由過去的研究發現，身體活動確實能夠有效地提昇兒童之健康體適能；但針對通學方式對學童健康體適能之影響的研究，目前在國內外並無相關的文獻。因此，本研究即以通學方式與身體活動對兒童健康體適能可能產生的效果加以分析探討。
本研究之受試者經篩選後之人數為58位國小五年級男性學童，其平均年齡為11.09 ±0.44歲、身高為142.94 ±5.09公分及體重為37.98 ±7.96公斤。研究之進行以三日回憶身體活動紀錄法加以估算學童平均每日身體活動能量消耗值（kcal/kg/day），以其消耗值與個人通學方式作為受試者編組之依據，並進行健康體適能測驗。所得資料運用獨立樣本單因子變異數及二因子變異數分析（Simple Factorial ANOVA─Experimental）統計方法處理分析後的結果如下：（一）身體活動量較多之學童在腰臀圍比、肌力、肌耐力、柔軟度及心肺適能方面優於身體活動量較少之學童。（二）步行或騎乘腳踏車通學之學童在腰臀圍比、肌力、柔軟度及心肺適能方面優於搭乘公車或家長接送通學之學童。（三）通學方式與身體活動兩者交互作用之效果，只有在腰臀圍比方面有比較好的效果。
本研究之結論是身體活動量多與步行、騎乘腳踏車通學之學童在各項健康體適能方面會有較優的成績表現。

Previous studies have claimed that physical activities can effectively improve the health-related physical fitness of schoolchildren. However, few researches focus on the relation of means of commutation and children's physical fitness. The empirical study investigates the effects of means of commutation and physical activities on students' health-related physical fitness.
The subjects in this study are 58 fifth-grade male students. Their average age, length and weight are 11.09±0.44 yr, 142.94±5.09 cm, 37.98±7.96 kg, respectively. The three-day recalling note of physical activities is adopted to assess the average energy consumption of schoolchildren's physical activity. According to their energy consumption and means of commutation, the subjects are divided into four groups and have the test of physical fitness. Based on the analysis of physical fitness tests’ data, the investigation shows that (1) students with plenty of physical activities excel those with fewer physical activities in Waist-Hip Rate、muscular strength、muscular endurance、flexibility、cardiorespiratory endurance; (2) students walking or riding bicycles to school are superior to those taking buses or delivered by parents in Waist-Hip Rate、muscular strength、flexibility、cardiorespiratory endurance; (3) The interaction of means of commutation and physical activities has a significant effect only on Waist-Hip Rate.

中文部份
王維漢等人。(1989)。臺灣地區民眾及旅遊活動概況結果分析。中國統計學報，75(9)。
王學中。(1996)。不同年齡層慢跑者與無規律運動者體適能之比較研究。國立臺灣師範大學體育研究所碩士論文。
王麗娟。(1999)。什麼原因讓你肥胖？聽聽科學理論。聯合報，10版，中華民國八十八年四月二十八日。
方進隆。(1993)。健康體能的理論與實際。臺北市：漢文書店。
方進隆。(1997a)。提昇體適能的策略與展望。國立臺灣師範大學學校體育研究與發展中心主編。教師體適能指導手冊 (p.p.9-21)。
方進隆。(1997b)。有氧運動。國立臺灣師範大學學校體育研究與發展中心主編。教師體適能指導手冊(p.p.105-118)。
李正美。(1992)。水中有氧運動訓練對婦女體適能、身體組成及血液生化值之影響。中華民國大專院校體育總會八十一年度體育學術研討會專刊，207-216。
李蘭等人。(1989)。臺灣北部地區居民休閒習慣分析。中華民國公共衛生學會，頁─25。
李燕鳴。(1995)。花蓮市高中生肥胖盛行率之分析：重高指數及體質指數之比較。中華民國家庭醫學雜誌，5(3)，頁128-135。
李彩華。(1998)。臺北市國中學生身體活動量及其影響因素研究。國立臺灣師範大學體育研究所碩士論文。
卓俊辰。(1992)。體適能─健身運動處方的理論與實際。臺北市：國立臺灣師範大學體育學會。
林貴福、盧淑雲。(1998)。認識健康體能。臺北市：師大書苑有限公司。
林麗鳳。(1993)。社區民眾參與健康體能活動後的效益評估。中華民國學校衛生學會大會手冊。
金車教育基金會。(1998)。週六非常體健營─青少年體育休閒問卷調查報告。臺北市：金車教育基金會。
洪建德。(1998)。健康一ＯＯ─孩子胖嘟嘟疾病早報到。聯合報，33版，中華民國八十七年十二月七日。
宮下充正。(1996)。實用運動學 ─ 一邊享受運動的樂趣。臺北市：亞龍國際出版股份有限公司。
家庭百科叢書編譯組編著。(1993)。家庭百科叢書91─運動醫學健身法。臺北市：國家出版社。
馬力生、孔憲蘭。(1987)。臺北市市民行為危險因子盛行率調查。衛生月刊，頁─27。
童淑琴。(1991)。工作場所健康促進計畫之實驗研究─以台電總公司體適能計畫為例。國立臺灣師範大學衛生教育研究所碩士論文。
許秀桃、李寧遠。(1991)。四週有氧舞蹈訓練對婦女身體組成、心肺功能及血液生化值的影響。體育與運動，74，36-41。
陳坤檸。(1994)。受運動訓練與非受運動訓練學童之身體作功能力、體脂肪百分比、血脂含量之比較。體育學報 , 17 , 307-334。
陳坤檸。(1997)。體適能與青少年成長發展。國立臺灣師範大學學校體育研究與發展中心主編。教師體適能指導手冊 (p.p.75-85)。
陳坤檸、余攸寧。(1995)。規律低強度運動訓練對兒童血脂與身體組成之影響。中華民國八十四、五年師範院校論文發表會。
