簡易檢索 / 詳目顯示

研究生: 林宜薇
Lin, Yi-Wei
論文名稱: 大學生完美主義、學習倦怠與生活滿意度之相關──大學歸屬感之中介效果
Relationship between Perfectionism, Learning Burning and Life Satisfaction among University Students: University Belonging as a Mediator
指導教授: 陳慧娟
Chen, Huey-Jiuan
口試委員: 游錦雲
Yu, Ching-Yun
李俊仁
Lee, Jun-Ren
陳慧娟
Chen, Huey-Jiuan
口試日期: 2023/07/05
學位類別: 碩士
Master
系所名稱: 教育心理與輔導學系
Department of Educational Psychology and Counseling
論文出版年: 2023
畢業學年度: 111
語文別: 中文
論文頁數: 130
中文關鍵詞: 完美主義大學歸屬感學習倦怠生活滿意度
英文關鍵詞: perfectionism, university belonging, learning burnout, life satisfaction
研究方法: 調查研究
DOI URL: http://doi.org/10.6345/NTNU202301273
論文種類: 學術論文
相關次數: 點閱:136下載:45
分享至:
查詢本校圖書館目錄 查詢臺灣博碩士論文知識加值系統 勘誤回報
  • 本研究旨在了解大學生的完美主義特質(完美主義奮力向上與擔憂向度)、大學歸屬感、學習倦怠(筋疲力竭、心理疏離、認知損傷及情緒損傷向度),以及生活滿意度的關聯性,並探究大學歸屬感是否在其關聯路徑中扮演中介角色。研究參與者為臺灣地區大學在學生,共554人,研究工具採用「完美主義量表」、「大學歸屬感量表」、「學習倦怠量表」,以及「生活滿意度量表」。以描述性統計、Pearson積差相關、結構方程模型(structural equation modeling, SEM)進行資料分析,並且透過拔靴法(bootstrapping)檢定中介效果是否顯著。研究結果顯示完美主義的奮力向上向度與筋疲力竭、心理疏離、認知損傷具顯著負相關,與生活滿意度、大學歸屬感則具顯著正相關;完美主義擔憂向度與筋疲力竭、心理疏離、認知損傷及情緒損傷具有顯著正相關,與生活滿意度、大學歸屬感則具顯著負相關。同時,大學歸屬感中介完美主義奮力向上與筋疲力竭、心理疏離、情緒損傷之關係,及完美主義奮力向上與生活滿意度之間關係;在完美主義擔憂與筋疲力竭、心理疏離、情緒損傷之間,完美主義擔憂與生活滿意度之間,大學歸屬感亦同樣具中介效果。整體而言,大學歸屬感能預測較低的學習倦怠與較高生活滿意度。本研究依前述結果進行討論,並針對學術研究與大學輔導工作提出相關建議,作為未來研究及實務工作之參考。

    The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationships between perfectionism (perfectionistic strivings and perfectionistic concerns), university belonging, learning burnout (exhaustion, mental distance, cognitive impairment, and emotional impairment), and life satisfaction among college students. Additionally, the study explored whether university belonging played a mediating role in these relationships. The participants consisted of 554 university students from Taiwan. The research instruments used included the“Perfectionism Scale,” “University Belonging Scale,” “Learning Burnout Scale,” and “Satisfaction with Life Scale.” Descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation analysis, and structural equation modeling (SEM) were used for data analysis. The research also employed bootstrapping to test the significance of mediating effects. The results indicated that perfectionistic strivings had significant negative correlations with exhaustion, mental distance, and cognitive impairment. Perfectionistic strivings had significant positive correlations with university belonging and life satisfaction. On the other hand, perfectionistic concerns showed significant positive correlations with exhaustion, mental distance, cognitive impairment, and emotional impairment, and significant negative correlations with life satisfaction and university belonging. Moreover, university belonging mediated the relationship between perfectionistic strivings and exhaustion, mental distance, and emotional impairment, as well as the relationship between perfectionistic strivings and life satisfaction. Similarly, university belonging also played a mediating role in the relationships between perfectionistic concerns and exhaustion, mental distance, emotional impairment, and life satisfaction. Overall, university belonging predicted a low level of learning burnout and a high level of life satisfaction. Based on the results, the study made the discussion and suggestions as references for future research and practical work in universities.

    謝詞 i 中文摘要 iii 英文摘要 v 目次 vii 表次 ix 圖次 xi 第一章 緒論 1 第一節 研究背景與動機 1 第二節 研究目的與問題 3 第三節 名詞解釋 5 第二章 文獻探討 9 第一節 完美主義之理論與相關研究 9 第二節 學習倦怠與完美主義之關聯研究 15 第三節 生活滿意度與完美主義之關聯研究 19 第五節 大學歸屬感對完美主義與學習倦怠、生活滿意度之中介效果 26 第三章 研究方法 29 第一節 研究程序 29 第二節 研究架構與假設 30 第三節 研究參與者 33 第四節 研究工具 35 第五節 資料處理與分析 53 第四章 研究結果與討論 55 第一節 完美主義、大學歸屬感、學習倦怠及生活滿意度之描述性統計 55 第二節 完美主義、大學歸屬感、學習倦怠與生活滿意度之相關分析 58 第三節 大學歸屬感對完美主義、學習倦怠與生活滿意度結構方程模型暨中介效果分析 67 第五章 結論與建議 75 第一節 研究結論 75 第二節 研究限制與建議 76 參考文獻 83 中文部分 83 西文部分 84 附錄 109 附錄 1 量表授權同意書 109 附錄 2 預試量表 112 附錄 3 正式量表 122

    王文科、王志宏(2017):《教育研究法(增訂第十七版)》。五南圖書。
    吳淑禎(2018):〈生涯韌力:大學青年的生涯逆境知覺及其因應策略之研究〉。《教育科學研究期刊》,63(3),197–230 https://doi.org/10.6209/jories.201809_63(3).0007
    吳齊殷、張明宜、陳怡蒨(2008):〈尋找機制與過程:長期追蹤研究的功用〉。《αβγ量化研究學刊》,2,1–26。
    邱皓政(2021):《量化研究法(二):統計原理與分析技術(二版增修版)》。雙葉書廊。
    凃金堂(2015):〈數學後設認知量表之發展與信效度考驗〉。《教育心理學報》,47,109–131。https://doi.org/10.6251/bep.20141204
    施淑慎、巫博瀚(2017):〈你累了嗎?國中生學習倦怠之多層次成長模式分析〉。《教育學報》,45(1),21–46。
    陳正嘉、柯慧貞、林旻沛、周鉦翔、陳廣圻(2011):〈中文版多向度完美主義量表之心理計量分析〉。《中華心理衛生學刊》,24,61–96。 https://doi.org/10.30074/fjmh.201103_24(1).0003
    教育部(2023年4月19日):〈資訊查詢──學生類〉。大專校院校務資訊公開平臺。https://udb.moe.edu.tw/udata/DetailReportList/%E5%AD%B8%E7%94%9F%E9%A1%9E
