海景是由海洋的自然環境與人們的社會與文化互動所建構而成的；居住在海岸的居民在海景中扮演關鍵的角色。澎湖南方海域有四座小島坐落在台灣海峽中央，由西向東分別為西嶼坪、東嶼坪、西吉嶼、東吉嶼。在過去島上僅剩少量居民定居並從事漁業維生。2014年澎湖南方四島國家公園正式成立，國家公園成立後當地傳統的漁業受到了限制，同時遊憩業也在此蓬勃發展，島民們與海洋互動的方式也產生改變。現今對於南方四島海域的研究仍是以學者以及管理單位的觀點為主，在地人的觀點則少有描述。
本研究探討了(1)南方四島海景對在地使用者而言有哪些重要特徵；(2)使用者之「人海關係」內涵為何；以及(3)使用者對南方四島海景發展之觀點差異。研究方法上採用半結構式訪談以及地圖的標示，對長時間與南方四島海景互動的在地使用者進行訪談。
研究發現：(1)使用者們認為南方四島海景重要的特徵為海中豐富的生態、混亂的海流、複雜的海底地形、島上的建築，以及當地無形的文化，這些特徵對於使用者們具有不同的價值。南方四島海景的文化正面臨消失危機，需要被保存下來。(2)使用者們認為南方四島海景是他們生命中相當重要的一部分，他們與南方四島海景在經濟與心靈層面上有著強烈而緊密的聯結，南方四島海景是他們賴以維生的地方也是他們的家。(3)東吉島民傾向縮減現行觀光的規模，並推動更精緻的旅遊模式，東嶼坪的島民則認為無須對遊客人數多做管制，而是應該從遊客行為的教育著手。使用者們積極推動社區工作，結合社區的力量改善環境、保存當地文化。

Seascape is formed by the interaction between the nature of ocean and human society and culture; residents living in coastal areas play a critical role in the seascape. There are four small islands located in the middle of the Taiwan Strait in the southern of Penghu Archipelago, namely Xiyuping, Donyuping, Xijiyu, Dongjiyu. In the past, only a small number of residents on the islands settled and engaged in fishing for a living. In 2014 South Penghu Marine National Park was established. After the establishment of national park, the local traditional fishery was restricted. At the same time, the recreational industry also flourished here, and the way islanders interacted with sea also changed. Now a days, research of the sea surrounding the islands is still base on the opinion of scholars and government agencies, while the opinion of local people is still lack of described.
In this study, researcher explore: (1) what are the important characters of the seascape of Four Small Islands on Penghu Archipelago; (2) what is the connotation of the user's "human-sea relationship"; and, (3) the differences in users’ views on the development of seascape. Research methods: semi-constructed questionnaires and mapping tools were conducted with interviews with local users who have interacted with the seascape for a long time.
The results show that: (1) the rich ecology in the sea, chaotic currents, complex submarine topography, historical buildings, and cultures are important characters of the seascape of Four Small Islands. These characters provide different values for users. The cultures in the seascape are facing a crisis of disappearance and need to be preserved. (2) The seascape of Four Small Islands is an important part of user's lives. They have a strong and close bond with the seascape in the economic and spiritual aspects. This is the place where they live and their home. (3) Islanders of Dongjiyu tend to scale back current tourism and push for more refined forms of tourism. Meanwhile, Islanders of Donyuping believe that there is no need to restrict the number of tourists but should pay more attention to education on tourist behavior. Users actively promote community work, combining the power of the community to improve the environment and preserve local culture.