陳偉德、吳康文、宓麗麗。(1993)。重高指數：簡易而準確之小兒體重評估法。臺灣醫學會雜誌， 92 ， S128 – S134。
莊美鈴。(1997)。體適能教學設計。國立臺灣師範大學學校體育研究與發展中心主編。教師體適能指導手冊 (p.p.189-206)。
教育部。(1997)。體能測驗手冊。八十六年度臺閩地區中小學學生體能測驗。台北市：教育部體育司。
黃文俊。(1998)。八週間斷性步行運動對國小學童健康體適能之影響—以金山鄉中角國小學童為例。體育學報，26，pp.161-168。
楊亮梅。(1993)。中年女性身體活動狀況及健康體能與血脂肪之比較研究。國立臺灣師範大學體育研究所碩士論文。
蔡淑菁。(1996)。臺北市國小學童身體活動及其影響因素之研究。國立臺灣師範大學衛生教育研究所碩士論文。
英文部份
Aaron, D. J., Kriska, A. M., Dearwater, S. R., et al. (1993). The epidemiology of leisure physical activity in an adolescent population. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise , 25(7) , 847-853.
Al-Hazzaa, H. M., & Sulaiman, M. A. (1993). Maximal oxygen uptake and daily physical activity in 7- to 12-year-old boys. Pediatric Exercise Science , 5 , 357 – 366.
American Academy of Pediatrics. (1991). Sports medicine：Health─care for young athletes. Elk Grove Village, IL：AAP.
American College of Sports Medicine. (1993). Physical activity , physical fitness , and hypertension. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise , 25 , i–x.
Andersen, L. B., Henckel, P., & Saltin, B. (1989). Risk factors for cardiovascular disease in 16-19-year-old teenagers. Journal of International Medicine , 225 , 157-163.
Astrand, P. O., Engstrom, L., Eriksson, B., Karlberg, P., & Nylander, I. (1963). Girl swimmers. Acta. Paediatrica Scandinavica , 147(Suppl.) , 5 – 75.
Astrand, P. O., & Rodahl, K. (1986). Textbook of work physiology. New York : McGraw-Hill , p. 365.
Atomi, Y., Iwaoka, K., Hatta, H., Miyashita, M., & Yamamoto, Y. (1986). Daily physical activity levels in preadolescent boys related to VO2max and lactate threshold. European Journal Applied Physiology , 55 , 156 – 161.
Bailey, D. A. (1976). The growing child and the need for physical activity. In J. G. Albinson, and G. M. Andrew (Eds.). Child in sport and physical activity (pp.81-93).Baltimore:University Park Press.
Bandy, W. D., & Irion, J. M. (1994). The effect of time on static stretch on the flexibility of the hamstring muscles. Physical Therapy , 74(9) , 845-850.
Bemben, M. G., Massey, B. H., Bemben, D. A., Boileau, R. A., & Misner, J. E. (1995). Age-related patterns in body composition for men aged 20 – 79 yr. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise , 27(2) , 264-269.
Berlin, J. A., & Colditz, A. (1990). A meta-analysis of physical activity in the prevention of coronary heart disease. American Journal of Epidemiology , 132 , 612-627.
Blair, S. N., Kohl, H. W., Paffenbarger, R. S. J., et al. (1989). Physical fitness and all-cause mortality: A prospective study of healthy men and women. Journal of the American Medical Association , 262 , 2395-2401.
Bouchard, C., & Shephard, R. J. (1994). Physical activity, fitness, and health:The model and key concepts. In C. Bouchard , R. J. Shephard , & T. Stephens (Eds.). Physiacl activity, fitness, and health-international proceedings and consensus statement (pp.77-88). Champaign, IL：Human Kinetics.
Bouchard, C., Shephard, R. J.,Stephens, T., Sutton, J. R., & McPherson, B. D. (1990). Exercise , fitness and : the consensus statement. In : C. Bouchard, R. J. Shephard, T. Stephens, J. R. Sutton, & B. D. McPherson, (eds.). Exercise , fitness and health : a consensus of current knowledge. Champaign, IL：Human Kinetics.
