背景：脈波傳導速度 (pulse wave velocity, PWV) 為心血管疾病指標。脫氫表雄固酮 (dehydroepiandrosterone, DHEA) 受促腎上腺皮質素刺激及細胞色素P450催化而生成，在循環系統形成硫酸脫氫表雄固酮 (DHEA-sulfate, DHEA-S) 存於體內，且與PWV呈負相關。人參能誘發血管舒張及增加ACTH分泌、丹參能擴張冠狀動脈及促進細胞色素P450酶表現，可能可以改善PWV及增加DHEA。目的：探討短期增補雙參對下坡跑運動後PWV及DHEA-S的影響。方法：招募20名健康且無規律運動習慣之男性受試者，依隨機分配與雙盲原則，連續增補7天雙參 (人參和丹參萃取物各250毫克) 或安慰劑，增補完24小時內進行75 %最大攝氧峰值 (75%VO2peak) 強度之30分鐘下坡跑 (-10˚) 運動，並於控制實驗、下坡跑運動前30分鐘、後90分鐘、24和48小時檢測PWV、血清DHEA-S、肌酸激酶、皮質醇濃度、主動關節活動度及肌肉痠痛指數。結果：兩組平均CK值於下坡跑運動後24及48小時皆顯著高於運動前 (p＜.05)，而主動關節活動度及肌肉痠痛指數於運動後各時間點皆顯著高於運動前 (p＜.05)；雙參組之PWV於運動後24與48小時顯著低於安慰劑組 (p＜.05)，但兩組平均DHEA-S值僅於運動後90分鐘至24小時顯著上升；皮質醇皆無差異 (p＞.05)。結論：雙參增補雖不能促進DHEA-S濃度增加，但能抵抗單次下坡跑運動所引發脈波傳導速度的上升。

Background: pulse wave velocity (PWV) is an indicator of cardiovascular disease. Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) release is activated by adrenocorticotropic hormone and it is regulated by cytochrome P450. Most of DHEAs are sulfated as DHEA-S circulating in the body, and it is negatively correlated with PWV. Panax ginseng has been studied eliciting ACTH secretion, and Danshen can enhance the performance of the cytochrome P450 enzymes, which might contribute to the increase of DHEA. Purpose: to investigate effects of panax ginseng and salvia miltiorrhiza supplementation prior to an acute bout of downhill running exercise on PWV and DHEA-S secretion. Methods: twenty apparent healthy males were recruited to participate in this study. Participants were randomly assigned into panax ginseng and salvia miltiorrhiza supplementation (S, n=10) and placebo supplementation groups (P, n=10). Peak oxygen uptake was determined prior to experiment followed by a thirty minutes of downhill running at -10˚of slope that could elicit 75% of individual VO2peak. PWV, serum DHEA-S, creatine kinese, cortisol, visual analog scale (VAS), and active range of motion (AROM) were measured at control, 30 minutes pre-exercise, 24 and 48 hours post-exercise. Results: compared with baseline, CK of S and P group were significantly higher at 24 and 48 hours after exercise. AROM and VAS at 90 minutes, 24 and 48 hours post-exercise were significantly higher than pre-exercise; PWV of S group was significantly lower on 24 and 48 hours post-exercise as compared to P group (p＜.05), but DHEA-S of two groups at 24 hour post exercise was significantly higher than 90 minutes post-exercise, whereas there was no difference in cortisol response (p> .05). Conclusion: panax ginseng and salvia miltiorrhiza supplementation can prevent the increase of PWV induced from downhill running exercise, yet it is not associated with DHEA-S.

吳家慶、謝伸裕 (2008)。動態恢復強度對損傷肌肉之功能及跑步經濟性的影響。體育學報，41(4)，1-14。
陳慕聰、何建德 (2007)。Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)在運動與健康中所扮演的角色。大專體育，88，199-204。
黃治堯 (2005)。非侵入式動脈硬化量測分析系統。中原大學醫學工程研究所，未出版碩士論文。
Aizawa, K., Akimoto, T., Inoue, H., Kimura, F., Joo, M., Murai, F., & Mesaki, N. (2003). Resting serum dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate level increases after 8-week resistance training among young females. European Journal of Applied Physiology 90(5-6), 575-580.
Arvat, E., Di Vito, L., Lanfranco, F., Maccario, M., Baffoni, C., Rossetto, R., ...Ghigo, E. (2000). Stimulatory effect of adrenocorticotropin on cortisol, aldosterone, and dehydroepiandrosterone secretion in normal humans: dose-response study. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 85(9), 3141-3146.
