簡易檢索 / 詳目顯示

研究生: 徐偉玲
Wei-ling Hsu
論文名稱: 暴食症患者的生病經驗與因應方式之敘說研究
The experiences of illness and coping methods from bulimics
指導教授: 林家興
Lin, Chia-Hsin
學位類別: 碩士
Master
系所名稱: 教育學系
Department of Education
論文出版年: 2004
畢業學年度: 92
語文別: 中文
論文頁數: 124
中文關鍵詞: 暴食症生病經驗因應方式
英文關鍵詞: bulimia nervosa, the experiences of illness, coping methods
論文種類: 學術論文
相關次數: 點閱:560下載:60
分享至:
查詢本校圖書館目錄 查詢臺灣博碩士論文知識加值系統 勘誤回報
  • 本研究的目的是探討暴食症患者面對暴食症狀時所經歷的生命經驗,與所發展出的因應方式。本研究參與者包括四名暴食症患者。研究方法則採用敘說研究取向與「類別-內容」分析方法來分析所有訪談轉譯稿。研究結果發現:
    一、暴食症的促發因素:患者對自我形象不滿
    二、暴食症患者的人際關係疏離
    三、暴食症患者與憂鬱症及衝動性行為有共病關係
    四、長期暴食對患者的自信心有負面影響
    五、暴食症患者有控制權的議題
    六、採自助方式因應暴食並不足以解決問題,而需向外求援
    七、自我覺察與支持系統為復原的關鍵
    最後,根據研究結果提出本研究的限制,以及未來研究的建議。

    The purposes of the research were to explore the experiences of illness and coping methods from bulimics. The participants of this study were four bulimics. Narrative and Categorical- Content analytic methods were used for this research. Results of the study are as the following:
    1.The development of bulimic symptoms was predicted by self dissatisfaction.
    2.Bulimics perceive themselves as having isolated interpersonal relationships.
    3.Bulimic behaviors and attitudes are associated with depression and impulsive behaviors.
    4.Bulimic symptoms over a long period of time will lower bulimics’ self-esteem.
    5.There was control issue in bulimics’ life.
    6.It was not sufficient to solve bulimic problem only through one’s own efforts, additional supports from others were necessary.
    7.The keys to recovery from bulimia nervosa were self-awareness and social supports.
    The restrictions of current study and suggestions for future studies were also discussed.

    中文摘要 英文摘要 第一章 緒論 第一節 研究動機………………………………………………1 第二節 研究目的………………………………………………4 第三節 研究問題………………………………………………4 第四節 名詞釋義………………………………………………4 第二章 文獻探討 第一節 暴食症患者及其生病經驗……………………………7 第二節 心理疾病的因應與復原………………………………19 第三節 敘說研究理論基礎與分析方法………………………23 第三章 研究方法 第一節 研究參與者……………………………………………31 第二節 研究工具………………………………………………35 第三節 研究歷程………………………………………………38 第四節 研究之信度、效度檢核………………………………45 第五節 研究倫理………………………………………………49 第四章 結果 第一節 受訪者之背景與暴食促發因素………………………51 第二節 暴食症患者的生病經驗………………………………62 第三節 暴食症患者的因應方式………………………………75 第四節 暴食症的影響循環……………………………………85 第五章 討論與建議 第一節 研究結果的討論………………………………………87 第二節 研究者的省思…………………………………………93 第三節 研究限制與建議………………………………………97 參考文獻 中文部分…………………………………………………………101 英文部分…………………………………………………………104 表目次 表2-1 暴食症與共病症狀之研究………………………………17 表3-1 正式研究訪談大綱………………………………………36 表3-2 前導性研究初步訪談大綱………………………………38 表3-3 資料編號之說明範例……………………………………42 表3-4 受訪者文本主題編碼範例………………………………43 表3-5 受訪者文本完整編碼範例………………………………44 表4-1 受訪者的個人資料簡介…………………………………52 圖目次 圖2-1 暴食循環圖………………………………………………16 圖2-2 敘說研究五種層級經驗的再呈現………………………26 圖4-1 暴食症影響循環圖………………………………………85 附錄 附錄一 研究邀請函……………………………………………113 附錄二 訪談同意書……………………………………………114 附錄三 受訪者檢核與回饋函…………………………………115 附錄四 轉錄保密同意書………………………………………116 附錄五 研究者省思札記………………………………………117 附錄六 受訪者的重要轉錄句…………………………………118

    一、中文部分
    TVBS新聞網 (民91):大專女生患暴食症,自卑跳樓身亡。
    http://www.tvbs.com.tw/news/news_list.asp?