于錫亮、朱盈蒨(2011)。澎湖南方四島生態旅遊先期規劃案。海洋國家公園管理處成果報告。
行政院(2014)。澎湖南方四島國家公園計畫。
李光中(2016)。地景尺度著眼的里山倡議與生態農業。地景保育通訊，42，12-18。
周宜鞍(2016)。澎湖南方四島國家公園生態旅遊經營管理模式建構及其願付價值探討。海洋國家公園管理處成果報告。
林俊全、鄭宏祺、李建堂、李玲玲、方引平(2010)。澎湖南方四島的地形地質景觀資源之研究。國家公園學報，20(3)，54-65。
林維捷(2017)。澎湖南方四島海路互動與地方知識之動態關係。海洋國家公園管理處成果報告。
侯錦雄、李素馨、楊博淵、謝宗恒(2016)。澎湖南方四島國家公園遊憩承載量與收費回饋管理規劃。海洋國家公園管理處成果報告。
侯錦雄、楊博淵、李素馨、歐雙馨(2017)。澎湖南方四島國家公園園區環境景觀整體規劃暨整體設施設計準則規劃。海洋國家公園管理處成果報告。
張朝勝(2014)。島民情結－以南方四島為例。海洋國家公園管理處成果報告。
張靜宜、王志明(2018)。澎湖南方四島發展歷史調查。海洋國家公園管理處成果報告。
張靜宜、王志明(2020)。澎湖南方四島社會發展變遷調查。海洋國家公園管理處成果報告。
陳義雄(2021)。澎湖南方四島國家公園魚類生態圖鑑製作。海洋國家公園管理處成果報告。
楊志仁，楊清閔(2013)。潛往南方四島。海洋國家公園管理處。
葉如萍(2020)。海洋空間規劃架構下的協作規劃網絡：以澎湖南方四島國家公園為例(MOST108-2635-H006-002)。國立成功大學都巿計劃學系(所)。
鄭明修(2014)。澎湖南方四島海域是臺灣的海鮮銀行。臺灣博物季刊，33(3)，6-15。
鄭明修(2019)。澎湖南方四島國家公園海域自然資源經營管理策略研析。海洋國家公園管理處成果報告。
謝恆毅(2021)。澎湖南方四島漁業資源調查。海洋國家公園管理處成果報告。
Anderson, J. (2012). Relational places: The surfed wave as assemblage and convergence. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space, 30(4), 570-587. https://doi.org/10.1068/d17910
Atkinson S., Esters N., Farmer G., Lawrence K., McGilvray F. (2011). The Seascapes Guidebook: How to Select, Develop and Implement Seascapes. Conservation International, Arlington, Virginia, USA. 60 pp.
Betz, J. (2022). Being with the Wadden Seascape Understanding How Inhabitants of Terschelling Relate to the Seascape and Negotiate Feelings of Belonging in the Context of Frictional Transformations (Master's thesis). Utrecht University.
Brown, G. (2013). The relationship between social values for ecosystem services and global land cover: an empirical analysis. Ecosystem Services, 5, 58-68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2013.06.004
Brown, G., & Raymond, C. (2007). The relationship between place attachment and landscape values: Toward mapping place attachment. Applied Geography, 27(2), 89-111–111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeog.2006.11.002
Brown, G., Raymond, C. M., & Corcoran, J. (2015). Mapping and measuring place attachment. Applied Geography, 57, 42–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeog.2014.12.011
Brown, M., & Humberstone, B. (2016). Seascapes: Shaped by the sea. Taylor and Francis. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315607931
Cooney, G. (2003). Introduction: seeing land from the sea. World Archaeology,35(3), 323–328. https://doi.org/10.1080/0043824042000185748
Dorning, M., Berkel, D., & Semmens, D. (2017). Integrating Spatially Explicit Representations of Landscape Perceptions into Land Change Research. Current Landscape Ecology Reports, 2(3), 73–88. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40823-017-0025-1
Duke, N. C., & Wolanski, E. (2000). Muddy coastal waters and depleted mangrove coastlines - depleted seagrass and coral reefs. CRC Press. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781420041675
Elliott, R., & Timulak, L. (2005). Descriptive and interpretive approaches to qualitative research. In Miles, J., & Gilbert, P. (Eds.), A handbook of research methods for clinical and health psychology (pp. 147-159). Oxford University Press.
Fischer, L., & Hasse, J. (2001). Historical and current perceptions of the landscapes in the Wadden Sea Region. Landscape and Cultural Heritage in the Wadden Sea Region–Project Report, edited by: Vollmer, M., Guldberg, M., Maluck, M., Marrewijk, D., and Schlicksbier, G., Common Wadden Sea Secretariat, Wilhelmshaven, 72-97.
Flannery, W., & Cinneide, M. O. (2008). Marine spatial planning from the perspective of a small seaside community in Ireland. Marine Policy, 32(6), 980-987.
Gee, K. (2019). The ocean perspective. In Zaucha, J. & Gee, K. (Ed.) Maritime Spatial Planning: past, present, future, (pp. 23-45). Springer Nature.
Gee, K., Kannen, A., Adlam, R., Brooks, C., Chapman, M., Cormier, R., Fischer, C., Fletcher, S., Gubbins, M., Shucksmith, R., & Shellock, R. (2017). Identifying culturally significant areas for marine spatial planning. Ocean and Coastal Management, 136, 139–147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2016.11.026
Greider, T., & Garkovich, L. (1994). Landscapes: The social construction of nature and the environment. Rural Sociology, 59(1), 1-24.