Barnes, J. N., Trombold, J. R., Dhindsa, M., Lin, H. F., & Tanaka, H. (2010). Arterial stiffening following eccentric exercise-induced muscle damage. Journal of Applied Physiology, 109(4), 1102-1108.
Barrett-Connor, E., Khaw, K. T., & Yen, S. S. (1986). A prospective study of dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, mortality, and cardiovascular disease. New England Journal of Medicine, 315(24), 1519-1524.
Bauer, M. E., Jeckel, C. M.M., & Luz, C. (2009). The role of stress factors during aging of the immune system. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1153(1), 139-152.
Berkman, L. F., Seeman, T. E., Albert, M., Blazer, D., Kahn, R., Mohs, R., ...Rowe, J. (1993). High, usual and impaired functioning in community-dwelling older men and women: findings from the MacArthur Foundation Research Network on Successful Aging. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 46 (10), 1129-1140.
Blacher, J., Asmar, R., Djane, S., London, G. M., & Safar, M. E. (1999). Aortic pulse wave velocity as a marker of cardiovascular risk in hypertensive patients. Hypertension, 33(5), 1111-1117.
Blacher, J., & Safar, M. E. (2005). Large-artery stiffness, hypertension and cardiovascular risk in older patients. Nature Clinical Practice Cardiovascular Medicine, 2(9), 450-455.
Borg, G. A. (1982). Psychophysical bases of perceived exertion. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 14(5), 377-381
Braun, W. A., & Dutto, D. J. (2003). The effect of a single bout of downhill running and ensuing delayed onset of muscle soreness on running economy performed 48h later. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 90(1-2), 29-34.
Brignardello, E., Runzo, C., Aragno, M., Catalano, M. G., Cassader, M., Perin, P. C., & Boccuzzi, G. (2007). Dehydroepiandrosterone administration counteracts oxidative imbalance and advanced glycation end product formation in type 2 diabetic patients. Diabetes Care, 30(11), 2922-2927.
Buford, T. W., & Willoughby, D. S. (2008). Impact of DHEA (S) and cortisol on immune function in aging: a brief review. Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism, 33(3), 429-433.
Butcher, S. K., Killampalli, V., Lascelles, D., Wang, K., Alpar, E. K., & Lord, J. M. (2005). Raised cortisol: DHEAS ratios in the elderly after injury: potential impact upon neutrophil function and immunity. Aging Cell, 4(6), 319-324.
Cadore, E., Lhullier, F., Brentano, M., Silva, E., Ambrosini, M., Spinelli, R., ...Kruel, L. (2008). Correlations between serum and salivary hormonal concentrations in response to resistance exercise. Journal of Sports Sciences, 26(10), 1067-1072.
Cappola, A. R., Xue, Q. L., Walston, J. D., Leng, S. X., Ferrucci, L., Guralnik, J., & Fried, L. P. (2006). DHEAS levels and mortality in disabled older women: the Women's Health and Aging Study I. The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences, 61(9), 957-962.
Caron, M. F., Hotsko, A. L., Robertson, S., Mandybur, L., Kluger, J., & White, C. M. (2002). Electrocardiographic and hemodynamic effects of Panax ginseng. The Annals of Pharmacotherapy, 36(5), 758-763.
Chambers, J. C., McGregor, A., Jean-Marie, J., & Kooner, J. S. (1998). Acute hyperhomocysteinaemia and endothelial dysfunction. The Lancet, 351(9095), 36-37
Chen, H. L., & Chen, C. C. (2004). Effects of a single bout of intensive eccentric contractions at varying repetitions on muscle damage. Annual Journal of Physical Education and Sports Science, (4), 103-117.
Chen, Y. H., Lin, S. J., Ku, H. H., Shiao, M. S., Lin, F. Y., Chen, J. W., & Chen, Y. L. (2001). Salvianolic acid B attenuates VCAM-1 and ICAM-1 expression in TNF-α-treated human aortic endothelial cells. Journal of Cellular Biochemistry, 82 (3), 512-521.
Cheng, T.O. (2006). Danshen: a versatile Chinese herbal drug for the treatment of coronary heart disease. International Journal of Cardiology, 113(3), 437-438,.
Cheng, T.O. (2007). Cardiovascular effects of Danshen. International Journal of Cardiology 121(1), 9-22
Ci̇van, A., Keçeci̇, T., & Çakmakçi̇, E. (2010). The effects of ginseng and exercise applications in sedentary individuals in women athletes on lipid hydroperoxide and nitric oxide. Ovidius University Annals, series Physical Education and Sport/Science, Movement and Health Series, 10(2), 774-777.