    no=jean20021106210339。
    TVBS新聞網 (民92):女老師憂鬱暴食,辭職當清潔工。
    http://www.tvbs.com.tw/news/news_list.asp?
    no=alisa20030220115154。
    白秀玲 (民87):認知行為心理治療在暴食症上之應用研究。台北市立師
    院學院學報,29期,317-325頁。
    王勇智、鄧明宇譯 (民92):敘說分析。台北:五南。Riessman, C. K.
    (1993). Narrative analysis. (Qualitative Research Methods
    Series, Vol. 30). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
    王麗瓊 (民90) :國中生身體意向之相關因素分析研究。國立台灣師範大
    學衛生教育研究所碩士論文。
    朱森楠 (民88):從復原力觀點談國中中輟復學生的復原因素 ─ 以一個
    個案為例。國立台灣師範大學教育心理與輔導研究所碩士論文。
    吳芝儀 (民92):敘說研究的方法論探討。載於齊力、林本炫(主編):質
    性研究方法與資料分析 (143-170頁)。嘉義:南華大學教育社會學研
    究所。
    吳芝儀、李奉儒譯 (民84):質的評鑑與研究。台北:桂冠。Patton, M.
    Q. (1990).Qualitative evaluation and research methods (2nd
    ed.). CA: Sage.
    李啟澤、李孟智 (民86):青少年的飲食障礙:神經性暴食。健康世界,
    137期,75-79頁。
    余漢儀 (民90):社會研究的倫理。載於嚴祥鸞 (主編) :危險與祕密:
    研究倫理 (1-30頁)。台北:三民。
    李靜慧 (民87):父母飲食行為、飲食教養行為與國小中高年級學童異常
    飲食行為之關係研究。國立台灣師範大學家政教育研究所碩士論文。
    周志建 (民91):敘事治療的理解與實踐-以一個諮商個案為例之敘說研
    究。國立台灣師範大學教育心理與輔導研究所碩士論文。
    林美珠 (民89):敘事研究:從生命故事出發。輔導季刊,36卷,4期,
    27-34頁。
    林宜親 (民87) :青少年體型意識與節制飲食行為之研究。國立台灣師範
    大學家政教育研究所碩士論文。
    林維芬 (民82):進食異常的身心因素之分析與輔導。諮商與輔導,90
    期,13-17頁。
    依索譯 (民88):飲食之謎:厭食症與暴食症的瞭解與治療。台北:中
    天。Peggy, C. (1997). The secret language of eating
    disorders. New York: Vintage.
    胡幼慧 (民85):質性研究。台北:巨流。
    翁開誠 (民86):同理心開展的再出發:成人之美的藝術。輔仁學誌—文
    學院之部,26 期,261-274頁。
    許育光 (民89):敘事研究的初步探討—從故事性思考和互為主體的觀點
    出發。輔導季刊,36 卷,4 期,17-26頁。
    許雅惠 (民91):諮商學習者人際經驗與諮商學習困境之分析研究。國立
    高雄師範大學輔導研究所碩士論文。
    許維素 (民87):輔導教師專業角色發展歷程之研究。國立台灣師範大學
    教育心理與輔導研究所博士論文。
    曾美智、李明濱 (民85):厭食症與暴食症。當代醫學月刊,18卷,1期,
    74-80頁。
    曾美智、李明濱、李宇宙 (民78):我國飲食疾患的臨床研究。中華精神
    醫學,3卷,1期,17-27頁。
    曾美智、柯慧貞、李明濱 (民90):中文版飲食障礙問卷之信度與效度之
    研究。台灣醫學,5卷,4期,379-388頁。
    張慧英譯 (民86):拯救奧菲莉亞。台北:平安。Pipher, M.
    (1994).Reviving Ophelia: Saving the selves of adolescent
    girls. New York: Pingš.