    張映芬(2019):〈四向度完美主義之建構暨其與成就目標、學習倦怠之關係〉。《教育心理學報》,50,611–634。https://doi.org/10.6251/BEP.201906_50(4).0003
    張斌、謝靜濤、蔡太生(2013):〈完美主義人格的結構與特點〉。《中國心理衛生雜誌》,27,215–219。https://doi.org/10.6251/bep.201912_51(2).0004
    Abdollahi, A. (2019). The association of rumination and perfectionism to social anxiety. Psychiatry, 82(4), 345–353. https://doi.org/10.1080/00332747.2019.1608783
    Abreu Alves, S., Sinval, J., Lucas Neto, L., Marôco, J., Gonçalves Ferreira, A., & Oliveira, P. (2022). Burnout and dropout intention in medical students: The protective role of academic engagement. BMC Medical Education, 22(1), Article 83. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-021-03094-9
    Abubakar, A., van de Vijver, F. J. R., Alonso-Arbiol, I., Suryani, A. O., Pandia, W. S., Handani, P., Arasa, J., Mazrui, L., & Murugumi, M. (2016). Assessing sense of school belonging across cultural contexts using the PSSM: Measurement and functional invariance. Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, 34(4), 380–388. https://doi.org/10.1177/0734282915607161
    Ahn, M. Y., & Davis, H. H. (2020). Four domains of students' sense of belonging to university. Studies in Higher Education, 45(3), 622–634. https://doi.org/10.1080/03075079.2018.1564902
    Aker, S., & Şahin, M. K. (2022). The relationship between school burnout, sense of school belonging and academic achievement in preclinical medical students. Advances in Health Sciences Education, 27(4), 949–963. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10459-022-10121-x
    Alarcon, G. M., Edwards, J. M., & Menke, L. E. (2011). Student burnout and engagement: A test of the conservation of resources theory. The Journal of Psychology, 145(3), 211–227. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223980.2011.555432
    Allen, K.-A., Kern, M. L., Rozek, C. S., McInerney, D. M., & Slavich, G. M. (2021). Belonging: A review of conceptual issues, an integrative framework, and directions for future research. Australian Journal of Psychology, 73(1), 87–102. https://doi.org/10.1080/00049530.2021.1883409
    Allen, K.-A., Kern, M. L., Vella-Brodrick, D., Hattie, J., & Waters, L. (2018). What schools need to know about fostering school belonging: A meta-analysis. Educational Psychology Review, 30(1), 1–34. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10648-016-9389-8
    Arslan, G., Allen, K.-A., & Ryan, T. (2020). Exploring the impacts of school belonging on youth wellbeing and mental health among Turkish adolescents. Child Indicators Research, 13(5), 1619–1635. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12187-020-09721-z
    Ashby, J. S., Noble, C. L., & Gnilka, P. B. (2012). Multidimensional perfectionism, depression, and satisfaction with life: Differences among perfectionists and tests of a stress-mediation model. Journal of College Counseling, 15(2), 130–143. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2161-1882.2012.00011.x
    Ashby, J. S., Rice, K. G., & Martin, J. L. (2006). Perfectionism, shame, and depressive symptoms. Journal of Counseling & Development, 84(2), 148–156. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1556-6678.2006.tb00390.x
    Ayearst, L. E., Flett, G. L., & Hewitt, P. L. (2012). Where is multidimensional perfectionism in DSM-5? A question posed to the DSM-5 personality and personality disorders work group. Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment, 3(4), 458–469. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0026354
    Azpiazu Izaguirre, L., Fernández, A. R., & Palacios, E. G. (2021). Adolescent life satisfaction explained by social support, emotion regulation, and resilience. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, Article 694183. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.694183
    Baumeister, R. F., & Leary, M. R. (1995). The need to belong: Desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation. Psychological Bulletin, 117(3), 497–529. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.117.3.497
    Baumeister, R. F., & Robson, D. A. (2021). Belongingness and the modern schoolchild: on loneliness, socioemotional health, self-esteem, evolutionary mismatch, online sociality, and the numbness of rejection. Australian Journal of Psychology, 73(1), 103–111. https://doi.org/10.1080/00049530.2021.1877573
    Bentler, P. M., & Bonett, D. G. (1980). Significance tests and goodness of fit in the analysis of covariance structures. Psychological Bulletin, 88(3), 588–606.