Bouchard, C. , Tremblay, A. , Leblanc, C. , Lortie, G. , Sauard, R. , & Therialt, G. (1983). A method to assess energy expenditure in children and adults . American Journal of Clinical Nutrition , 37 , 461 – 467.
Broekhoff, J. (1986). The effect of physical activity on physical growth and development. In G. L. Stull, and H. M. Eckert (Eds.). Effects of physical activity on children (pp.75-87). Champaign, IL：Human Kinetics.
Capen, E. K. (1956). Study of four programs of heavy resistance exercise for the development of muscular. Research Quarterly , 27 , 132-142.
Caspersen, C. J. (1989). Physical activity epidemiology：Concepts, methods, and applications to exercise science. In：K. Pandolf (Ed.). Exercise and Sport Science Reviews, Vol. 17 (pp.423-473). Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins.
Caspersen, C. J., Powell, K. E., & Christenson, G. M. (1985). Physical activity , exercise , and physical fitness : Definitions and distinctions for health-related research. Public Health Reports , 100 , 126-131.
Christensen, E. H., & Hansen, O. (1939). Arbeitsfahigkeit und shrnahrung [ Working capacity and Diet ]. Scandinavian Archives of Physiology , 81 , 160-172.
Clarke, D. H., Hunt, M. Q., & Dotson, C. O. (1992). Muscular strength and endurance as a function of age and activity level. Research Quarterly , 63(3) , 302-310.
Clarke, D. H., Stull, G. A. (1970). Endurance training as a determinant of strength and fatigability. Research Quarterly , 41(1) , 23.
Corbin, C. B. (1991). Concepts of physical fitness. Kerper Boulevard, Dubuque ; Wm. C. Brown.
Costas, R., Garcia-Palmieri, M. R., Nazario, E., & Sorlie, P. D. (1978). Relation of lipids , weight , and physical activity to incidence of coronary heart disease : The Puerto Rico heart study. American Journal of Cardiology , 42 , 653–658.
Cunningham, D. A. (1977). Reliability and reproducibility of maximal oxygen uptake measurement in children. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise , 9 , 104 – 108.
Cunningham, D. A., & Eynon, R. B. (1973). The working capacity of young competitive swimmers. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise , 5 , 227 – 231.
Cunningham, D. A., Telford, P., & Swart, G. T. (1976). The cardiopulmonary capacities of young hockey players：Age 10. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise , 8 , 23 – 25.
Cunningham, D., Paterson, D., Blimkie, C., & Donner, A. (1984). Development of cardiorespiratory function in circumpubertal boys：A longitudinal study. Journal Applied Physiology , 56 , 301 – 307.
Cunningham, D., Stapleton, J., MacDonald, I., & Paterson, D. (1981). Daily energy expenditure of young boys as related to maximal aerobic power. Canada Journal Applied Sports Science , 6 , 207 – 211.
DeBusk, R. F., Stenestrand, U., Sheehan, M., & Haskell, W. L. (1990). Training effects of long versus short bouts of exercise in healthy subjects. American Journal of Cardiology , 65 , 1010-1013.
Dennison, B. A., Straus, J. H., Mellits, E. D., & Charney, E. (1988). Childhood physical fitness tests: Predictor of adult physical activity levels? Pediatrics , 82 , 324-330.
Drinkwater, B. L. (1994). Physical activity , fitness , and osteoporosis. In C. Bouchard , R. J. Shephard , & T. Stephens (Eds.). Physical activity , fitness , and health : International proceedings and consensus statement (p.p. 724-736). Champaign, IL：Human Kinetics.
Drygas, W., Jegler, A., & Kunski, B. (1988). Study on threshold dose of physical activity in coronary heart disease prevention. Part Ⅰ. Relationship between leisure time physical activity and coronary risk factors. International Journal of Sports Medicine , 9 , 275 – 278.
Dummer, G. M., Clarke, D. H., Vaccaro, P., Vander-Velden, L., Goldfarb, A. B., & Sockler, J. M. (1985). Age-related differences in muscular strength and muscular endurance among female masters swimmers. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport , 56(2) , 97-102.
Eaton, C. B., Lapane, K. L., Garber, C. E., Assaf, A. R., Lasater, T. M., & Carleton, R. A. (1995). Physical activity, physical fitness, and coronary heart disease risk factors. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise , 27(3) , 340 – 346.
Fahey, T. D., Insel, P. M., & Roth, W. T. (1994). Fit and well : Core concepts labs in physical fitness and wellness. California , Mayfield Publishing Company.
Faria, I. E., & Faria, E. W. (1991). Effect of exercise on blood lipid constituents and aerobic capacity of fire fighters. Journal of Sports Medicine Physician Fitness , 31(1) , 75-81.
Fleck, S. J., & Kraemer, W. J. (1987). Designing resistance training programs. Champaign, IL：Human Kinetics.