    陳玉欣 (民88) :國中生飲食行為及相關因子之流行病學研究。國立台灣
    大學公共衛生學院流行病學研究所碩士論文。
    陳冠宇、林亮吟、陳喬琪、胡維恆 (民88):飲食疾患的治療-台北市立
    療養院飲食疾患治療團隊三年來的經驗。台北市立療養院民國八十八
    年年報,127-136頁。
    陳冠宇、林亮吟、陳喬琪、胡維恆 (民89):某高中職學生的暴食症盛行
    率。台灣精神醫學,14卷,4期,279-289頁。
    陳信英 (民91):青少年單親經驗中的悲傷與傷原:生命故事敘說之研
    究。國立花蓮師範學院國民教育研究所碩士論文。
    黃光國 (民84):知識與行動:中華文化傳統的社會心理詮釋。台北:心
    理。
    黃政昌 (民91):強迫症門診患者的臨床特徵與聯合治療模式效果之分析
    研究。國立台灣師範大學教育心理與輔導研究所博士論文。
    馮朝霖譯 (民90):質性方法中的參照推論分析:傳記研究之案例分析。
    載於馮朝霖、簡楚瑛(主編):質性研究:理論與實作對話 (25-48
    頁),應用心理研究,12期,23-173頁。
    葉啟斌、江漢光、魯思翁 (民86):飲食疾患—神經性厭食症與神經性暴
    食症。國防醫學,24卷,5期,408-411頁。
    甄曉蘭 (民85):從典範轉移的再思論質的研究崛起的意義。嘉義師院學
    報,1期,119-146頁。
    楊聰財譯(民92):當代精神醫學的診斷與治療。台北:合記。Baxter,
    L. R., & Friedel, R. O. (2003).Current psychiatric diagnosis
    and treatment. New York: CM.
    潘湘如、杜明勳 (民91):飲食障礙之早期偵測。基層醫學,17卷,8期,
    179-184頁。
    賴靖薇 (民91) :國中生身體意向之相關因素分析研究。國立陽明大學社
    區護理研究所碩士論文。
    謝佳容、蔡素玲、陳冠宇、熊秉荃 (民92):台北市某二所大學護理系女
    學生暴食症之探討。慈濟醫學,15卷,5期,327-335頁。
    二、英文部分
    Abraham, S., & Llewellyn-Jones, D. (1997). Eating disorders:
    The facts (4th ed.). New York: Oxford University.
    Agar, M., & Hobbs, J. R. (1982). Interpreting discourse:
    Coherence and the analysis of ethnographic interviews.
    Discourse Processes, 5, 1-32.
    Allen, F. C. L., Scannell, E. D., & Turner, H. R. (1998). Guilt
    and hostility as coexisting characteristics of bulimia
    nervosa. Australian Psychologist, 33(2), 143-147.
    American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and
    statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.).Washington,
    D. C.: American Psychiatric Association.
    Anthony, E. J., & Cohler, B. J. (1987). The invulnerable child.
    New York: The Guildford.
    Auslander, B. A., & Dunham, R. M. (1996). Bulimia and the
    diffusion status of ego identity formation: Similarities of
    the empirical descriptors of self and parent. Journal of
    Adolescence, 19, 333-338.
    Arendt, H. (1958). The human condition. Chicago: University of
    Chicago Press.
    Bailey, C. A. (1991). Family structure and eating disorders:
    The family environment scale and bulimic-like symptoms.
    Youth and Society, 23, 251-272.
    Barlow, D. H. (1991). Disorders of emtion. Psychological
    Inquiry, 2, 58-71.
    Bennett, N. A., Spoth, R. L., & Borgen, F. H. (1991). Bulimic
    symptoms in high school famales: Prevalence and relationship
    with multiple measures of psychological health. Journal of
    Community Psychology, 19(1), 13-28.
    Brooks, A., LeCouteur, A., & Hepworth, J. (1998). Accounts of
    experiences of bulimia: A discourse analytic study.
    International Journal of Eating Disorders, 24(2), 193-205.
    Bruch, H. (1973). Eating disorders: Obesity, anorexia nervosa,
    and the person within. New York: Basic Books.
    Bruner, J. (1986). Experience and its expression. In V. Turner,
    & E. Bruner (Eds.), The Anthropology of experience (pp. 3-
    30). Urbana & Chicago: University of Illinois Press.
    Bruner, J. (1987). Life as narrative. Social Research, 34(1),
    11-32.
    Bruner, J. (1990). Acts of meaning. Campridge, MA: Harvard
    University Press.
    Burns, T., & Crisp, A. (1990). Outcome of anorexia nervosa in
    males. In A. Andersen (Ed.), Males with eating disorders
    (pp. 163-186). New York: Brunner / Mazel.
