目的：本研究旨在探討攝取咖啡因 (caffeine) 對大專男子籃球選手Yo‒Yo間歇恢復跑第一級測驗 (Yo‒Yo Intermittent Recovery Test level 1, Yo‒Yo IR1) 與罰球命中率之影響。方法：以12名男子甲組大專籃球聯賽籃球員為受試者，以隨機平衡次序之實驗設計，依序進行兩種不同實驗處理。受試者於運動1小時前分別攝取咖啡因膠囊 (6 mg/kg) 或安慰劑膠囊 (纖維素) 及300 ml的水，增補後1小時進行第1次籃球罰球30球測驗。第1次籃球罰球測驗後接著進行Yo‒Yo IR1測驗，隨後再進行第2次籃球罰球30球測驗。實驗過程的前、中、後，採集血乳酸、心跳率及與運動自覺量表 (rating of perceived exertion, RPE)。結果：相較於安慰劑處理，咖啡因處理可顯著地增加Yo‒Yo IR1測驗的距離 (咖啡因處理 vs. 安慰劑處理，1280 ± 244 m vs. 1157 ± 193 m，t = 2.42，p < .05)、血乳酸濃度 (第一次罰球後，咖啡因處理 vs. 安慰劑處理，1.53 ± 0.59 vs. 1.12 ± 0.33 mmol･L-1，p < .05；Yo‒Yo IR1測驗後，咖啡因處理 vs. 安慰劑處理，7.11 ± 1.81 vs. 5.46 ± 2.02 mmol･L-1，p < .05；第二次罰球後，咖啡因處理 vs. 安慰劑處理，6.83 ± 1.91 vs. 4.47 ± 1.63 mmol･L-1，p < .05)，與心跳率 (咖啡因處理 vs. 安慰劑處理，Yo‒Yo IR1測驗時的平均心率，186 ± 6 bpm vs. 176 ± 7 bpm，p < . 05；第二次罰球時的平均心跳率，139 ± 11 vs. 128 ± 8 bpm，p < .05)。不過，在RPE與罰球命中率的表現上，兩種實驗處理之間則無顯著差異 (p > .05)。結論：攝取咖啡因應能促進籃球運動選手的Yo‒Yo IR1測驗表現，同時也會造成心跳率與血乳酸上升的壓力，但是，並不會影響罰球命中率。

Abstract

Purpose: To investigate the effects of caffeine ingestion on Yo‒Yo intermittent recovery level 1test (Yo‒Yo IR1) and accuracy of free-throw in collegiate basketball players. Methods: Twelve male collegiate basketball players were recruited in this counter-balance designed study, and completed two different treatments. All participants were asked to ingest caffeine (6 mg/kg) or placebo (cellulose, 6 mg/kg) with 300 ml of water 1 hour before first set of free-throw test (30 shootings). After first set of free-throw test, participants performed Yo‒Yo IR1 followed by second set of free-throw test. The blood lactate, heart rates, and ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) were measured before during, after the experiments. Results: Compared with the placebo condition, caffeine ingestion significantly increased the Yo‒Yo IR1 performance (caffeine vs. placebe, 1280 ± 244 m vs. 1157 ± 193 m, t = 2.42, p < .05), blood lactate (1st set of free-throw test: caffeine vs. placebo, 1.53 ± 0.59 vs. 1.12 ± 0.33 mmol·L-1, p < .05; after Yo‒Yo IR1 test: caffeine vs. placebo, 7.11 ± 1.81 vs. 5.46 ± 2.02 mmol·L-1, p < .05; 2nd set of free-throw test, caffeine vs. placebo, 6.83 ± 1.91 vs. 4.47 ± 1.63 mmol·L-1, p < .05),and heart rate (mean heart rate during Yo‒Yo IR1 test: caffeine vs. placebo, 186 ± 6 vs. 176 ± 7 bpm, p < . 05; 2nd set of free-throw test: 139 ± 11 vs. 128 ± 8 bpm, p < .05). However, no significant differences on RPE and free-throw performance were found between treatments (p > .05). Conclusion: Although the heart rate and blood lactate levels might be increased, caffeine ingestion could improve Yo‒Yo IR1 performance with no changes in accuracy of free-throw shooting in collegiate basketball players.

中華民國籃球協會 (2010)。2010國際籃球規則。台北市:中華民國籃球協會技術委員會。

李育銘、李恆儒 (2011)。下肢肌群疲勞對動態姿勢穩定的影響之探討。臺灣體育論壇，(2)，71-79。

李佳倫 (2011)。短期肌酸增補後攝取咖啡因對運動表現與血液生化值的影響 (未出版博士論文)。國立體育大學，桃園市。

李佳倫、鄭景峰 (2011)。攝取咖啡因對心率變異性及反覆高強度衝刺的影響。體育學報，44(3)，351-365。

邱皓政 (2010)。量化研究與統計分析 (五版)。台北市: 五南。

周玄武 (2009)。咖啡因攝取對高中棒球投手投球表現之影響 (未出版碩士論文)。臺灣師範大學，台北市。

張進 (2010)。影響我省大學生男子籃球運動員罰球命中率的主要因素分析。山東省經濟管理幹部學院學報，18(6)，138-139.