Fletcher, G. F., Blair, S. N., Blumenthal, J. et al. (1992). Statement on exercise : benefits and recommendations for physical activity programs for all American. Circulation , 86 , 2726-2730.
Flynn, M. A., Nolph, G. B., Baker, A. S., Martin, W. M., & Krause, G. (1989). Total body potassium in aging humans : a longitudinal study. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition , 50 , 713-717.
Fox, E. L. (1984). Sports physiology (2nd Edition). New York : W.B. Saunders Company.
Frank, C. W., Weinblatt, E., Shapiro, S., & Sager, R. L. (1966). Myoccardial infarction in men : Role for physical activity and smoking in incidence and mortality. Journal of the American Medical Association , 198 , 103-107.
Freedson, P. S. (1992). Physical activity among children and youth. Canada Journal of Sport Science , 17(4) , 282.
Frerich, R. R., Srinivasa, S. R., Webber, L. S., & Berenson, G. S. (1976). Serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels in 3,446 children from a biracial community:the Bogalusa Heart Study. Circulation , 54 , 302-309.
Frolicher, V. F., & Brown, P. (1981). Exercise and coronary heart disease. Journal of Cardiovascular Rehabilitation , 1 , 277 – 288.
Gaisl, G., & Buchberger, J. (1977). The significance of stress acidosis in judging the physical working capacity of boys age 11 to 15. In：Lavalee & Shephard (Eds.). Frontiers of activity and child health.(p.p. 161 - 168). Pelican , Quebec.
Gaisl, G., & Buchberger, J. (1980). Determinations of the aerobic and anaerobic thresholds of 10 – 11 years old boys using blood –gas analysis. In：Berg &Eriksson (Eds.). Children and exercise IX. (p.p. 93 - 98). University Park Press , Baltimore.
Garcia-Palmieri, M. R., Costas, R., & Cruz-Vidal, M. (1982). Increased physical activity：A protective factor against heart attack in Puerto Rico. American Journal of Cardiology , 50 , 749 – 755.
Giliam, T. B., & Freedson, P. S. (1980). Effects of 12-week school physical fitness program on peak VO2, body composition and blood lipids in 7 to 9 year old children. International Journal of Sports Medicine , 1 , 73 – 78.
Gilliam, T. B., Katch, V. L., Thorland, W., & Weltman, A. (1977). Prevalence of coronary heart disease risk factors in active children 7 to 12 years of age. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise , 9 , 21-25.
Gilliam,, T. B., & MacConnie, S. E. (1984). Coronary heart disease risk in children and their physical activity patternns. In R. A. Boileau (Ed.). Advances in Pediatric Sport Science, Vol. 1(p.p. 171-187). Champaign, IL：Human Kinetics.
Greenberg, J. S., & Pargman, D. (1986). Physical fitness : A wellness approach. Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey.
Grimby, G., & Saltin, B. (1983). Mini review : the aging muscle. Clinical Physiology , 3 , 209-218.
Gyntelberg, F. (1974). Physical fitness and coronary heart disease in Copenhagen men aged 40 – 59. Dan. Medicine Bull , 21 , 49-56.
Harrell, J. S., McMurray, R. G., Bangdiwala, S. I., Frauman, A. C., Gansky, S. A., & Bradley, C. B. (1996). Effects of a school-based intervention to reduce cardiovascular disease risk factors in elementary-school children：The cardiovascular health in children (CHIC) study. Journal of Pediatrics , 128(6) , 797 – 805.
Hartz, A. J., Rupley, D. C., & Rimm, A. A. (1984). The association of girth measurements with disease in 32,856 women. American Journal of Epidemiology , 3 , 71-80.
Holland, G. J. (1968). The physiology of flexibility. A review of the literature. Kinesiology Review , 1 , 49-62.
Holland, G. J., & Davis, E. L. (1975). Value of physical activity ( 3rd Eds.). Dubuque IA : Brown.
Holme, I., Helgeland, A., Hjermann, I., Leren, P., & Lund-Larson, P. G. (1981). Physical activity at work and at leisure in relation to coronary risk factors and social class. Acta. Medicine Scandinavian , 209 , 227-283.
Ignico, A. A., & Mahon, A. D. (1995). The effects of a physical fitness program on low-fit children. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport , 66(1) , 85-90.
Jackson, A. S., Beard, E. F., Wier, L. T., Ross, R. M., Stuteville, J. E., & Blair, S. (1995). Changes in aerobic capacity in men , ages 25 – 70 yr. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise , 27 , 113-120.
Jette, M., Sidney, K., & Campbell, J. (1988). Effects of a twelve-week walking programme on maximal and submaximal work indices in sedentary middle-aged men and women. The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness , 28(1) , 59-66.
Kannel, W. B., Belanger, A., D’Agostino, R., & Israel, I. (1986). Physical activity and physical demand on the job and risk of cardiovascular disease and death：The Framingham Study. American Heart Journal, 112 , 820–825.