    Chester, J. (1987). Seeking magical solutions: Exploring
    addictions. Journal of Medical Hypnoanalysis, 2(1), 343-349.
    Clifford, J. (1986). The predicament of culture: Twentieth-
    century ethnography, literature, and art. Campridge, MA:
    Harvard University Press.
    Cochran, L. (1990). Narrative as a paradigm for career
    research. In R. A. Young, & W. A. Borgen (Eds.),
    Methodological Approaches to the Study of Career(pp. 57-59).
    New York: Praeger.
    Connelly, F. M., & Clandinin, D. J. (1990). Stories of
    experience and narrative inquiry. Educational Researcher,
    19, 2-14.
    Craig-Bray, L., Adams, G. R., & Dobson, W. R. (1988). Identity
    formation and social relations during late adolescence.
    Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 17, 173-186.
    DeAngelis, T. (2002a). Binge-eating disorder: What’s the best
    treatment? Monitor on Psychology, 33(3), 30-32.
    DeAngelis, T. (2002b). Promising treatments for anorexia and
    bulimia. Monitor on Psychology, 33(3), 38-41.
    Denzin, N. K. (1989). The Research Act: A theoretical to
    Sociologgical Method. New Jersey: Prentice Hall.
    D’imperio, R. L. (1996). Factors related to resilience for
    adolescents facing chroic aderversity in an urban setting.
    Michigen.: UMI.
    Fairburn, C. G., & Cooper, P. J. (1984). The clinical features
    of bulimia nervosa. British Journal of Psychiatry, 144, 238-
    246.
    Fava, M., Copeland, P. M., Schweiger, U., & Herzog, D. B.
    (1989). Neurochemical abnormalities of anorexia and bulimia
    nervosa. American Journal of Psychiatry, 146, 963-971.
    Eliot, A. O., & Baker, C. W. (2001). Eating disordered
    adoloscent males. Adolescence, 36, 535-543.
    Foreyt, J. P., & McGavin, J. K. (1988). Stress management and
    the eating disorders. In M. L. Russell, & Houston Behavior
    Therapy Association (Eds.), Stress management for chronic
    disease(pp. 219-236). New York: Pergamon.
    Freeman, A., Pretzer, J., Fleming, B., & Simon, K. M. (1990).
    Cinical applications of cognitive therapy. New York: Plenum.
    Friedman, M. A., Wilfley, D. E., Robinson Welch, R., & Kunce,
    J. T. (1997). Self-directed hostility and family functioning
    in normal-weight bulimics and overweight binge eaters.
    Addictive Behaviors, 22(3), 367-375.
    Garfinkel, P. E., Lin, E., & Goering, P. (1995). Bulimia
    nervosa in a Canadian community sample: Prevalence and
    comparison of subgroups. American Journal of Psychiatry,
    152, 1052-1058.
    Graber, J. A., & Brooks-Gunn, J. (2001). Co-occurring eating
    and depressive problems: An 8-year study of adolescent
    girls. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 30(1), 37-
    47.
    Grissett, N. I., & Norvell, N. K. (1992). Perceived social
    support, social skills, and quality of relationships in
    bulimic women. Journal of Consulting Clinical Psychology,
    60, 293-299.
    Halmi, K. A., Falk, J. R., & Schwartz, E. (1981). Binge-eating
    and vomiting: A survey of a college population.
    Psychological Medicine, 11, 697-706.
    Hewitt, P. L., & Flett, G. L. (1991). Dimensions of
    perfectionism in unipolar depression. Journal of Abnormal
    Psychology, 100, 98-101.
    Higgins, G. D. (1994). Resilient adult: Overcoming a cruel
    past. San Francisco: Jossey Bass.
    James, J. W. (1988). The grief recovery handbook. New York:
    Harper Perennial.
    Joseph, J. M. (1994). The resilient child: Preparing today’s
    youth for tomorrow’s world. New York: Plenum.
    Joiner, T. E., Jr., Vohs, K. D., & Heatherton, T. F. (1999).
    Three studies on the factorial distinctiveness of binge
    eating and bulimic symptoms among nonclinical men and women.
    International Journal of Eating Disorders, 27(2), 198-205.
    Jones, D. M. (1985). Bulimia: A false self identity. Clinical
    Social Work Journal, 13(4), 305-316.
