本論文主張，在「原始主義」的外表下，也就是西方與非西方之二元理論基礎，勞倫斯在《戀愛中的女人》，運用此種比喻以及其他相關的二元對立觀念，於實質上強調了均衡的議題（精神、心理、身體、文化等層面）。第一章廣泛地討論了二十世紀的藝術中，對原始意象的再現；並歸納出對於原始他者的再現方式有二：其一是延續了對原始他者所產生的兩種極端投射，其二則藉由此他者提供了混雜性，為抵抗文化階級帶來更多的可能。我從這些不同的再現意義出發，深入探討《戀愛中的女人》何以被解讀成是一部帶有原始主義意識型態的小說（第二章與第三章），以及為何必須正面看待這小說的「原始主義」（第四章）。第二章聚焦在女性的「文化形象」，呈現女性角色與非洲意象的象徵性連結。第三章分析男性角色的文化形象，以及男性角色與小說中所稱的「北方原則」，也就是陽剛的西方意象，之間的象徵性連結。第四章交叉地解讀這些角色的文化形象，同時試圖闡明角色與意象間複雜的交錯相關性（比如：女性角色與北方原則的共通性，以及男性角色與非洲意象的相似處）。我認為這些隱含在小說中的交錯性面向，一方面顛覆了一般認為原始主義只會傳遞性別層面的意識型態之看法；另一方面也推翻了北方與非洲意象的對立衝突性。最後我希望透過此論文呈現出，《戀愛中的女人》在某種程度上是二分法的結構，但這正是勞倫斯藉以提倡「平衡的」生活觀與世界觀之途徑。

This thesis argues that under the ostensible “primitivism,” or dualism posited between the West and the non-West, D. H. Lawrence’s Women in Love in effect employs this dualism, along with many other types of dualism, to address the issue of equilibrium (mental, psychological, bodily, and cultural). Chapter One discusses the representations of the primitive image in twentieth-century art in general: some reinscribe polarized projections toward the primitive Other whereas others promote possibilities of resistance in hybridity to cultural hierarchy. With the examination of these different representations as a point of departure, I further explore why Women in Love is often treated as a primitivist novel (Chapters Two and Three), and how the “primitivism” in Women in Love should be taken as something positive (Chapter Four). Chapter Two focuses on the “cultural image” of every major female character, showing the symbolic connections between each female character and the African image. Chapter Three reads every major male character’s cultural image and these men’s symbolic linkages with what we may call the Nordic principle, the masculine West. Chapter Four reads all these cultural images criss-crossingly and seeks to elucidate intricate intersections among them (e.g., the proximity between the female characters and the Nordic principle, the affinity between the men and the African symbol). These intersections, I will suggest, upset the conventionally-held gendered discourse of primitivism, on the one hand, and opposition between the Nordic and the African principles, on the other. Ultimately I hope to show in this study that, if there are dichotomies in Women in Love, Lawrence posits them to promote a “balanced” view of life, of the world.

Barkan, Elazar, and Ronald Bush, eds. Prehistories of the Future: The Primitivist Project and the Culture of Modernism. Stanford: Stanford UP, 1995.
---. Introduction. Barkan and Bush 1-31.
Barkan, Elazar. “Victorian Promiscuity: Greek Ethics and Primitive Exemplars.” Barkan and Bush 56-92.
Barron, Janet. “Equality Puzzle: Lawrence and feminism.” Brown 12-22.
Blanchard, Lydia. “Love and Power: A Reconsideration of Sexual Politics in D.H. Lawrence.” Modern Fiction Studies 21 (1975): 431-43.
Bell, Michael. Primitivism. London: Methuen, 1972.
Bersoni, Leo. “Lawrentian Stillness.” D. H. Lawrence’s Women in Love. Ed. Harold Bloom. New York: Chelsea House, 1988. 179-94.
Brown, Keith, ed. Rethinking Lawrence. Bristol: Open UP, 1990.
Burden, Robert. “The Carnivalizing Novel: Bakhtinian Readings of Women in Love, The Lost Girl, and Mr. Noon.” Radicalizing Lawrence: Critical Interventions in the Reading and Reception of D. H. Lawrence’s Narrative Fiction. Atlanta: Rodopi, 2000. 149-203.
Clifford, James. “Histories of the Tribal and the Modern.” The Predicament of Culture: Twentieth-Century Ethnography, Literature, and Art. Cambridge, MA: Harvard UP, 1988. 189-214.
Day, Gary, and Libby Di Niro, eds. The Rainbow and Women in Love. Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004.
Dix, Carol. D. H. Lawrence and Women. London: Macmillan, 1980.
Flam, Jack. Introduction. Flam and Deutch 1-22.
---, and Miriam Deutch, eds. Primitivism and Twentieth-Century Art: A Documentary History. Berkeley: U of California P, 2003.
Fleishman, Avrom. “Lawrence and Bakhtin: Where Pluralism Ends and Dialogism Begins.” Brown 109-19.
Foster, Hal. “The ‘Primitive’ Unconscious of Modern Art, or White Skin Black Masks.” Recordings: Art, Spectacle, Cultural Politics. Washington: Bay, 1985. 180-208.