Clarkson, P. M., Nosaka, K., & Braun, B. (1992). Muscle function after exercise-induced muscle damage and rapid adaptation. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 24(5), 512.
Copeland, J. L., Consitt, L. A., & Tremblay, M. S. (2002). Hormonal Responses to Endurance and Resistance Exercise in Females Aged 19–69 Years. Journal of Gerontology: Biological Sciences, 57(4), B158-B165.
Delles, C., Zimmerli, L. U., McGrane, D. J., Koh-Tan, C. H., Pathi, V. L., McKay, A. J., ... & Dominiczak, A. F. (2008). Vascular stiffness is related to superoxide generation in the vessel wall. Journal of Hypertension, 26(5), 946-955.。
Eberling, P., & Koivisto, V. A. (1994). Physiological importance of dehydroepiandrosterone. The Lancet, 343(8911), 1479-1481.
Enea, C., Boisseau, N., Fargeas-Gluck, M. A., Diaz, V., & Dugué, B. (2011). Circulating Androgens in Women. Sports Medicine, 41(1), 1-15.
Fan, H. Y., Fu, F. H., Yang, M. Y., Xu, H., Zhang, A. H., & Liu, K. (2010). Antiplatelet and antithrombotic activities of salvianolic acid A. Thrombosis Research, 126(1), e17-e22.
Feldman, H. A., Johannes, C. B., Araujo, A. B., Mohr, B. A., Longcope, C., & McKinlay, J. B. (2001). Low dehydroepiandrosterone and ischemic heart disease in middle-aged men: prospective results from the Massachusetts Male Aging Study. American Journal of Epidemiology, 153(1), 79-89.
Fukui, M., Kitagawa, Y., Nakamura, N., Kadono, M., Yoshida, M., Hirata, C., ...Yoshikawa, T. (2005). Serum dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate concentration and carotid atherosclerosis in men with type 2 diabetes. Atherosclerosis, 181(2), 339-344.
Fukui, M., Ose, H., Kitagawa, Y., Yamazaki, M., Hasegawa, G., Yoshikawa, T., & Nakamura, N. (2007). Relationship between low serum endogenous androgen concentrations and arterial stiffness in men with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Metabolism, 56(9), 1167-1173.
Hakkinen, K., Pakarinen, A., Kraemer, W. J., Newton, R. U., & Alen, M. (2000). Basal concentrations and acute responses of serum hormones and strength development during heavy resistance training in middle-aged and elderly men and women. The Journals of Gerontology. Series A, Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences 55(2), B95-B105.
Han, K. H., Choe, S. C., Kim, H. S., Sohn, D. W., Nam, K. Y., Oh, B. H., ...Lee, Y. W. (1998). Effect of red ginseng on blood pressure in patients with essential hypertension and white coat hypertension. The American Journal of Chinese Medicine, 26(02), 199-209.
Han, J. Y., Fan, J. Y., Horie, Y., Miura, S., Cui, D. H., Ishii, H., ...Kimura, I. (2008). Ameliorating effects of compounds derived from Salvia miltiorrhiza root extract on microcirculatory disturbance and target organ injury by ischemia and reperfusion. Pharmacology Therapeutics, 117(2), 280-295.
Han, J.Y., Horie, Y., Fan, J.Y., Sun, K., Guo, J., Miura, S., & Hibi, T. (2008). Potential of 3,4-dihydroxyphenyl lactic acid for ameliorating ischemia-reperfusion-induced microvascular disturbance in rat mesentery. American Journal of Physiology: Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 296(1), G36-44.
Hayashi, K., Sugawara, J., Komine, H., Maeda, S., & Yokoi, T. (2005). Effects of aerobic exercise training on the stiffness of central and peripheral arteries in middle-aged sedentary men. The Japanese journal of physiology, 55(4), 235-239.
Heaney, J. L., Carroll, D., & Phillips, A. C. (2011). DHEA, DHEA-S and cortisol responses to acute exercise in older adults in relation to exercise training status and sex. Age, 1-11.
Heaney, J. L., Phillips, A. C., & Carroll, D. (2012). Ageing, physical function, and the diurnal rhythms of cortisol and dehydroepiandrosterone. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 37(3), 341-349.
Hiai, S., Yokoyama, H., Oura, H., & Yano, S. (1979). Stimulation of pituitary-adrenocortical system by ginseng saponin. . Endocrinologia Japonica, 26(6), 661-665.