    Berger, D. E., (2019, August 25). Re: What should be ideal KMO value for factor analysis? ResearchGate. https://www.researchgate.net/post/What-should-be-ideal-KMO-value-for-factor-analysis/5d61e557b93ecd62462235e1/citation/download
    Boone, L., Soenens, B., Braet, C., & Goossens, L. (2010). An empirical typology of perfectionism in early-to-mid adolescents and its relation with eating disorder symptoms. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 48(7), 686–691. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2010.03.022
    Broos, H. C., Llabre, M. M., & Timpano, K. R. (2022). Belonging buffers the impact of cognitive vulnerabilities on affective symptoms. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 46(2), 393–405. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-021-10267-9
    Burgess, A. M., Frost, R. O., & DiBartolo, P. M. (2016). Development and validation of the Frost multidimensional perfectionism scale-brief. Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, 34(7), 620–633. https://doi.org/10.1177/0734282916651359
    Carr, A., Cullen, K., Keeney, C., Canning, C., Mooney, O., Chinseallaigh, E., & O'Dowd, A. (2021). Effectiveness of positive psychology interventions: A systematic review and meta-analysis. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 16(6), 749–769. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2020.1818807
    Cha, M. (2016). The mediation effect of mattering and self-esteem in the relationship between socially prescribed perfectionism and depression: Based on the social disconnection model. Personality and Individual Differences, 88, 148–159. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2015.09.008
    Chan, D. W. (2012). Life satisfaction among highly achieving students in Hong Kong: Do gratitude and the 'good-enough mindset' add to the contribution of perfectionism in prediction? Educational Psychology, 32(5), 613–626. https://doi.org/10.1080/01443410.2012.685451
    Chang, E., Lee, A., Byeon, E., Seong, H., & Lee, S. M. (2016). The mediating effect of motivational types in the relationship between perfectionism and academic burnout. Personality and Individual Differences, 89, 202–210. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2015.10.010
    Chang, E., & Lee, S. M. (2020). Mediating effect of goal adjustment on the relationship between socially prescribed perfectionism and academic burnout. Psychology in the Schools, 57(2), 284–295. https://doi.org/10.1002/pits.22327
    Chang, E., Seong, H., & Lee, S. M. (2020). Exploring the relationship between perfectionism and academic burnout through achievement goals: A mediation model. Asia Pacific Education Review, 21(3), 409–422. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12564-020-09633-1
    Chen, C., Hewitt, P. L., & Flett, G. L. (2015). Preoccupied attachment, need to belong, shame, and interpersonal perfectionism: An investigation of the perfectionism social disconnection model. Personality and Individual Differences, 76, 177–182. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2014.12.001
    Cheung, G. W., & Lau, R. S. (2008). Testing mediation and suppression effects of latent variables: Bootstrapping with structural equation models. Organizational Research Methods, 11(2), 296–325. https://doi.org/10.1177/1094428107300343
    Choi, H., Cho, S., Kim, J., Kim, E., Chung, J., & Lee, S. M. (2022). The mediating effect of introjected motivation on the relation between perfectionism and academic burnout. Journal of Psychologists and Counsellors in Schools, 32(2), 207–219. https://doi.org/10.1017/jgc.2020.8
    Civitci, A. (2015). Perceived stress and life satisfaction in college students: Belonging and extracurricular participation as moderators. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 205, 271–281. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.09.077
    Cumming, J., & Duda, J. L. (2012). Profiles of perfectionism, body-related concerns, and indicators of psychological health in vocational dance students: An investigation of the 2 × 2 model of perfectionism. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 13(6), 729–738. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2012.05.004
    Curran, T., & Hill, A. P. (2019). Perfectionism is increasing over time: A meta-analysis of birth cohort differences from 1989 to 2016. Psychological Bulletin, 145(4), 410–429. https://doi.org/10.1037/bul0000138
    Dahlenburg, S. C., Gleaves, D. H., & Hutchinson, A. D. (2019). Anorexia nervosa and perfectionism: A meta-analysis. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 52(3), 219–229. https:/doi.org/10.1002/eat.23009
    de Beer, L. T., Schaufeli, W. B., De Witte, H., Hakanen, J. J., Shimazu, A., Glaser, J., Seubert, C., Bosak, J., Sinval, J., & Rudnev, M. (2020). Measurement invariance of the burnout assessment tool (BAT) across seven cross-national representative samples. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(15), Article 5604. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17155604
    DeVellis, R. F. (1991). Scale development: Theory and applications. Sage Press.
    Diener, E. (1984). Subjective well-being. Psychological Bulletin, 95(3), 542–575. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.95.3.542
    Diener, E., & Chan, M. Y. (2011). Happy people live longer: Subjective well-being contributes to health and longevity. Applied Psychology: Health and Well-Being, 3(1), 1–43. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1758-0854.2010.01045.x
    Diener, E., & Diener, M. (1995). Cross-cultural correlates of life satisfaction and self-esteem. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 68(4), 653–663. https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.68.4.653
    Diener, E., Emmons, R. A., Larsen, R. J., & Griffin, S. (1985). The satisfaction with life scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 49(1), 71–75. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa4901_13
    Diener, E., Inglehart, R., & Tay, L. (2013). Theory and validity of life satisfaction scales. Social Indicators Research, 112(3), 497–527. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-012-0076-y
    Dopmeijer, J. M., Schutgens, C. A. E., Kappe, F. R., Gubbels, N., Visscher, T. L. S., Jongen, E. M. M., Bovens, R. H. L. M., de Jonge, J. M., Bos, A. E. R., & Wiers, R. W. (2022). The role of performance pressure, loneliness and sense of belonging in predicting burnout symptoms in students in higher education. PLoS ONE, 17(12), Article e0267175. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0267175
    Dou, D., Shek, D. T. L., Tan, L., & Zhao, L. (2023). Family functioning and resilience in children in mainland China: Life satisfaction as a mediator. Frontiers in Psychology, 14, Article 1175934. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1175934
    Drăghici, G. L., & Cazan, A. M. (2022). Burnout and maladjustment among employed students. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, Article 825588. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.825588