Kathryn, W. M., Steve, B., & Andrew, O. (1997). Effects of an 18 week walking programme on cardiac function in previously sedentary or relatively inactive adults. British Journal Sports Medicine , 31 , 48-53.
Kissebah, A. H., Videlingum, N., Murray, R., Evans, D. J., Hartz, R. J., Kalkhoff, R. K., & Adams, P. W. (1982). Relation of body fat distribution to metabolic complications of obesity. Journal of Clinical and Endocrinological Metabolism , 54 , 254-260.
Klesges, L. M., & Klesges, R. C. (1987). The assessment of children’s physical activity：A comparison of methods. Medicine and Science in Sports Exercise , 19(5) , 511 – 517.
Krotkiewski, M., Bjorntorp, P., Sjostrom, S., & Smith, U. (1983). Impact of obesity on metabolism in men、women. Journal of Clinical Investigation , 72 , 1150-1162.
Kuntzleman, C. T., & the Editors of Consumer Guide. (1978). The complete book of walking. New York : Simon and Schuster.
Kuntzleman, C. T., & Reiff, G. G.（1992）. The decline in American children’s fitness levels. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport , 63 , 107 – 111.
Kwiterovich, P. O. (1993). Prevention of coronary disease starting in childhood：What risk factors should be identified and treated？ Coronary Artery Disease , 4 , 611 – 630.
Laforest, S., St-Pierre, M. M., Cyr, J., & Gayton, D. (1990). Effects of age and regular exercise on muscle strength and endurance. European Journal Applied Physiology , 60 , 104-111.
Lamb, D. R. (1984). Physiology of Exercise : Responses and adaptations (2nd Edition). New York : Macmillan Publishing Company.
Lauer, R. M., Connor, W. E., Leaverton, P. E., Retter, M. A., & Clarke, W. R. (1975). Coronary heart disease risk factors in school children:the Muscatine study. Journal of Pediatric , 86 , 697-706.
Leon, A. S., Connett, J., Jacobs, D. R. J., et al. (1987). Leisure-time physical activity levels and risk of coronary heart disease and death: Multiple risk factor inter-vention trial. Journal of the American Medical Association , 258 , 2388-2395.
Leon, A. S., Jacobs, D. R., Backer, G. D., & Taylor, H. L. (1981). Relationship of physical characteristics and life habits to treadmill exercise capacity. American Journal of Epidemiology , 113 , 653-660.
Leon, A. S., & Connett, J. (1991). Physical activity and 10.5 year mortality in the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial (MR-FIT). International Journal of Epidemiology , 20 , 690–697.
Lieber, D. C. et al. (1989). Effects of run-training and swim-training at similar absolut intensities on treadmill VO2max. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise , 21(6) , 655-665.
Madding, S. W., Wong, J. G., Hallum, A., & Medeiros, J. M. (1987). Effects of duration of passive stretch on hip abduction range of motion. Journal of Orthopaedic Sports Physical Therapy , 8(8) , 409-416.
Magel, J. R., & Faulkner, J. A. (1967). Maximum oxygen uptake of college swimmers. Journal of Applied Physiology , 22 , 929 – 933.
Malkin, M. (1995). Aerobic walking : The weight-loss exercise. NY : Jone Wiley and Sons. Inc., pp.133-146.
Marshall, S. J., Sarkin, J. A., Sallis, J. F., & McKenzie, T. L. (1998). Tracking of health-related fitness components in youth ages 9 to 12. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise , 30(6) , 910 – 916.
Matsui, H., Miyashita, M., Miura, M., Kobayashi, K., & Hoshibawa, T. (1972). Maximum oxygen uptake and its relationship to body weight in Japanese adolescents. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise , 4 , 29 – 32.
Mayer, N., & Gutin, B. (1979). Physiological characteristics of elite prepubestal cross-country runners. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise , 11 , 172 – 179.
McArdle, W. D., Katch, F. I., & Katch, V. L. (1994). Essentials of exercise physiology. Baltimore : Lea and Febiger , A Waverly Company.
McCord, P., & Patterson, P. (1989). The effect of low impact dance training on aerobic capacity , submaximal heart , and body composition of college-aged females. Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness , 29(2) , 184-188.
McGlynn, G. (1996). Dynamics of fitness : A practical approach (4th Eds.). Brown and Benchmark Publishers , pp. 25-42.
Montoye, H. J. (1985). Risk indicators for cardiovascular disease in relation to physical activity in youth. In：R. A. Binkhorst , H. C. G. Kemper , W. H. M. Saris (Eds.). Children and exercise XI (p.p. 3-25). Champaign, IL：Human Kinetics.
Moody, D. L., Wilmore, J. H., Girandola, R. N., & Royce, J. R. (1972). The effects of a jogging program on the body composition of normal and obese high school girls. Medicine Science and Sports , 4 , 210 – 213.