Howard, J. M. (2006). Ginseng enhances the effectiveness of DHEA. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 174(8),11-34.
Huang, Y. J., Chen, M. T., Fang, C. L., Lee, W. C., Yang, S. C., & Kuo, C. H. (2006). A possible link between exercise-training adaptation and dehydroepiandros- terone sulfate- an oldest-old female study. International Journal of Medical Sciences 3(4), 141-147.
Hwa, J. B., Seong, K. C., Hoe-Suk, K. I. M., Jin-Bong, P. A. R. K., Yeul, N. K., & Jong, C. S. (2000). Effect of Korean red ginseng on blood pressure and nitric oxide production. Acta Pharmacologica Sinica, 21(12), 1095-1100.
Igwebuike, A., Irving, B. A., Bigelow, M. L., Short, K. R., McConnell, J. P., & Nair, K. S. (2008). Lack of dehydroepiandrosterone effect on a combined endurance and resistance exercise program in postmenopausal women. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 93(2), 534-538.
Jeon, B. H., Kim, C. S., Park, K. S., Lee, J. W., Park, J. B., Kim, K. J., ...Nam, K. Y. (2000). Effect of Korea red ginseng on the blood pressure in conscious hypertensive rats. General Pharmacology: the Vascular System, 35(3), 135-141.
Ji, X. Y., Tan, B. K., & Zhu, Y. Z. (2000). Salvia miltiorrhiza and ischemic diseases. Acta Pharmacologica Sinica, 21(12), 1089-1094.
Jin, U. H., Suh, S. J., Chang, H. W., Son, J. K., Lee, S. H., Son, K. H., ...Kim, C. H. (2008). Tanshinone IIA from Salvia miltiorrhiza BUNGE inhibits human aortic smooth muscle cell migration and MMP-9 activity through AKT signaling pathway. Journal of Cellular Biochemistry, 104(1), 15-26.
Jinping, Q., Peiling, H., Yawei, L., & Abliz, Z. (2003). Effects of the aqueous extract from Salvia miltiorrhiza Bge on the pharmacokinetics of diazepam and on liver microsomal cytochrome P450 enzyme activity in rats. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 55(8), 1163-1167.
Jovanovski, E., Jenkins, A., Dias, A. G., Peeva, V., Sievenpiper, J., Arnason, J. T., ...Vuksan, V. (2010). Effects of Korean red ginseng (Panax ginseng CA Mayer) and its isolated ginsenosides and polysaccharides on arterial stiffness in healthy individuals. American Journal of Hypertension, 23(5), 469-472.
Labrie, F., Luu-The, V., Belanger, A., Lin, S. X., Simard, J., Pelletier, G., & Labrie, C. (2005). Is dehydroepiandrosterone a hormone? Journal of Endocrinology, 187(2), 169-196.
Lam, F.F., Yeung, J.H., Kwan, Y.W., Chan, K.M., & Or, P.M. (2006). Salvianolic acid B, an aqueous component of danshen (Salvia miltiorrhiza), relaxes rat coronary artery by inhibition of calcium channels. European Journal of Pharmacology 553(1-3), 240-245.
Laurent, S., Boutouyrie, P., Asmar, R., Gautier, I., Laloux, B., Guize, L., ...Benetos, A. (2001). Aortic stiffness is an independent predictor of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in hypertensive patients. Hypertension, 37(5), 1236-1241.
Lee, D. C., & Lau, A. S. (2011). Effects of Panax ginseng on tumor necrosis factor-alpha-mediated inflammation: a mini-review. Molecules, 16(4), 2802-2816.
Lemos, M. M., Jancikic, A. D., Sanches, F. M., Christofalo, D. M., Ajzen, S. A., & Miname, M. H. (2007). Pulse wave velocity a useful tool for cardiovascular surveillance in pre-dialysis patients. Nephrology, dialysis, transplantation : official publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association, 22(12), 3527-3532.
Liao, Y. H., Liao, K. F., Kao, C. L., Chen, C. Y., Huang, C. Y., Chang, W. H., ...Kuo, C. H. (2013). Effect of dehydroepiandrosterone administration on recovery from mix-type exercise training-induced muscle damage. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 113(1), 99-107.
Longcope, C. (1995). Metabolism of Dehydroepiandrosterone. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 774(1), 143-148.
Lu, J. M., Yao, Q., & Chen, C. (2009). Ginseng Compounds: An Update on Their Molecular Mechanisms and Medical Applications. Current Vascular Pharmacology, 7(3), 293-302.