    Dyrbye, L. N., Thomas, M. R., Power, D. V., Durning, S., Moutier, C., Massie, F. S., Jr., Harper, W., Eacker, A., Szydlo, D. W., Sloan, J. A., & Shanafelt, T. D. (2010). Burnout and serious thoughts of dropping out of medical school: A multi-institutional study. Academic Medicine, 85(1), 94–102. https://doi.org/10.1097/ACM.0b013e3181c46aad
    Dziuban, C. D., & Shirkey, E. C. (1974). When is a correlation matrix appropriate for factor analysis? Some decision rules. Psychological Bulletin, 81(6), 358–361. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0036316
    Enns, M. W., Cox, B. J., Sareen, J., & Freeman, P. (2001). Adaptive and maladaptive perfectionism in medical students: A longitudinal investigation. Medical Education, 35(11), 1034–1042. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2923.2001.01044.x
    Faas, C., Benson, M. J., Kaestle, C. E., & Savla, J. (2018). Socioeconomic success and mental health profiles of young adults who drop out of college. Journal of Youth Studies, 21(5), 669–686. https://doi.org/10.1080/13676261.2017.1406598
    Flett, G. L., Besser, A., & Hewitt, P. L. (2014). Perfectionism and interpersonal orientations in depression: An analysis of validation seeking and rejection sensitivity in a community sample of young adults. Psychiatry, 77(1), 67–85. https://doi.org/10.1521/psyc.2014.77.1.67
    Flett, G. L., Galfi-Pechenkov, I., Molnar, D. S., Hewitt, P. L., & Goldstein, A. L. (2012). Perfectionism, mattering, and depression: A mediational analysis. Personality and Individual Differences, 52(7), 828–832. https:/doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2011.12.041
    Flett, G. L., & Hewitt, P. L. (2006). Positive versus negative perfectionism in psychopathology: A comment on Slade and Owens's dual process model. Behavior Modification, 30(4), 472–495. https://doi.org/10.1177/0145445506288026
    Flett, G. L., & Hewitt, P. L. (2020). Reflections on three decades of research on multidimensional perfectionism: An introduction to the special issue on further advances in the assessment of perfectionism. Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, 38(1), 3–14. https://doi.org/10.1177/0734282919881928
    Freeman, T. M., Anderman, L. H., & Jensen, J. M. (2007). Sense of belonging in college freshmen at the classroom and campus levels. The Journal of Experimental Education, 75(3), 203–220. https://doi.org/10.3200/JEXE.75.3.203-220
    Freudenberger, H. J. (1974). Staff burn-out. Journal of Social Issues, 30(1), 159–165. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.1974.tb00706.x
    Frisch, M. B., Clark, M. P., Rouse, S. V., Rudd, M. D., Paweleck, J. K., Greenstone, A., & Kopplin, D. A. (2005). Predictive and treatment validity of life satisfaction and the quality of life inventory. Assessment, 12(1), 66–78. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073191104268006
    Frost, R. O., Heimberg, R. G., Holt, C. S., Mattia, J. I., & Neubauer, A. L. (1993). A comparison of two measures of perfectionism. Personality and Individual Differences, 14(1), 119–126. https:/doi.org/10.1016/0191-8869(93)90181-2
    Frost, R. O., Marten, P., Lahart, C., & Rosenblate, R. (1990). The dimensions of perfectionism. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 14(5), 449–468. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01172967
    Gao, F., & Liu, H. C. Y. (2021). Guests in someone else's house? Sense of belonging among ethnic minority students in a Hong Kong university. British Educational Research Journal, 47(4), 1004–1020. https:/doi.org/10.1002/berj.3704
    Garner, D. M., Olmstead, M. P., & Polivy, J. (1983). Development and validation of a multidimensional eating disorder inventory for anorexia nervosa and bulimia. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 2(2), 15–34. https://doi.org/10.1002/1098-108X(198321)2:2<15::AID-EAT2260020203>3.0.CO;2-6
    Garratt-Reed, D., Howell, J., Hayes, L., & Boyes, M. (2018). Is perfectionism associated with academic burnout through repetitive negative thinking? PeerJ – Life and Environment, 6, Article e5004. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.5004
    Gnilka, P. B., Ashby, J. S., & Noble, C. M. (2013). Adaptive and maladaptive perfectionism as mediators of adult attachment styles and depression, hopelessness, and life satisfaction. Journal of Counseling & Development, 91(1), 78–86. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1556-6676.2013.00074.x
    Gnilka, P. B., & Broda, M. D. (2018). Multidimensional perfectionism, depression, and anxiety: Tests of a social support mediation model. Personality and Individual Differences, 139, 295–300. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2018.11.031
    Goodenow, C. (1993). The psychological sense of school membership among adolescents: Scale development and educational correlates. Psychology in the Schools, 30(1), 79–90. https://doi.org/10.1002/1520-6807(199301)30:1<79::AID-PITS2310300113>3.0.CO;2-X
    Goodenow, C., & Grady, K. E. (1993). The relationship of school belonging and friends' values to academic motivation among urban adolescent students. The Journal of Experimental Education, 62(1), 60–71. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220973.1993.9943831
    Gopalan, M., & Brady, S. T. (2019). College students’sense of belonging: A national perspective. Educational Researcher, 49(2), 134–137. https://doi.org/10.3102/0013189x19897622
    Gummadam, P., Pittman, L. D., & Ioffe, M. (2015). School belonging, ethnic identity, and psychological adjustment among ethnic minority college students. The Journal of Experimental Education, 84(2), 289–306. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220973.2015.1048844
    Hair, J. F., Jr., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2010). Multivariate data analysis (7th ed.). Pearson.
    Hamachek, D. E. (1978). Psychodynamics of normal and neurotic perfectionism. Psychology: A Journal of Human Behavior, 15(1), 27–33.
    Hausmann, L. R. M., Schofield, J. W., & Woods, R. L. (2007). Sense of belonging as a predictor of intentions to persist among African American and white first-year college students. Research in Higher Education, 48(7), 803–839. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11162-007-9052-9
    Helliwell, J. F. (2006). Well-being and social capital: Does suicide pose a puzzle? Social Indicators Research, 81(3), Article 455. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-006-0022-y
    Hewitt, P. L. (2020). Perfecting, belonging, and repairing: A dynamic-relational approach to perfectionism. Canadian Psychology/Psychologie Canadienne, 61(2), 101–110. https://doi.org/10.1037/cap0000209
    Hewitt, P. L., & Flett, G. L. (1991). Perfectionism in the self and social contexts: Conceptualization, assessment, and association with psychopathology. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 60(3), 456–470. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.60.3.456
    Hewitt, P. L., Flett, G. L., & Mikail, S. F. (2017). Perfectionism: A relational approach to assessment, treatment, and conceptualization. Guilford.