Morris, J. N., Pollard, R., Everitt, M. G., Chave, S. P. W., & Semmence, A. M. (1980). Vigorous exercise in leisure time: Protection against coronary heart disease. Lancet , 2 , 1207-1210.
Morris, J. N., Clayton, D. G., Everitt, M. G., Semmence, A. M., & Burgess, E. H. (1986). Exercise in leisure time: coronary attack and death rates. British Heart Journal , 63 , 325-334.
Mueller, W. H., & Stallones, L. (1981). Anatomical distribution of subcutaneous fat : Skinfold site choice and construction of indices. Human Biology , 53 , 321-335.
Murase, Y., Kobayashi, K., Kamei, S., & Matsui, H. (1981). Longitudinal study of aerobic power in superior junior athletes. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise , 13 , 180 – 184.
Nagao, N., Imai, Y., Arie, J., Sawada, Y., & Karatsu, K. (1988). Comparison of serum apolipoproteins and lipoproteins in active and inactive males. Journal of Sports Medicine , 28 , 67-73.
Nagle, F. J., Hagberg, J., & Kamei, S. (1977). Maximal O2 uptake of boys and girls─age 14 – 17. European Journal of Applied Physiology , 36 , 75 – 80.
Nelson, L., Jennings, G. L., Esler, M. D., & Korner, P. I. (1986). Effect of changing levels of physical activity on blood-pressure and haemodynamics in essential hypertension. Lancet , August 30 , 473-476.
Newman, W. P., Freedman, D. S., Voors, A. W., Gard, P. D., Srinivasan, S. R., & Cresanta, J. L. (1986). Relation of serum lipoprotein levels and systolic blood pressure to early atherosclerosis：The Bogalusa Heart Study. New England Journal of Medicine , 314 , 138 – 144.
Oja, P. (1995). Descriptive epidemiology of health – related physical activity and fitness. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport , 66(4) , 303 – 312.
Paffenbarger, R. S., Wing, A. L., & Hyde, R. T. (1978). Physical activity as an index of heart attack risk in college alumni. American Journal Epidemiology , 108 , 161–175.
Paffenbarger, R. S., Hyde, R. T. (1984). Exercise in the prevention of coronary heart disease. Prevention Medicine , 314 , 605-613.
Paffenbarger, R. S. Jr., Hyde, R. T., Wing, A. L., & Hsieh, C. (1986). Physical activity, all-cause mortality, and longevity of college alumni. New England Journal of Medicine , 314 , 605-613.
Paffenbarger, R. S., Hyde, R. T., & Wing, A. L. (1990). Physical activity and physical fitness as determinants of health and longevity. In C. Bouchard , R. J. Shephard , T. Stephens , J. R. Sutton & B. D. McPherson (Eds.). Exercise , Fitness , and Health (p.p.33-48). Champaign, IL：Human Kinetics.
Paffenbarger, R. S., Hyde, R. T., Wing, A. L., Lee, I. M., Jung, D. L., & Kampert, J. B. (1993). The association of changes in physical activity level and other lifestyle characteristics with mortality among men. New England Journal of Medicine , 328 , 538–545.
Parker, S. B. et al. (1989). Failure of target rate to accurately monitor intensity during aerobic dance. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise , 21(2) , 230-234.
Pate, R. R., & Blair, S. N. (1978). Exercise and the prevention of arteriosclerosis：Pediatric implications. In：W. B. Strong (Ed.). Arteriosclerosis：Its pediatric aspects. (p.p.251-286). New York：Grune & Stratton.
Pate, R. R. (1988). The evolving definition of fitness. Quest , 40 , 174-179.
Pate, R., Dowda, M., & Ross, J. (1990). Associations between physical activity and physical fitness in American children. American Journal Disease Children , 144 , 1123 – 1129.
Pavlou, K. N., Krey, S., & Steffee, W. P. (1989). Exercise as an adjunct to weight loss and maintenance in moderately obese subjects. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition , 49 , 1115-1123.
Payne, V. G., & Morrow, J. R. (1993). Exercise and VO2max in children：A meta-analysis. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport , 64(3) , 305-313.
Peters, R. K., Cady, L. D. J., Bischoff, D. P., et al. (1983). Physical fitness and subsequent myocardial infarction in healthy workers. Journal of the American Medical Association , 249(22) , 3052-3056.
Peterson, J. A. (1975). Total conditioning : A case study. Athletic Journal , 56 , 40-55.
Petrofsky, J. S., & Lind, A. R. (1975). Aging , isometric strength and endurance , and cardiovascular responses to static effort. Journal of Applied Physiology , 38(1) , 91-95.
Pipes, T. V. (1978). Variable resistance versus constant resistance strength training in adult males. European Journal of Applied Physiology , 39 , 27-35.
