本研究主要目的是要建構運動心理堅韌性的概念、內涵、與影響因素，建立其運作的機制，並且編製具有信效度的測量工具。研究方法是用質性研究去探索相關的問題，訪談10位優秀運動員和5位資深教練，開放式問卷調查168位的大學運動員，將所得的資料加以分析，建立初步概念。接著利用質性研究的結果，針對1326名中學和大學運動員，以探索性與驗證性因素分析，發展出『特質運動心理堅韌性量表』和『賽前狀態心理堅韌性量表』，最後本研究得到下列發現：
一、運動心理堅韌性是指個體在運動情境中知覺遭受威脅時，心理上不容易被擊敗的特性。可以將其分為兩個部分，特質運動心理堅韌性是指在遭遇困難時，其不容易被擊敗的特性一般所會呈現之水準；狀態運動心理堅韌性是指在某一特定的運動情境下，其不容易被擊敗的特性所呈現之水準。
二、運動心理堅韌性強者的行為特徵包括有：無論情境為何，皆能保持高度的專注；能忍受生理的傷痛；積極自律；追求完美與既定目標；高度自信心；比賽時擁有堅強的求勝意志；有因應壓力的能力等。
三、影響運動心理堅韌性的因素，包括有：有體能和技術的狀況、社會支持、成就感、外在誘因與目標的設定、隊上的風氣、情境的因素、競爭壓力、以及個人的特質。
四、狀態運動心理堅韌性的運作受到情境、生理和技術因素的影響，會受到壓力處理能力、社會支持、外在誘因等調節，還會受到特質運動心理堅韌性持久的影響，最後它會影響到行為表現。
五、特質運動心理堅韌性量表共有三個分量表：積極奮鬥、抗壓性、忍受傷痛，具有不錯的內部一致性，經驗證性因素分析後構念效度不錯，具有可以接受的區別和聚斂效度。
六、狀態運動心理堅韌性量表包含有兩個部分：威脅知覺和韌性反應（自信心、努力求勝和進步、壓力因應），狀態韌性是兩者交互作用的結果，這樣的測量方式，具有不錯的計量特性。
依據本研究結果歸納所得的運動心理堅韌性初步概念，以及所發展的測量工具，可以去發展出一些心理技能訓練計畫，增強參與運動者的心理堅韌性，以期促進運動表現；在研究上，對運動心理堅韌性這樣的概念也更加清楚，有助於更進一步去探討相關的研究領域。

The term of mental toughness is mentioned frequently, but least understood in applied sport psychology. The purposes of this study were to explore the conceptualization of mental toughness for sport and to develop reliable measures of mental toughness. In qualitative research phase, 10 elite athletes and 5 coaches from various sports background were interviewed, as well as an open-ended questionnaire from 168 intercollegiate athletes. The results indicated that the definition of mental toughness including trait and state components, and the attributes of mentally tough athletes including concentration, endurance, self-disciplined, pursuing perfection, self-confidence, desire to win, and the ability to cope with pressure. The results further revealed that a numbers of factors influenced athletes’ mental toughness including perception of technical and physical states, social support, achievement, extrinsic award, norm of team, situational factors, competitive stress, and personality. In terms of quantitative research, both exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis were utilized to develop two measurements of mental toughness for athletes. A total of 1326 high school and intercollegiate athletes participated in this study. The psychometric evidence supported the factor structure, reliability, and validity of both Trait Mental Toughness Inventory for Sport (TMTIS, positive effort, anti-pressure, and endurance), and Pre-competition State Mental Toughness Inventory (PSMTI, confidence, desire to win, and coping with pressure). From the theoretical perspective, the findings of this study could assist researchers to not only understand the basic construct of mental toughness of individual participated in sport with reliable and valid measurements, but also clarify the mechanism of mental toughness in sport psychology. In practical, this study provided guidance for coaches and psychologists to enhance athletes’ performance.

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