    Hewitt, P. L., Flett, G. L., Sherry, S. B., & Caelian, C. (2006). Trait perfectionism dimensions and suicidal behavior. In T. E. Ellis (Ed.), Cognition and suicide: Theory, research, and therapy (pp. 215–235). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/11377-010
    Hill, A. P. (2014). Perfectionistic strivings and the perils of partialling. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 12(4), 302–315. https://doi.org/10.1080/1612197X.2014.919602
    Hill, A. P., & Curran, T. (2016). Multidimensional perfectionism and burnout: A meta-analysis. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 20(3), 269–288. https://doi.org/10.1177/1088868315596286
    Hill, R. W., Huelsman, T. J., & Araujo, G. (2010). Perfectionistic concerns suppress associations between perfectionistic strivings and positive life outcomes. Personality and Individual Differences, 48(5), 584–589. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2009.12.011
    Hobfoll, S. (1989). Conservation of resources: A new attempt at conceptualizing stress. The American psychologist, 44(3), 513–524. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.44.3.513
    Hoffman, M., Richmond, J., Morrow, J., & Salomone, K. (2002). Investigating “sense of belonging” in first-year college students. Journal of College Student Retention: Research, Theory & Practice, 4(3), 227–256.
    https://doi.org/10.2190/dryc-cxq9-jq8v-ht4v
    Hollender, M. H. (1965). Perfectionism. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 6(2), 94–103. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0010-440X(65)80016-5
    Hu, L. t., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6(1), 1–55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118
    Huang, L. (2020). Peer victimization, teacher unfairness, and adolescent life satisfaction: The mediating roles of sense of belonging to school and schoolwork-related anxiety. School Mental Health, 12(3), 556–566.
    https://doi.org/10.1007/s12310-020-09365-y
    Kaiser, H. F. (1974). An index of factorial simplicity. Psychometrika, 39(1), 31–36. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02291575
    Kiefer, S. M., Alley, K. M., & Ellerbrock, C. R. (2015). Teacher and peer support for young adolescents’ motivation, engagement, and school belonging. RMLE Online, 38(8), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1080/19404476.2015.11641184
    Kim, B., Jee, S., Lee, J., An, S., & Lee, S. M. (2018). Relationships between social support and student burnout: A meta-analytic approach. Stress Health, 34(1), 127–134. https://doi.org/10.1002/smi.2771
    Kim, B. S., & Kim, M. (2022). Self-efficacy mediates the relationship between perfectionism and life satisfaction in South Korean adults. Social Behavior and Personality: An International Journal, 50(4), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.2224/sbp.11226
    Kline, R. B. (2015). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. Guilford Publications.
    Kljajic, K., Gaudreau, P., & Franche, V. (2017). An investigation of the 2×2 model of perfectionism with burnout, engagement, self-regulation, and academic achievement. Learning and Individual Differences, 57, 103–113. https:/doi.org/10.1016/j.lindif.2017.06.004
    Korpershoek, H., Canrinus, E. T., Fokkens-Bruinsma, M., & de Boer, H. (2020). The relationships between school belonging and students' motivational, social-emotional, behavioural, and academic outcomes in secondary education: a meta-analytic review. Research Papers in Education, 35(6), 641–680. https://doi.org/10.1080/02671522.2019.1615116
    Lau, R. S., & Cheung, G. W. (2012). Estimating and comparing specific mediation effects in complex latent variable models. Organizational Research Methods, 15(1), 3–16. https://doi.org/10.1177/1094428110391673
    Leary, M. R. (2021). Emotional reactions to threats to acceptance and belonging: A retrospective look at the big picture. Australian Journal of Psychology, 73(1), 4–11. https://doi.org/10.1080/00049530.2021.1883410
    Lim, M. H., Allen, K.-A., Furlong, M. J., Craig, H., & Smith, D. C. (2021). Introducing a dual continuum model of belonging and loneliness. Australian Journal of Psychology, 73(1), 81–86. https://doi.org/10.1080/00049530.2021.1883411
    Limburg, K., Watson, H. J., Hagger, M. S., & Egan, S. J. (2017). The relationship between perfectionism and psychopathology: A meta-analysis. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 73(10), 1301–1326. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.22435
    Lin, S.-H., & Huang, Y.-C. (2014). Life stress and academic burnout. Active Learning in Higher Education, 15(1), 77–90. https://doi.org/10.1177/1469787413514651
    Liou, P.-Y., Huang, S.-C., & Chen, S. (2022). Longitudinal relationships between school burnout, compulsive Internet use, and academic decrement: A three-wave cross-lagged study. Computers in Human Behavior, 135, Article 107363. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107363
    Luhmann, M., Lucas, R. E., Eid, M., & Diener, E. (2013). The prospective effect of life satisfaction on life events. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 4(1), 39–45. https://doi.org/10.1177/1948550612440105
    MacCallum, R. C., Browne, M. W., & Sugawara, H. M. (1996). Power analysis and determination of sample size for covariance structure modeling. Psychological Methods, 1(2), 130–149. https://doi.org/10.1037/1082-989X.1.2.130
    Mackinnon, S. P., & Sherry, S. B. (2012). Perfectionistic self-presentation mediates the relationship between perfectionistic concerns and subjective well-being: A three-wave longitudinal study. Personality and Individual Differences, 53(1), 22–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2012.02.010
    Madigan, D. J., & Curran, T. (2021). Does burnout affect academic achievement? A meta-analysis of over 100,000 students. Educational Psychology Review, 33(2), 387–405. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10648-020-09533-1
    Magson, N. R., Oar, E. L., Fardouly, J., Johnco, C. J., & Rapee, R. M. (2019). The preteen perfectionist: An evaluation of the perfectionism social disconnection model. Child Psychiatry & Human Development, 50(6), 960–974. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10578-019-00897-2
    Marôco, J., Assunção, H., Harju-Luukkainen, H., Lin, S.-W., Sit, P.-S., Cheung, K.-c., Maloa, B., Ilic, I. S., Smith, T. J., & Campos, J. A. D. B. (2020). Predictors of academic efficacy and dropout intention in university students: Can engagement suppress burnout? PLoS ONE, 15(10), Article e0239816. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0239816
    Maslach, C., & Jackson, S. E. (1981). The measurement of experienced burnout. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 2(2), 99–113. https:/doi.org/10.1002/job.4030020205
    May, R. W., Bauer, K. N., & Fincham, F. D. (2015). School burnout: Diminished academic and cognitive performance. Learning and Individual Differences, 42, 126–131. https:/doi.org/10.1016/j.lindif.2015.07.015
    McCarthy, M., Pretty, G., & Catano, V. (1990). Psychological sense of community and burnout. Journal of College Student Development, 31, 211–216.