Pollock, M. L., Miller, H. S., Janeway, R., Linnerud, A. C., Robertson, B., & Valentino, R. (1971). Effects of walking on body composition and cardiovascular function of middle-aged men. Journal of Applied Physiology , 30(1) , 126–130.
Powell, K. E., & Dysinger, W. (1987). Childhood participation in organized school sports and physical education as precursors of adult physical activity. American Journal of Prevention Medicine , 3 , 276-281.
Prince, R. L., Smith, M., Dick, I. M. et al. (1991). Prevention of post-menopausal bone osteoporosis. A comparative study of exercise , calcium supplementation , and hormone-replacement therapy. New England Joyrnal of Medicine , 325 , 1189-1195.
Rasch, P., & Burke, J. (1989). Kinesiology and Applied Anatomy (7th Eds.). Philadelphia : Lea and Febiger.
Riddoch, C. J., & Boreham, C. A. G. (1995). The health-related physical activity of children. Sports Medicine , 19(2) , 86-102.
Robergs, R. A., & Roberts, S. O. (1996). Exercise physiology : Exercise, performance, and clinical applications. Boston: Mosby-Year Book. pp.764-779.
Rowland, T. W. (1985). Aerobic response to endurance training in prepubescent children：A critical analysis. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise , 17(5) , 493 – 497.
Rowland, T. W. (1990). Exercise and children’s health (p.2). Champaign, IL：Human Kinetics.
Sady, S. P., Thompson, W. H., Berg, K., & Savage, M. (1984). Physiological characteristics of high – ability prepubescent wrestlers. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise , 16 , 72 – 76.
Sandvik, L., Erikssen, J., Thaulow, E., et al. (1993). Physical fitness as a predictor of mortality among healthy, middle-aged Norwegian men. New England Journal of Medicine , 328(8) , 533-537.
Saris, W., Noordeloos, A., Ringnalda, B., Van`t Hof, M., & Binkhorst, R. (1980). Reference values for aerobic power of healthy 4- to 18-year-old Dutch children：Preliminary results. In： R. Binkhorst , H. Kemper , & W. Saris (Eds.). Children and exercise XI (p.p. 151–160). Champaign, IL：Human Kinetics.
Savage, M. P., Petratis, M. M., Thomson, W. H., Berg, K., Smith, J. L., & Sady, S. P. (1986). Exercise training effects on serum lipids of prepubescent boys and adult men. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise , 18 , 197-204.
Schaberg-Lorei, G., Ballard, J. E., Mckeown, B. C., & Zinkgraf, S. A. (1990). Body composition alterations consequent to an exercise program for pre- and postmenopausal women. Journal of Sports Medicine Physician Fitness , 30 , 426-433.
Seals, D. R., Hagberg, J. M., Hurley, B. F., Ehsani, A. A., & Hooloszy, J. O. (1984). Endurance training in older men and women. In : Cardiovascular responses to exercise. Journal of Applied Physiology : Resportation , Environment , Exercise , physiology , 57(4) , 1024-1029.
Seiger, L. H., & Hesson, J. (1990). Walking for fitness. Kerper Boulevard, Dubuque：Wm. C. Brown Publishers.
Shaper, A. G., & Wannamethee, G. (1991). Physical activity and ischemic heart disease in middle-aged British men. British Heart Journal , 66 , 584–594.
Sharkey, B. J. (1990). Physiology of Fitness (3th Eds.). Champaign, IL：Human Kinetics.
Shephard, R. J. (1984). Physical activity and child health. Sports Medicine , 1 , 205–233.
Simpson, S. (1989). The effects of participation in P.E. activities upon health related physical fitness. Journal of Human Movement Studies , 17(4) , 153-163.
Sjodin, B. (1982). The relationship between running economy , aerobic power , muscle power , and onset of blood lactate accumulation in young boys(11 – 15 years). In：Komi (Ed.). Exercise and Sport biology. (p.p. 57 - 60). Champaign IL：Human Kinetics.
Skinner. J. S., Benson, H., Mcdonough, J. R., & Hames, C. G. (1966). Social status , physical activity and coronary proneness. Journal of Coronary Disease , 19 , 773-783.
Slattery, M. L., & Jacobs, D. R. (1987). The inter-relationships of physical activity , physical fitness , and body measurements. Medicine and Science in Sports Exercise , 19(6) , 564-569.
Sobolski, J. C., Kolesar, J. J., Kornitzer, M. D., De Backer, G. G., Mikes, Z., Dramaix, M. M., Degre, S. G., & Denolin, H. F. (1988). Physical fitness does not reflect physical activity patterns in middle-aged workers. Medicine and Science in Sports Exercise , 20(1) , 6-13.
Sobolski, J., Kornitzer, M., DeBacker G., et al. (1987). Protection against ischemic heart disease in the Belgian fitness study: Physical fitness rather than physical activity? American Journal of Epidemiology , 125(4) , 601-610.
Stewart, K. J., & Gutin, B. (1976). Effects of physical training on cardiorespiratory fitness in children. Research Quarterly , 47(1) , 110 – 120.