McEniery, C. M. (2006). Novel therapeutic strategies for reducing arterial stiffness. British Journal of Pharmacology, 148(7), 881-883.
Nawata, H., Yanase, T., Goto, K., Okabe, T., & Ashida , K. (2002). Mechanism of action of anti-aging DHEA-S and the replacement of DHEA-S. Mechanisms of Ageing and Development, 123(8), 1101–1106.
Nocerino, E., Amato, M., & Izzo, A. A. (2000). The aphrodisiac and adaptogenic properties of ginseng. Fitoterapia, 71(1), 1-5.
Phillips, A. C., Carroll, D., Gale, C. R., Lord, J. M., Arlt, W., & Batty, G. D. (2010). Cortisol, DHEA sulphate, their ratio, and all-cause and cause-specific mortality in the Vietnam Experience Study. European Journal of Endocrinology, 163(2), 285-292.
Qiu, F., Zhang, R., Sun, J., Jiye, A., Hao, H., Peng, Y., ...Wang, G. (2008). Inhibitory effects of seven components of danshen extract on catalytic activity of cytochrome P450 enzyme in human liver microsomes. Drug Metabolism and Disposition, 36(7), 1308-1314.
Otsuki, T., Maeda, S., Iemitsu, M., Saito, Y., Tanimura, Y., Ajisaka, R., & Miyauchi, T. (2007). Vascular endothelium-derived factors and arterial stiffness in strength-and endurance-trained men. American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology, 292(2), H786-H791.
Otsuki, T., Maeda, S., Iemitsu, M., Saito, Y., Tanimura, Y., Ajisaka, R., & Miyauchi, T. (2007). Relationship between arterial stiffness and athletic training programs in young adult men. American journal of hypertension, 20(9), 967-973.
Ravaglia, G., Forti, P., Maioli, F., Boschi, F., Bernardi, M., Pratelli, L., ...Gasbarrini, G. (1996). The relationship of dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS) to endocrine-metabolic parameters and functional status in the oldest-old. Results from an Italian study on healthy free-living over-ninety-year-olds. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 81(3), 1173-1178.
Riechman, S. E., Fabian, T. J., Kroboth, P. D., & Ferrell, R. E. (2004). Steroid sulfatase gene variation and DHEA responsiveness to resistance exercise in MERET. Physiological Genomics 17(3), 300-306.
Safar, M. (2006). Arterial stiffness: a simplified overview in vascular medicine. Advances in Cardiology, 44, 1-18.
Sato, K., Iemitsu, M., Aizawa, K., Mesaki, N., Ajisaka, R., & Fujita, S. (2012). DHEA administration and exercise training improves insulin resistance in obese rats. Nutrition and Metabolism 9(1), 47-53.
Saxton, J. M., Donnelly, A. E., & Roper, H. P. (1994). Indices of free-radical-mediated damage following maximun voluntary eccentric and concentric muscular work. European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology, 68(3), 189-193.
Schwane, J. A., Johnson, S. R., Vandenkker, C. B., & Armstorng, R. B. (1983). Delayed-onset muscular soreness and plasma CPK and LDH activities after dowmhill running. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 15(1), 51-56.
Sung, J., Han, K.H., Zo J.H., Park, H.J., Kim, C.H., & Oh, B.H. (2000). Effects of red ginseng upon vascular endothelial function in patients with essential hypertension. The American Journal of Chinese Medicine, 28(2),205-216
Suzuki, T., Yano, Y., Sakamoto, M., Uemura, M., Yasuma, T., Onishi, Y., ...Takei, Y. (2012). Correlation of circulating dehydroepiandrosterone with activated protein C generation and carotid intima‐media thickness in male patients with Type 2 diabetes. Diabetic Medicine, 29(7), e41-e46.
Tachikawa, E., Kudo, K., Harada, K., Kashimoto, T., Miyate, Y., Kakizaki, A., & Takahashi, E. (1999). Effects of ginseng saponins on responses induced by various receptor stimuli. European Journal of Pharmacology, 369(1), 23-32.
Takahashia, K., Ouyanga, X., Komatsub, K., Nakamurab, N., Hattorib, M., Babac, A., & Azuma, J. (2002). Sodium tanshinoneIIA sulfonate derived from Danshen (Salviamiltiorrhiza attenuates hypertrophy induced by angiotensinII in cultured neonatal rat cardiac cells. Biochemical Pharmacology, 64(4), 745-750.