    McDonald, R. P., & Ho, M.-H. R. (2002). Principles and practice in reporting structural equation analyses. Psychological Methods, 7(1), 64–82. https://doi.org/10.1037/1082-989X.7.1.64
    Middleton, R., Fernandez, R., Cutler, N., Jans, C., Antoniou, C., Trostian, B., & Riley, K. (2021). Students' perceptions of belonging in the school of nursing at a regional university in Australia. Nurse Education Today, 99, Article 104817. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nedt.2021.104817
    Moate, R. M., Gnilka, P. B., West, E. M., & Rice, K. G. (2019). Doctoral student perfectionism and emotional well-being. Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development, 52(3), 145–155. https://doi.org/10.1080/07481756.2018.1547619
    Moeller, R. W., Seehuus, M., & Peisch, V. (2020). Emotional intelligence, belongingness, and mental health in college students. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, Article 93. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00093
    Molnar, D. S., Sadava, S. W., Flett, G. L., & Colautti, J. (2012). Perfectionism and health: A mediational analysis of the roles of stress, social support and health-related behaviours. Psychology & Health, 27(7), 846–864. https://doi.org/10.1080/08870446.2011.630466
    Murdock-Perriera, L. A., Boucher, K. L., Carter, E. R., & Murphy, M. C. (2019). Places of belonging: Person- and place-focused interventions to support belonging in college. In M. B. Paulsen & L. W. Perna (Eds.), Higher education: Handbook of theory and research, volume 34 (pp. 291–323). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-03457-3_7
    Muthén, L.K., & Muthén, B.O. (1998-2017). Mplus User’s Guide. Eighth Edition. Muthén & Muthén.
    Naidoo, L. J., DeCriscio, A., Bily, H., Manipella, A., Ryan, M., & Youdim, J. (2012). The 2 × 2 model of goal orientation and burnout: The role of approach–avoidance dimensions in predicting burnout. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 42(10), 2541–2563. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.2012.00952.x
    Nora, A., & Cabrera, A. F. (1993). The construct validity of institutional commitment: A confirmatory factor analysis. Research in Higher Education, 34(2), 243–262.
    ÖZhan, M. B. (2021). Academic self-efficacy and school burnout in university students: Assessment of the mediating role of grit. Current Psychology, 40(9), 4235–4246. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-021-02023-9
    Pacht, A. R. (1984). Reflections on perfection. American Psychologist, 39(4), 386–390. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.39.4.386
    Paloș, R., Maricuţoiu, L. P., & Costea, I. (2019). Relations between academic performance, student engagement and student burnout: A cross-lagged analysis of a two-wave study. Studies in Educational Evaluation, 60, 199–204. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.stueduc.2019.01.005
    Park, H.-j., & Jeong, D. Y. (2015). Psychological well-being, life satisfaction, and self-esteem among adaptive perfectionists, maladaptive perfectionists, and nonperfectionists. Personality and Individual Differences, 72, 165–170. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2014.08.031
    Parker, P., Allen, K.-A., Parker, R., Guo, J., Marsh, H. W., Basarkod, G., & Dicke, T. (2022). School belonging predicts whether an emerging adult will be not in education, employment, or training (NEET) after school. Journal of Educational Psychology, 114(8), 1881–1894. https://doi.org/10.1037/edu0000733
    Parr, N. J. (2020). Differences in the age-varying association of school belonging with socioemotional flourishing among minority and non-minority college and university students. Journal of American College Health, 70(5) 1336–1340. https://doi.org/10.1080/07448481.2020.1808662
    Pavot, W., & Diener, E. (2008). The satisfaction with life scale and the emerging construct of life satisfaction. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 3(2), 137–152. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760701756946
    Pavot, W., & Diener, E. (2009). Review of the satisfaction with life scale. In E. Diener (Ed.), Assessing well-being: The collected works of Ed Diener (pp. 101–117). Springer Netherlands. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-2354-4_5
    Pavot, W. G., Diener, E., Colvin, C. R., & Sandvik, E. (1991). Further validation of the Satisfaction with Life Scale: Evidence for the cross-method convergence of well-being measures. Journal of Personality Assessment, 57(1), 149–161. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa5701_17
    Pittman, L. D., & Richmond, A. (2007). Academic and psychological functioning in late adolescence: The importance of school belonging. The Journal of Experimental Education, 75(4), 270–290. https://doi.org/10.3200/JEXE.75.4.270-292
    Pittman, L. D., & Richmond, A. (2008). University belonging, friendship quality, and psychological adjustment during the transition to college. The Journal of Experimental Education, 76(4), 343–362. https://doi.org/10.3200/JEXE.76.4.343-362
    Preacher, K. J., & Hayes, A. F. (2008). Asymptotic and resampling strategies for assessing and comparing indirect effects in multiple mediator models. Behavior Research Methods, 40(3), 879–891. https://doi.org/10.3758/BRM.40.3.879
    Proctor, C. L., Linley, P. A., & Maltby, J. (2009). Youth life satisfaction: A review of the literature. Journal of Happiness Studies, 10(5), 583–630. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-008-9110-9
    Rehman, A. u., Bhuttah, T. M., & You, X. (2020). Linking burnout to psychological well-being: The mediating role of social support and learning motivation. Psychology Research and Behavior Management, 13, 545–554. https://doi.org/10.2147/PRBM.S250961
    Rice, K. G., Park, H.-j., Hong, J., & Lee, D.-g. (2019). Measurement and implications of perfectionism in South Korea and the United States. The Counseling Psychologist, 47(3), 384–416. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011000019870308
    Rice, K. G., Richardson, C. M. E., & Tueller, S. (2014). The short form of the revised almost perfect scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 96(3), 368–379. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223891.2013.838172
    Robins, T. G., Roberts, R. M., & Sarris, A. (2018). The role of student burnout in predicting future burnout: Exploring the transition from university to the workplace. Higher Education Research & Development, 37(1), 115–130. https://doi.org/10.1080/07294360.2017.1344827
    Romano, L., Angelini, G., Consiglio, P., & Fiorilli, C. (2022). An Italian adaptation of the burnout assessment tool-core symptoms (BAT-C) for students. Education Sciences, 12(2), Article 124. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci12020124
    Ryan, R., & Deci, E. (2001). On happiness and human potentials: A review of research on hedonic and eudaimonic well-Being. Annual Review of Psychology, 52, 141–166. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.52.1.141
    Schaufeli, W. B., Desart, S., & De Witte, H. (2020). Burnout Assessment Tool (BAT)—development, validity, and reliability. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(24), Article 9495. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17249495
    Schaufeli, W.B., De Witte, H., & Desart, S. (2019). User Manual–Burnout Assessment Tool (BAT)–Version 2.0. KU Leuven.