Freud, Sigmund. “Le Bon’s Description of the Group Mind.” Group Psychology and the Analysis of the Ego. Trans. James Strachey. New York: Norton, 1975. 3-18.
“Hysteria in Nineteenth-Century Literature - Introduction.” Nineteenth-Century Literary Criticism. Ed. Gerald R. Barterian and Denise Evans. Vol. 64. Gale Cengage, 1998. eNotes.com. 2006. 16 Apr. 2011.
Ingersoll, Earl. “Staging the Gaze in D. H. Lawrence’s Women in Love.” Studies in the Novel 26.3 (1994): 268-80.
Kessler, Jascha. “D. H. Lawrence’s Primitivism.” Texas Studies in Literature and Language 5:4 (1964):467-88.
Knapp, James F. “The Discourse of knowledge: Historical change in Women in Love.” Day and Di Niro 153-71.
Lawrence, D. H. The Letters of D. H. Lawrence. Vol. 2: June 1913-October 1916. Ed. George J. Zytaruk and James T. Boulton. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge UP, 1981.
---. The Letters of D. H. Lawrence. Vol. 3: October 1916-June 1921. Ed. James T. Boulton and Andrew Robertson. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge UP, 1984.
---. “The Novel.” Phoenix II: Uncollected, Unpublished, and Other Prose Works. Ed. Warren Roberts and Harry T. Moore. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1978. 416-26.
---. Studies in Classic American Literature. Ed. Ezra Greenspan, Lindeth Vasey, and John Worthen. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2003.
---. Women in Love. 1920. Ed. David Farmer, Lindeth Vasey, and John Worthen. London: Penguin, 1995.
Leavis, F. R. “Women in Love.” D. H. Lawrence: Novelist. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1973. 174-236.
Lemke, Sieglinde. “Primitivist Modernism.” Flam and Deutch 409-13.
Liou, Liang-ya. “The Politics of Sexual Liberation: D. H. Lawrence’s The Rainbow and Women in Love.” Day and Di Niro 172-208.
Lodge, David. “Lawrence, Dostoevsky, Bakhtin: Lawrence and Dialogic Fiction.” Brown 92-108.
Millet, Kate. “D. H. Lawrence.” Sexual Politics. New York: Touchstone, 1990. 237-93.
Morris, Inez R. “African Sculpture Symbols in Women in Love.” College Language Association. 28.3 (1985): 263-80.
Neilson, Brett. “D. H. Lawrence’s ‘Dark Page’: Narrative Primitivism in Women in Love and The Plumed Serpent.” Twentieth Century Literature 43.3 (1997): 310-20.
Nixon, Cornelia. Lawrence’s Leadership Politics and the Turn against Women. Berkeley: U of California P, 1986.
Nye, Robert. “Savage Crowds, Modernism, and Modern Politics.” Barkan and Bush 42-55.
Oates, Joyce Carol. “Lawrence’s Gotterdammerung: The Apocalyptic Vision of Women in Love.” Critical Essays on D. H. Lawrence. Ed. Dennis Jackson and Fleda Brown Jackson. Boston: G. K. Hall, 1988. 92-110.
Perloff, Marjorie. “Tolerance and Taboo: Modernist Primitivisms and Postmodernist Pieties.” Barkan and Bush 339-354.
Scherr, Arthur. “The ‘Iceman’ Cometh: Diderot, Herder, and D. H. Lawrence View the African Ideal.” Midwest Quarterly 40.3 (1999): 316-33.
Scherr, Barry J. “‘A Matter of Life and Death’: Lawrence, Homosexuality, and ‘Poetic Immortality.’” D. H. Lawrence Today: Literature, Culture, Politics. New York: Peter Lang, 2004. 171-318.
Schneider, Daniel J. “The Laws of Action and Reaction in Women in Love.” D. H. Lawrence, the Artist as Psychologist. Lawrence, KS: U of Kansas P, 1984. 171-92.
Simpson, Hillary. D. H. Lawrence and Feminism. DeKalb: Northern Illinois UP, 1982.
Stewart, Jack. “‘Primitivism’ in Women in Love.” The Vital Art of D. H. Lawrence: Vision and Expression. Carbondale: Southern Illinois UP, 1999. 94-116.
Sweeney, Carole. From Fetish to Subject: Race, Modernism, and Primitivism, 1919-1935. Westport: Praeger, 2004.
Torgovnick, Marianna. “Encoding the Taboo in Women in Love.” The Visual Arts, Pictorialism, and the Novel: James, Lawrence, and Woolf. Princeton: Princeton UP, 1985. 192-213.
---. Gone Primitive: Savage Intellects, Modern Lives. Chicago: U of Chicago P, 1990. 159-74.
Tylor, Edward Bernett. “The Science of Culture.” Primitive Culture: Researches into the Development of Mythology, Philosophy, Religion, Language, Art, and Custom. Vol. 1. 1871. Whitefish, MT: Kessinger, 2007. 1-44. 2 vols.