性量表二版 ........ 182 附錄六 賽前狀態心理堅韌性量表正式版 ....... 185 表 次 表2-1 學者對心理堅韌性內涵的分析摘要表 ..... 33 表3-1 訪談過程各階段的工作事項 ......... 53 表3-2 參與本研究之受訪者基本資料摘要表 ...... 55 表4-1 運動心理堅韌性定義之訪談結果 ........ 70 表4-2 運動心理堅韌性定義之開放式問卷結果 ..... 70 表4-3 運動心理堅韌性定義之綜合歸納結果 ...... 71 表4-4 心理堅韌性強者的行為特徵之訪談結果..... 78 表4-5 心理堅韌性強者的行為特徵之開放式問卷結果.. 80 表4-6 心理堅韌性強者的行為特徵之綜合歸納結果 ... 81 表4-7 運動心理堅韌性影響因素之訪談結果...... 89 表4-8 運動心理堅韌性影響因素之開放式問卷結果... 89 表4-9 運動心理堅韌性影響因素之綜合歸納結果.... 90 表5-1 TMTIS編製各階段施測參與人數表 ...... 108 表5-2 TMTIS因素分析之因素負荷量及題目鑑別度.... 113 表5-3 第二階段TMTIS之描述統計及內部一致性 .... 114 表5-4 特質運動心理堅韌性量表理論架構與其模式修 正概要表 .................. 119 表5-5 特質運動心理堅韌性的模式中所有估計參數的 顯著性考 ..................119 表5-6 特質運動心理堅韌性模式之觀察變項個別項目 信度、潛在變項之成份信度和平均變異抽取量 . 121 表5-7 第三階段TMTIS之描述統計及內部一致...... 122 表5-8 不同技術水準運動員在TMTIS得分的描述統計... 123 表6-1 PSMTI編製各階段施測參與人數表 ....... 127 表6-2 PSMTI威脅知覺之因素分析的因素負荷量及題目 鑑別度 ................... 131 表6-3 第二階段PSMTI威脅知覺之描述統計及內部一致性 132 表6-4 PSMTI韌性反應之因素分析的因素負荷量及題目 鑑別度 ................... 134 表6-5 第二階段PSMTI韌性反應之描述統計及內部一致性 135 表6-6 PSMTI第三階段參與者的人數分配表 ..... 138 表6-7 所有樣本的威脅知覺模式驗證性因素分析整體適 配度指標 ..................140 表6-8 威脅知覺模式中所有估計參數的顯著性考驗 .. 141 表6-9 威脅知覺模式之觀察變項個別項目信度、潛在變 項之成份信度和平均變異抽取量....... 141 表6-10 賽前狀態心理堅韌性量表理論架構與其模式修正 概要表 .................. 142 表6-11 所有樣本的韌性反應模式驗證性因素分析整體適 配度指標 ..................142 表6-12 韌性反應模式中所有估計參數的顯著性考驗 .. 144 表6-13 韌性反應模式之觀察變項個別項目信度、潛在變 項之成份信度和平均變異抽取量 ...... 145 表6-14 韌性反應模式中四個潛在變項之間的相關係數 .. 146 表6-15 第三階段PSMTI之描述統計及內部一致性 ... 147 表6-16 不同族群參與者在狀態運動心理堅韌性的得分之 描述統計 ..................149 表6-17 各族群在狀態心理堅韌性得分差異之事後比較 .. 150 表6-18 不同年齡層參與者在狀態運動心理堅韌性的得分 之描述統計 .................150 圖 次 圖2-1 運動心理堅韌性呈現的初步機制 ....... 22 圖2-2 運動心理堅韌性的內涵 ............ 34 圖2-3 影響堅韌性因素的運作流程.......... 39 圖2-4 運動心理堅韌性呈現的理論模式........ 44 圖3-1 本研究之研究架構圖 ............. 46 圖3-2 運動心理堅韌性建構之質性研究流程...... 50 圖4-1 運動心理堅韌性概念的層次 .......... 64 圖4-2 狀態運動心理堅韌性的運作機制 ........ 93 圖5-1 特質運動心理堅韌性量表編製流程圖...... 107 圖5-2 修正後特質運動心理堅韌性測量模式的驗證性 因素分析 .................. 118 圖6-1 賽前狀態心理堅韌性量表編製流程圖 ...... 126 圖6-2 威脅知覺測量模式的驗證性因素分析 ...... 139 圖6-3 修正後威脅知覺測量模式的驗證性因素分析 ... 140 圖6-4 修正後韌性反應測量模式表的驗證性因素分析 .. 143 圖6-5 狀態運動心理堅韌性的測量模式 ...... 147 圖6-6 參與者依據威脅知覺和韌性反應得分的分類人數 . 148

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