    Schaufeli, W. B., Martínez, I. M., Marques Pinto, A., Salanova, M., & Bakker, A. B. (2002). Burnout and engagement in university students: A cross-national study. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 33(5), 464–481. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022102033005003
    Schumacker, R. E., & Lomax, R. G. (2004). A beginner's guide to structural equation modeling, 2nd ed. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.
    Seibert, G. S., Bauer, K. N., May, R. W., & Fincham, F. D. (2017). Emotion regulation and academic underperformance: The role of school burnout. Learning and Individual Differences, 60, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lindif.2017.10.001
    Seligman, M. E. P., & Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2000). Positive psychology: An introduction. American Psychologist, 55(1), 5–14. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.55.1.5
    Seong, H., & Chang, E. (2021). Profiles of perfectionism, achievement emotions, and academic burnout in South Korean adolescents: Testing the 2 × 2 model of perfectionism. Learning & Individual Differences, 90, Article 102045. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lindif.2021.102045
    Sherry, S. B., Law, A., Hewitt, P. L., Flett, G. L., & Besser, A. (2008). Social support as a mediator of the relationship between perfectionism and depression: A preliminary test of the social disconnection model. Personality and Individual Differences, 45(5), 339–344. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2008.05.001
    Sherry, S. B., Mackinnon, S. P., & Gautreau, C. M. (2016). Perfectionists do not play nicely with others: Expanding the social disconnection model. In F. M. Sirois & D. S. Molnar (Eds.), Perfectionism, health, and well-being (pp. 225–243). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-18582-8_10
    Shih, S.-S. (2012). An examination of academic burnout versus work engagement among Taiwanese adolescents. The Journal of Educational Research, 105(4), 286–298. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220671.2011.629695
    Sirois, F. M., Molnar, D. S., & Hirsch, J. K. (2017). A meta‐analytic and conceptual update on the associations between procrastination and multidimensional perfectionism. European Journal of Personality, 31(2), 137–159. https://doi.org/10.1002/per.2098
    Slaney, R. B., & Ashby, J. S. (1996). Perfectionists: Study of a criterion group. Journal of Counseling & Development, 74(4), 393–398. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1556-6676.1996.tb01885.x
    Slaney, R. B., Ashby, J. S., & Trippi, J. (1995). Perfectionism: Its measurement and career relevance. Journal of Career Assessment, 3, 279–297. https://doi.org/10.1177/106907279500300403
    Slaney, R. B., Rice, K. G., Mobley, M., Trippi, J., & Ashby, J. S. (2001). The revised almost perfect scale. Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development, 34(3), 130–145. https://doi.org/10.1080/07481756.2002.12069030
    Slaten, C. D., Elison, Z. M., Deemer, E. D., Hughes, H. A., & Shemwell, D. A. (2017). The development and validation of the university belonging questionnaire. The Journal of Experimental Education, 86(4), 633–651. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220973.2017.1339009
    Slaten, C. D., Yough, M., Shemwell, D., Scalise, D., Elison, Z., & Hughes, H. (2014). Eat, sleep, breathe, study: Understanding what it means to belong at a university from the student perspective. Excellence in Higher Education, 5(1), 1–5. https://doi.org/10.5195/ehe.2014.117
    Smith, M. M., Saklofske, D. H., & Yan, G. (2015). Perfectionism, trait emotional intelligence, and psychological outcomes. Personality and Individual Differences, 85, 155–158. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2015.05.010
    Smith, M. M., Sherry, S. B., Chen, S., Saklofske, D. H., Mushquash, C., Flett, G. L., & Hewitt, P. L. (2018). The perniciousness of perfectionism: A meta-analytic review of the perfectionism–suicide relationship. Journal of Personality, 86(3), 522–542. https://doi.org/10.1111/jopy.12333
    Smith, M. M., Sherry, S. B., Ge, S. Y. J., Hewitt, P. L., Flett, G. L., & Baggley, D. L. (2021). Multidimensional perfectionism turns 30: A review of known knowns and known unknowns. Canadian Psychology/Psychologie Canadienne, 63(1), 16–31. https://doi.org/10.1037/cap0000288
    Smith, M. M., Sherry, S. B., McLarnon, M. E., Flett, G. L., Hewitt, P. L., Saklofske, D. H., & Etherson, M. E. (2018). Why does socially prescribed perfectionism place people at risk for depression? A five-month, two-wave longitudinal study of the Perfectionism Social Disconnection Model. Personality and Individual Differences, 134, 49–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2018.05.040
    Smith, M. M., Sherry, S. B., Vidovic, V., Saklofske, D. H., Stoeber, J., & Benoit, A. (2019). Perfectionism and the five-factor model of personality: A meta-analytic review. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 23(4), 367–390. https://doi.org/10.1177/1088868318814973
    Sosu, E. M., & Pheunpha, P. (2019). Trajectory of university dropout: Investigating the cumulative effect of academic vulnerability and proximity to family support. Frontiers in Education, 4, Article 6. https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2019.00006
    Spagnoli, P., Buono, C., Kovalchuk, L. S., Cordasco, G., & Esposito, A. (2021). Perfectionism and burnout during the COVID-19 crisis: A two-wave cross-lagged study. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, Article 631994. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.631994
    Stoeber, J., & Childs, J. H. (2010). The assessment of self-oriented and socially prescribed perfectionism: Subscales make a difference. Journal of Personality Assessment, 92(6), 577–585. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223891.2010.513306
    Stoeber, J., & Gaudreau, P. (2017). The advantages of partialling perfectionistic strivings and perfectionistic concerns: Critical issues and recommendations. Personality and Individual Differences, 104, 379–386. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2016.08.039
    Stoeber, J., Noland, A., Mawenu, T., Henderson, T., & Kent, D. (2017). Perfectionism, social disconnection, and interpersonal hostility: Not all perfectionists don't play nicely with others. Personality and Individual Differences, 119, 112–117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2017.07.008
    Stoeber, J., & Otto, K. (2006). Positive conceptions of perfectionism: Approaches, evidence, challenges. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 10(4), 295–319. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327957pspr1004_2
    Strayhorn, T. L. (2018). College students’ sense of belonging: A key to educational success for all students. Routledge.