    Lazarus, R. S., & Folkman, S. (1984). Stress, appraisal, and
    coping. New York: Springer.
    Le Grange, D. (1999). Family therapy for adolescent anorexia
    nervosa. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 55(6), 727-739.
    Lee, N. F., Rush, A. J., & Mitchell, J. E. (1985). Bulimia and
    depression. Journal of Affective Disorders, 9, 231-238.
    Lenihan, G., & Kirk, W. G. (1990). Using student
    paraprofessionals in the treatment of eating disorders.
    Journal of Counseling and Development, 68(3), 332-335.
    Leon, K., Grazyna, K., Marian, R. Y., & Ona, G. B. (1987). A
    developmental interpretation of young children’s
    noncompliance. Developmental Psychology, 23(6), 799-806.
    Leppin, A., & Schwarzer, R. (1988). Social support and physical
    health: An updated meta-analysis. In L. R. Schmidt, P.
    Schwenkmezger, J. Weinman, & S. Maes (Eds.), Theoretical and
    applied aspects of health psychology (pp. 185-202). Chur,
    Switzerland: Harwood.
    Lieblich, A., Tuval-Mashiach, R., & Zilber, T. (1998).
    Narrative research: Reading, analysis, and interpretation.
    Tousand Oaks, CA:Sage.
    Lincoln, Y. S., & Guba, E. G. (1985). Naturalistic inquiry.
    Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
    Lledó, E. P., & Waller, G. (2000). Bulimic psychopathology and
    impulsive behaviors among nonclinical women. International
    Journal of Eating Disorders, 29(1), 71-75.
    Luthar, S. S. (1991). Vulnerability and resilience: A study of
    high-risk adolescents. Child Development, 62, 600-616.
    MacBrayer, E. K., Smith, G. T., McCarthy, D. M., Demos, S., &
    Simmons, J. (2001). The role of family of origin food-
    related experiences in bulimic symptomatology. International
    Journal of Eating Disorders, 30(2), 149-160.
    Maes, S., Leventhal, H., & DE Ridder, D. T. D. (1996). Coping
    with chronic diseases. In Z. Moshe, & N. S. Endler (Eds.),
    Handbook of coping(pp. 221-251). New York: John Wiley & Sons.
    Manning, P. K., & Cullum-Swan, B. (1994). Narrative, content,
    and scientific analysis. In N. K. Denzin & Y. S. Lincoln
    (Eds.), Handbook of qualitative research(pp. 463-477).
    Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
    Masten, A. S., Best, K. M., & Garmezy, N. (1990). Resilience
    and development: Contributions from the study of children
    who overcome adversity. Development and Psychopathology, 2,
    425-444.
    McFall, M. E., & Wollersheim, J. P. (1979). Obsessive-
    compulsive neurosis: A cognitive-behavioral formulation and
    approach to treatment. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 4,
    333-338.
    Mishler, E. G. (1990). Validation in inquiry-guided research:
    The role of example in Narrative Studies. Harvard
    Educational Review, 1(2), 101-108.
    Monteath, S. A., & McCabe, M. P. (1997). The influence of
    societal factors on female body image. Journal of Social
    Psychology, 137(6), 708-727.
    Murray, M. (2000). Levels of narrative analysis in health
    psychology. Journal of Health Psychology, 5, 337-347.
    Oliver, K. L. (1998). A journey into narrative analysis: A
    methodology for discovering meaning. Journal of Teaching in
    Physical Education, 17, 244-259.
    Orlofsky, J. L., Marcia, J. E., & Lesser, I. M. (1973). Ego
    identity status and the intimacy versus isolation crisis of
    young adulthood. Journal of Personality and Social
    Psychology, 27, 211-219.
    Perry, J. C. (1988). A prospective study of life stress,
    defenses, psychotic symptoms, and depression in borderline
    and antisocial personality disorders and bipolar type Ⅱ
    affective disorder. Journal of Personality Disorders, 2, 49-
    59.
    Perterson, G. R. (1991). Depression and aggression infamily
    interaction. Hilisdale, N. J.: Erlbaum.
    Pierce, G. R., Sarason, I. G., & Sarason, B. R. (1996). Coping
    with chronic diseases. In Z. Moshe, & N. S. Endler (Eds.),
    Handbook of coping(pp. 434-451). New York: John Wiley & Sons.
    Polkinghorne, D. E. (1988). Narrative knowing and the human
    sciences. New York: State university.