Hammitt, W. E., Bixler, R., & Backlund, E. (2006). Place bonding for recreation places: Conceptual and empirical development. Leisure Studies, 25(1), 17-41–41. https://doi.org/10.1080/02614360500098100
Harrison, S., & Dourish, P. (1996). Re-place-ing space: the roles of place and space in collaborative systems. In Proceedings of the 1996 ACM conference on Computer supported cooperative work, 67-76.
Hart, K. A., Gray, T., & Stead, S. M. (2013). Consumptive versus non-consumptive use of sea turtles? Stakeholder perceptions about sustainable use in three communities near Cahuita National Park, Costa Rica. Marine Policy, 42, 236–244. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2013.03.008
Hill, M., Briggs, J., Minto, P., Bagnall, D., Foley, K.and Williams, A. (2001) Guide to Best Practice in Seascape Assessment. Dublin, Ireland, Maritime Ireland/Wales, Marine Institute, 68pp. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.25607/OBP-1072
Humberstone, B. (2016). Embodied narratives: Being with the sea. In Brown, M. & Humberstone, B. (Ed.) Seascapes: Shaped by the sea (pp. 27-39). Routledge.
Hummon, D.M. (1992). Community Attachment. In: Altman, I., Low, S.M. (eds) Place Attachment. Human Behavior and Environment, vol 12. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-8753-4_12
Hunziker, M., Buchecker, M., Hartig, T. (2007). Space and Place – Two Aspects of the Human-landscape Relationship. In: Kienast, F., Wildi, O., Ghosh, S. (eds) A Changing World. Landscape Series, vol 8. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-4436-6_5
Iverson Nassauer, J. (1995). Culture and changing landscape structure. Landscape ecology, 10(4), 229-237. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00129257
Jerzak, K., Shrayer, M. D., Krośnicka, K., Lorens, P., Zaucha, J., & Pardus, J. (2019). The essence of marine and coastal space – an interdisciplinary perspective. EUROPA XXI, 36, 23-41. https://doi.org/10.7163/eu21.2019.36.2
Karjalainen, P. (1986). Geodiversity as a lived world: on the geography of existence. Joensuun yliopisto.
Kenter, J. (2019). Demystifying shared and social values. Valuing Nature Programme.
Korpela, K. M., Hartig, T., Kaiser, F. G., & Fuhrer, U. (2001). Restorative experience and self-regulation in favorite places. Environment and Behavior, 33(4), 572-589. https://doi.org/10.1177/00139160121973133
Kyle, G. T., Mowen, A. J., & Tarrant, M. (2004). Linking place preferences with place meaning: An examination of the relationship between place motivation and place attachment. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 24(4), 439–454. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2004.11.001
Lambert, D., Martins, L., & Ogborn, M. (2006). Currents, visions and voyages: historical geographies of the sea. Journal of Historical Geography, 32(3), 479-493. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhg.2005.10.004
MacKinnon, I., & Brennan, R. (2012). Belonging to the sea. Exploring the cultural roots of maritime conflict on Gaelic speaking islands in Scotland and Ireland. Scottish Crofting Federation and Scottish Association for Marine Science.
Manzo, L. C. (2005). For better or worse: Exploring multiple dimensions of place meaning. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 25(1), 67-86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2005.01.002
McAndrew, F. T. (1998) The measurement of ‘rootedness’ and the prediction of attachment to home-towns in college students, Journal of Environmental Psychology 18, pp. 409–417. https://doi.org/10.1006/jevp.1998.0078
Moberg, F., & Rönnbäck, P. (2003). Ecosystem services of the tropical seascape: interactions, substitutions and restoration. Ocean and Coastal Management, 46(1), 27–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0964-5691(02)00119-9
Murphy, SE, Farmer, G, Katz, L, et al. Fifteen years of lessons from the Seascape approach: A framework for improving ocean management at scale. Conservation Science and Practice. 2021; 3:e423. https://doi.org/10.1111/csp2.423
Natural England. (2012). An approach to seascape character assessment. Natural England Commissioned Report NECR105. Natural England, Bristol.
Paramor, O. A. L., Hatchard, J. L., Mikalsen, K. H., Gray, T. S., Scott, C. L., & Frid, C. L. J. (2003). The integration of stakeholder opinion into the management of marine habitats. ICES Document CM.
Pungetti, G. (2012). Islands, culture, landscape and seascape. Journal of Marine and Island Cultures, 1(2), 51–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.imic.2012.11.007
Pungetti, G. (2022). Seascape contexts and concepts. In Pungetti, G. (Ed.) Routledge Handbook of Seascapes (pp. 3-22). Routledge.