    Suh, H., Gnilka, P. B., & Rice, K. G. (2017). Perfectionism and well-being: A positive psychology framework. Personality and Individual Differences, 111, 25–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2017.01.041
    Suhlmann, M., Sassenberg, K., Nagengast, B., & Trautwein, U. (2018). Belonging mediates effects of student-university fit on well-being, motivation, and dropout intention. Social Psychology, 49(1), 16–28. https://doi.org/10.1027/1864-9335/a000325
    Suldo, S. M., & Huebner, E. S. (2004). Does life satisfaction moderate the effects of stressful life events on psychopathological behavior during adolescence? School Psychology Quarterly, 19(2), 93–105. https://doi.org/10.1521/scpq.19.2.93.33313
    Super, D. E. (1980). A life-span, life-space approach to career development. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 16(3), 282–-298. https://doi.org/10.1016/0001-8791(80)90056-1
    Thompson, K., Wood, D., & Davis MacNevin, P. (2019). Sex differences in the impact of secondhand harm from alcohol on student mental health and university sense of belonging. Addictive Behaviors, 89, 57–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2018.09.012
    Tovar, E., & Simon, M. A. (2010). Factorial structure and invariance analysis of the sense of belonging scales. Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development, 43(3), 199–217. https://doi.org/10.1177/0748175610384811
    Usán Supervía, P., Salavera Bordás, C., Juarros Basterretxea, J., & Latorre Cosculluela, C. (2023). Influence of psychological variables in adolescence: The mediating role of self-esteem in the relationship between self-efficacy and satisfaction with life in senior high school students. Social Sciences, 12(6), Article 329. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci12060329
    Vargas-Madriz, L. F., & Konishi, C. (2021). The relationship between social support and student academic involvement: The mediating role of school belonging. Canadian Journal of School Psychology, 36(4), 290–303. https://doi.org/10.1177/08295735211034713
    Vizoso, C., Arias-Gundín, O., & Rodríguez, C. (2019). Exploring coping and optimism as predictors of academic burnout and performance among university students. Educational Psychology, 39(6), 768–783. https://doi.org/10.1080/01443410.2018.1545996
    Walburg, V. (2014). Burnout among high school students: A literature review. Children and Youth Services Review, 42, 28–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2014.03.020
    Wang, C., Huang, Y., & Xiao, Y. (2021). The mediating effect of social problem-solving between perfectionism and subjective well-being. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, Article 764976. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.764976
    Wang, K. T., Sheveleva, M. S., & Permyakova, T. M. (2019). Imposter syndrome among Russian students: The link between perfectionism and psychological distress. Personality and Individual Differences, 143, 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2019.02.005
    Wang, Q., & Wu, H. (2023). The mediating role of self-compassion and its components in the relationship between maladaptive perfectionism and life satisfaction among Chinese medical students. Current Psychology, 42(17), 14769–14781. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-022-02810-y
    Wheaton, B., Muthén, B., Alwin, D. F., & Summers, G. F. (1977). Assessing reliability and stability in panel models. Sociological Methodology, 8, 84–136. https://doi.org/10.2307/270754
    Williams, C. J., Dziurawiec, S., & Heritage, B. (2018). More pain than gain: Effort–reward imbalance, burnout, and withdrawal intentions within a university student population. Journal of Educational Psychology, 110(3), 378–394. https://doi.org/10.1037/edu0000212
    Won, S., Hensley, L. C., & Wolters, C. A. (2019). Brief research report: Sense of belonging and academic help-seeking as self-regulated learning. The Journal of Experimental Education, 89(1), 112–124. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220973.2019.1703095
    Woodfin, V., Binder, P.-E., & Molde, H. (2020). The psychometric properties of the Frost multidimensional perfectionism scale-brief. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, Article 1860. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01860
    Ye, S., Yu, L., & Li, K.-K. (2012). A cross-lagged model of self-esteem and life satisfaction: Gender differences among Chinese university students. Personality and Individual Differences, 52(4), 546–551. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2011.11.018
    Yeager, D. S., Walton, G. M., Brady, S. T., Akcinar, E. N., Paunesku, D., Keane, L., Kamentz, D., Ritter, G., Duckworth, A. L., Urstein, R., Gomez, E. M., Markus, H. R., Cohen, G. L., & Dweck, C. S. (2016). Teaching a lay theory before college narrows achievement gaps at scale. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 113(24), E3341–E3348. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1524360113
    Yeh, S.-C. J., & Liu, Y.-Y. (2003). Influence of social support on cognitive function in the elderly. BMC Health Services Research, 3(1), Article 9. https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6963-3-9
    Zhang, J.-Y., Shu, T., Xiang, M., & Feng, Z.-C. (2021). Learning burnout: Evaluating the role of social support in medical students. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, Article 625506. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.625506
    Zhang, M. X., Mou, N. L., Tong, K. K., & Wu, A. M. S. (2018). Investigation of the effects of purpose in life, grit, gratitude, and school belonging on mental distress among Chinese emerging adults. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15(10), Article 2147. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15102147
    Zhang, Y., Gan, Y., & Cham, H. (2007). Perfectionism, academic burnout and engagement among Chinese college students: A structural equation modeling analysis. Personality and Individual Differences, 43(6), 1529–1540. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2007.04.010
    Zhou, Y. R. (2023). The lying flat movement, global youth, and globality: A case of collective reading on Reddit. Globalizations, 20(4), 679–695. https://doi.org/10.1080/14747731.2023.2165377

    下載圖示
    QR CODE