Sundberg, S., & Elovainio, R. (1982). Cardiorespiratory function in competitive endurance runners age 12 – 16 years compared with ordinary boys. Acta. Paediatrica Scandinavica , 71 , 987 – 992.
Sunnegardh, J., & Bratteby, L. (1987). Maximal oxygen uptake , anthrop-ometry and physical activity in a randomly selected sample of 8 and 13-year-old children in Sweden. European Journal Applied Physiology , 56 , 266 – 272.
Thoren, C. A. R., & Asano, K. (1984). Functional capacity and cardiac function in 10-year-old boys and girls with high and low running performance. In J. Ilmarinen, & I. Valimaki (Eds.). Children and sport：Pediatric work physiology (p.p. 182-188). Berlin Heidelberg：Springer-Verlag.
Thorland, W. G., & Giliam, T. B. C. (1981). Comparsion of scrum lipids between habitually high and low active preadolescent males. Medicine and Science in Sport and Exercise , 13 , 316 – 321.
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (1986). The 1990 health objectives for the nation：A midcourse review. Washington , DC：Public Health Service.
U.S. Public Health Service. (1991). Healthy people 2000：National health promotion and disease prevention objectives (DHHS Public-ation No. PHS 91-50212). Washington, DC：U.S. Government Printing Office.
Vaccaro, P., Clarke, D. H., & Morris, A. F. (1980). Physiological characteristics of young well-trained swimmers. European Journal of Applied Physiology , 44 , 61 – 66.
Vaccaro, P., & Mahon, A. (1987). Cardiorespiratory respones to endurance training in children. Sports Medicine , 4 , 352 – 363.
Van Linge, B. (1962). The response of muscle to strenuous exercise. Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery , 44 , 711-721.
Viikari, J., Valimarki, I., Telama, P. L., Pesonen, E., Pietikainen, M., Suoninen, P., & Uharu, M. (1984). Atherosclerosis precursors in Finnish children : Physical activity and plasma lipids in 3- and 12- year old children. In : J. Ilmarine & I. Valimaki (Eds.). Children and sport. Berlin : Springer. p.p. 231 – 240.
Wanne, O., Viikari, J., & Valimaki, I. (1984). Physical performance and serum lipids is 14 – 16 tear old trained, wormally active and inactive children. In : J. Ilmarinen & I. Valimaki (Eds.). Children and sport. Berlin : Springer. p.p. 241 – 246.
Webber, L. S., Srinivasan, S. R., Wattigney, W. A., & Berenson, G. S. (1991). Tracking of serum lipids and lipoproteins from childhood to adulthood. American Journal of Epidemiology, 133 , 884 – 899.
Westcott, W. L. (1998). Exercise for better health and sport performance.
Williams, C. L. (1994). Coronary heart disease prevention in childhood part：Background and rationale. Medicine，Exercise，Nutrition and Health , 3 , 194 – 205.
Williams, P. T., Wood, P. D., Haskell, W. L., & Vranizan, K. M. (1982). The effect of running mileage and duration on plasma lipoprotein levels. Journal of the American Medical Association , 247 , 2674-2677.
Williford, H. N. et al. (1988). The physiological characteristics of female aerobic dance instructors. Journal of Applied Sport Research , 4(1) , 27-30.
Wilmore, J. H. (1974). Alterations in strength , body composition , and anthropometric measurement consequent to a 10-week weight training program. Medicine and Science in Sports , 6 , 133-138.
Wilmore, J. H., & Costill, D. L. (1994). Physiology of sport and exercise. Champaign, IL：Human Kinetics.
Wilmore, J. H., & McNamara, J. J. (1974). Prevalence of coronary heart disease risk factors in boys, 8 to 12 years of age. Journal of Pediatric , 84 , 527-533.
Wilmore, J. H., Parr, R. B., Girandola, R. N., Ward, P., Vodak, P. A., Barstow, T. J., Pipes, T. V., Romero, G. T., & Leslie, P. (1978). Physiological alterations consequent to circuit weight training. Medicine and Science in Sports , 10 , 79-84.
Wood, P. D., Haskell, W. L., Blair, S. N., Williams, P. T., Krauss, R. M., Lindgren, F. T., Albers, J. J., Bo, P. B., & Farquhar, J. W. (1983). Increased exercise level and plasma lipoprotein concentrations：A one-year , randomise , controlled study in sedentary , middle-aged men. Metabolism , 32(1) , 31-38.
Ylitalo, V. M. (1984). Exercise performance and serum lipids in obese schoolchildren before and after reconditioning program. In J. Ilmarinen & I. Valimaki (Eds.). Children and sport─Pediatric work physiology. Berlin Heidelberg New York Tokyo：Springer -Verlag.
Zauner, C. W., & Benson, N. Y. (1981). Physiological alterations in young swimmers during three years of intensive training. Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness , 21 , 179 – 185.