    Polkinghorne, D. E. (1995). Narrative and the self-concept.
    Journal of Narrative and Life History, 1, 135-153.
    Pruitt, J. A., Kappius, R. E., & Gorman, P. W. (1992). Bulimia
    and fear of intimacy. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 48,
    472-476.
    Rachman, S. F. (1978). Fear and courage. San Francisco: W. H.
    Freeman.
    Riessman, C. K. (1990). Strategic uses of narrative in the
    presentation of self and illness. Social Science and
    Medicine, 30(11), 1195-1200.
    Riessman, C. K. (1993). Narrative analysis (Qualitative
    Research Methods Series, Vol. 30). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
    Santrock, J. W. (2001). Adolescence(8th ed.). New York: McGraw-
    Hill.
    Schupak-Neuberg, E., & Nemeroff, C. J. (1993). Disturbances in
    identity and self-regulation in bulimia nervosa:
    Implications for a metaphorical perspective of “Body as
    Self”. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 13(4),
    335-347.
    Schwartz, R. C. (1995).Internal family systems therapy. New
    York: Guilford.
    Shisslak, C. M., Mckeon, R. T., & Crago, M. (1990). Family
    dysfunction in normal weight bulimic and bulimic anorexic
    families. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 46(2), 185-189.
    Sights, J. R., & Richards, H. C. (1984). Parents of bulimic
    women. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 3(4), 3-13.
    Simons, J. A., Kalichman, S. C., & Santrock, J. W. (1994).
    Human adjustment. Madison, Wis: Brown & Benchmark.
    Strauman, T. J., & Higgins, E. T. (1988). Self-discrepancies as
    predictors of vulnerability to distinct syndromes of chronic
    emotional distress. Journal of Personality, 56, 663-668.
    Strober, M., & Humhrey, L. L. (1987). Familial contributions to
    the etiology of anorexia nervosa and bulimia. Journal of
    Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 55(5), 654-659.
    Summerfeldt, L. J., & Endler, N. S. (1996). Coping with emtion
    and psychopathology. In Z. Moshe, & N. S. Endler (Eds.),
    Handbook of coping(pp. 602-639). New York: John Wiley & Sons.
    Tiller, J., Schmidt, U., Ali, S., & Treasure, J. (1995).
    Patterns of punitiveness in women with eating disorders.
    International Journal of Eating Disorders, 17(4), 365-371.
    Vohs., K. D., Voelz, Z. R., Pettit, J. W., Bardone, A. M.,
    Katz, J., Abramson, L. Y., Heatherton, T. F., & Joiner, T.
    E. (2001). Perfectionism, body dissatisfaction, and self-
    esteem: An interactive model of bulimic symptom development.
    Journal of social and clinical psychology, 20(4), 476-497.
    Wade, T. D., Bulik, C. M., & Kendler, K. S. (2001).
    Investigation of quality of the parental relationship as a
    risk factor for subclinical bulimia nervosa. International
    Journal of Eating Disorders, 30(4), 389-400.
    Weinreich, P., Doherty, J., & Harris, R. (1985). Empirical
    assessment of identity in anorexia and bulimia. Journal of
    Psychiatric Research, 19, 297-302.
    Weiss, L., Katzman, M., & Wolchik, S. (1994). Bulimia nervosa:
    Definition, diagnostic criteria, and associated
    psychological problems. In L. Alexander-Mott & D. B. Lumsden
    (Eds.), Understanding eating disorders: anorexia nervosa,
    bulimia nervosa, and obesity (pp. 161-180). Washington, D.
    C.: Taylor & Francis.
    Werner, E. E., & Smith, R. S. (1992). Overcoming the odds: High-
    risk children from birth to adulthood. Ithaca, New York:
    Cornell University Press.
    Wolin, S., & Wolin, S. (1993). The resilient self: How
    survivors of troubled families rise above adversity. New
    York: Villard Books.
    Woodman, M., & Dickson, E. (1996). Dancing in the flames: The
    dark goddess and the new mythology. St Leonards, NSW: Allen
    & Unwin.
    Zahn-Waxler. C., & Robinson, J. (1995). Empathy and guilt:
    Early origins of feelings of responsibility. In J. Tangney &
    K. Fisher (Eds.), Self-conscious emotions (pp.143-173). New
    York: Guilford Press.

    QR CODE