Tang, C., Wu, A.H., Xue, H.L., & Wang, Y.J. (2007) Tanshinone IIA inhibits endothelin-1 production in TNF-alpha-induced brain microvascular endothelial cells through suppression of endothelin-converting enzyme-1 synthesis. Acta Pharmacologica Sinica, 28(8), 1116-1122.
Tang, C., Xue, H. L., Bai, C. L., & Fu, R. (2011). Regulation of adhesion molecules expression in TNF‐α‐stimulated brain microvascular endothelial cells by tanshinone IIA: involvement of NF‐κB and ROS generation. Phytotherapy Research, 25(3), 376-380.
Taniwaki, H., Kawagishi, T., Emoto, M., Shoji, T., Kanda, H., Maekawa, K., ...Morii, H. (1999). Correlation between the intima-media thickness of the carotid artery and aortic pulse-wave velocity in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 22(11), 1851-1857.
Thomasson, R., Baillot, A., Jollin, L., Lecoq, A. M., Amiot, V., Lasne, F., & Collomp, K. (2010). Correlation between plasma and saliva adrenocortical hormones in response to submaximal exercise. The Journal of Physiological Sciences, 60(6), 435-439.
Totsuka, M., Nakaji, S., Suzuki, K., Sugawara, K., & sato, K. (2002). Break point of serum creatine kinase release after endurance exercise. Journal of Applied Physiology, 93(4), 1280-1286.
Tremblay, M. S., Copeland, J. L., & Van Helder, W. (2005). Influence of exercise duration on post-exercise steroid hormone responses in trained males. European Journal of Applied Physiology 94(5-6), 505-513.
Tsai, Y. M., Chou, S. W., Lin, Y. C., Hou, C. W., Hung, K. C., Kung, H. W., ...Kuo, C. H. (2006). Effect of resistance exercise on dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate concentrations during a 72-h recovery: relation to glucose tolerance and insulin response. Life Sciences, 79(13), 1281-1286.
Vlachopoulos, C., Dima, I., Aznaouridis, K., Vasiliadou, C., Ioakeimidis, N., Aggeli, C., ... Stefanadis, C. (2005). Acute systemic inflammation increases arterial stiffness and decreases wave reflections in healthy individuals. Circulation, 112(14), 2193-2200.
Wang, H., Gao, X., & Zhang, B. (2005). Tanshinone: an inhibitor of proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 99(1), 93-98.
Wang, F., Liu, Y. Y., Liu, L. Y., Zeng, Q. J., Wang, C. S., Sun, K., ...Han, J. Y. (2009). The attenuation effect of 3, 4-dihydroxy-phenyl lactic acid and salvianolic acid B on venular thrombosis induced in rat mesentery by photochemical reaction. Clinical hemorheology and microcirculation, 42(1), 7-18.
Wu, H. L., Li, Y. H., Lin, Y. H., Wang, R., Li, Y. B., Tie, L., ...Li, X. J. (2009). Salvianolic acid B protects human endothelial cells from oxidative stress damage: a possible protective role of glucose-regulated protein 78 induction. Cardiovascular Research, 81(1), 148-158.
Xing, Y., Parker, C. R., Edwards, M., & Rainey, W. E. (2010). ACTH is a potent regulator of gene expression in human adrenal cells. Journal of Molecular Endocrinology 45(1), 59-68.
Yang, S. C., Chen, C. Y., Liao, Y. H., Lee, W. C., Cho, Y. M., Chen, M. T., ...Kuo, C. H. (2005). Interactive Effect of an Acute Bout of Resistance Exercise and Dehydroepiandrosterone Administration on Glucose Tolerance and Serum Lipids in Middle-Aged Women. Chinese Journal of Physiology, 48(1), 23-29.
Yang, R. X., Huang, S. Y., Yan, F. F., Lu, X. T., Xing, Y. F., Liu, Y., ...Zhao, Y. X. (2010). Danshensu protects vascular endothelia in a rat model of hyperhomocysteinemia. Acta Pharmacologica Sinica 31(10), 1395-1400.
Zhang, Y.C., Lu, B.J., Zhao, M.H., Rong, Y.Z., & Chen, R.M. (2008). Effect of Shengmai injection on vascular endothelial and heart functions in patients with coronary heart disease complicated with diabetes mellitus. Chinese Journal of Integrative Medicine, 14(4), 281-285.
Zhou, L., Zuo, Z., & Chow, M. S. (2005). Danshen: an overview of its chemistry, pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, and clinical use. Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 45(12), 1345-1359.