Pungetti, G., Congiatu, P., & Congiatta, A. (2022). Seascape changes in areas of marine protection. In Pungetti, G. (Ed.) Routledge Handbook of Seascapes (pp. 140-158). Routledge.
Raban, J. (1999).Passage to Juneau: a sea and its meanings. Pantheon Books.
Raymond, C. M., Brown, G., & Weber, D. (2010). The measurement of place attachment: Personal, community, and environmental connections. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 30(4), 422–434. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2010.08.002
Relph, E. (1997). Sense of place. In Hanson, S. (Ed,) Ten geographic ideas that changed the world (pp. 205-226). Rutgers University Press.
Roe, M. (2022). Community voices and the capture of seascape values. In Pungetti, G. (Ed.) Routledge Handbook of Seascapes (pp. 492-506). Routledge.
Roe, M., & Stead, S. (2022). Socio-cultural values and seascape planning. In Pungetti, G. (Ed.) Routledge Handbook of Seascapes (pp. 346-365). Routledge.
Ruiz-Frau A, Edwards-Jones G, Kaiser MJ (2011) Mapping stakeholder values for coastal zone management. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 434, 239–250. https://doi.org/10.3354/meps09136
Saar, M., & Palang, H. (2009). The Dimensions of Place Meanings. Living Reviews in Landscape Research, 3, 1–24. https://doi.org/10.12942/lrlr-2009-3
Scannell, L., & Gifford, R. (2010). Defining place attachment: A tripartite organizing framework. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 30(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2009.09.006
Schroeder, H. W. (2007). Place experience, gestalt, and the human–nature relationship. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 27(4), 293–309. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2007.07.001
Soini, K., Vaarala, H., & Pouta, E. (2012). Residents’ sense of place and landscape perceptions at the rural–urban interface. Landscape and Urban Planning, 104(1), 124–134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2011.10.002
Steinberg, P. E. (1999). Navigating to multiple horizons: Toward a geography of ocean-space. Professional Geographer, 51(3), 366-375–375. https://doi.org/10.1111/0033-0124.00172
Storie, J. T., Uusna, E., Laur, T., Külvik, M., Suškevičs, M., Bell, S., & Eglaja, Z. (2019). Place attachment and its consequence for landscape-scale management and readiness to participate: Social network complexity in the post-soviet rural context of Latvia and Estonia. Land, 8(8). https://doi.org/10.3390/land8080125
Strang, V., 2004. The Meaning of Water. Oxford: Berghahn.
Swanwick, C. (2002). Landscape Character Assessment: Guidance for England and Scotland; Prepared on Behalf of the Countryside Agency and Scottish Natural Heritage. Countryside Agency.
Tran, K. C., Euan, J., & Isla, M. L. (2002). Public perception of development issues: impact of water pollution on a small coastal community. Ocean and Coastal Management, 45(6), 405–420. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0964-5691(02)00077-7
Tuan, Y. (1977). Space and place : the perspective of experience. University of Minnesota Press.
Tyrrell, M. (2006). From placelessness to place: An ethnographer's experience of growing to know places at sea. Worldviews: Global Religions, Culture, and Ecology, 10(2), 220-238.
Williams, D. R., Stewart, W. P., & Kruger, L. E. (2013). Place-based conservation: advancing social theory and practice. In Williams, D. R., Stewart, W. P., & Kruger, L. E. (Ed.) Place-based conservation: perspectives from the social sciences (pp. 3-280). Springer.
Yiu, E. and Nagai, M. (eds) (2016) Noto Satoumi Movement: Passing on Wisdom of Living with the Sea, Kanazawa, Japan: UNU-IAS OUIK.
Zigmunde, D., Ņitavska, N., Vugule, K., Storie, J., Katlapa, A., Kalniņa, A., & Mengots, A. (2016). Landscape Cognition. Proceedings of the Latvia University of Agriculture: Landscape Architecture & Art, 8(8), 31–42.
Zube, E. H. (1987). Perceived land use patterns and landscape values. Landscape Ecology, 1(1), 37-45–45. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02275264
行政院(2014)。澎湖南方四島國家公園計畫圖。海管處網站計畫使用分區圖。
https://www.marine.gov.tw/southpenghu/zh-tw/project_map
海保署(無日期)。執法成果統計。臺灣海洋保護區。
https://mpa.oca.gov.tw/ProtectedDetail.aspx?id=32
海管處(無日期)。歷年遊客人次統計。海管處網站業務統計。
https://www.marine.gov.tw/home/zh-tw/statistics