賴育仙 (2015)。攝入咖啡因對模擬籃球比賽體能與技術表現之影響 (未出版碩士論文)。國立中興大學，台中市。

Abdelkrim, N. B., Fazaa, S., & Ati, J. (2007). Time–motion analysis and physiological data of elite under-19-year-old basketball players during competition. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 41(2), 69-75.

Abian-Vicen, J., Puente, C., Salinero, J. J., González-Millán, C., Areces, F., Muñoz, G., ... & Del Coso, J. (2014). A caffeinated energy drink improves jump performance in adolescent basketball players. Amino acids, 46(5), 1333-1341.

Abu-Kasim, N. A., & Chen, C. K. (2013). Effects of consumption of a beverage containing caffeine on running time trial performance. Journal of Physical Activity, Sports and Exercise, 1(1) 56-62.

Alaranta, A., Alaranta, H., Holmila, J., Palmu, P., Pietilä, K., & Helenius, I. (2006). Self-reported attitudes of elite athletes towards doping: Differences between type of sport. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 27(10), 842-846.

Anselme, F., Collomp, K., Mercier, B., Ahmaidi, S., & Prefaut, C. (1992). Caffeine increases maximal anaerobic power and blood lactate concentration. European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology, 65(2), 188-191.

Baker, L. (2013). Effects of dietary constituents on cognitive and motor skill performance in sports. Sports Science Exchange, 26, 1-6.

Bangsbo, J., Iaia, F. M., & Krustrup, P. (2008). The Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test. Sports Medicine, 38(1), 37-51.

Bassini, A., Magalhães-Neto, A. M., Sweet, E., Bottino, A., Veiga, C., Tozzi, M. B., ... & Cameron, L. C. (2013). Caffeine decreases systemic urea in elite soccer players during intermittent exercise. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 45(4), 683-690.

Bell, D. G., McIellan, T. M., & Sabiston, C. M. (2002). Effect of ingesting caffeine and ephedrine on 10-km run performance. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 34(2), 344-349.

Borg, G. A. (1962). Physical performance and perceived exertion (pp. 1-62). Lund: Gleerup.

Bottoms, L., Greenhalgh, A., & Gregory, K. (2013). The effect of caffeine ingestion on skill maintenance and fatigue in epee fencers. Journal of Sports Sciences, 31(10), 1091-1099.

Bridge, C. A., & Jones, M. A. (2006). The effect of caffeine ingestion on 8 km run performance in a field setting. Journal of Sports Sciences, 24(4), 433-439.

Castagna, C., Impellizzeri, F. M., Chamari, K., Carlomagno, D., & Rampinini, E. (2006). A erobic fitness and Yo-Yo continuous and intermittent tests performances in soccer players: A correlation study. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 20(2), 320-325.

Crowe, M. J ., Leicht, A. S., & Spinks, W. L. (2006). Physiological and cognitive responses to caffeine during repeated,high-intensity exercise. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 16(5), 528-544.

Collomp, K., Ahmaidi, S., Chatard, J. C., Audran, M., & Prefaut, C. H. (1992). Benefits of caffeine ingestion on sprint performance in trained and untrained swimmers. European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology, 64(4), 377-380.

Davey, P. R., Thorpe, R. D., & Williams, C. (2002). Fatigue decreases skilled tennis performance. Journal of Sports Sciences, 20(4), 311-318.

Dawson, B., Hopkinson, R., Appleby, B., Stewart, G., & Roberts, C. (2004). Player movement patterns and game activities in the Australian Football League. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 7(3), 278-291.

Doherty, M., Smith, P. M., Hughes, M. G., & Davison, R. R. (2004). Caffeine lowers perceptual response and increases power output during high-intensity cycling. Journal of Sports Sciences, 22(7), 637-643.

Doherty, M., & Smith, P. M. (2005). Effects of caffeine ingestion on rating of perceived exertion during and after exercise: A meta‐analysis. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports, 15(2), 69-78.

Engels, H. J., & Haymes, E. M. (1992). Effects of caffeine ingestion on metabolic responses to prolonged walking in sedentary males. International Journal of Sport Nutrition, 2(4), 386-396.
Erickson, M. A., Schwarzkopf, R. J., & McKenzie, R. D. (1987). Effects of caffeine, fructose, and glucose ingestion on muscle glycogen utilization during exercise. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 19(6), 579-583.

Essig, D., Costill, D. L., & Van Handel, P. J. (1980). Effects of caffeine ingestion on utilization of muscle glycogen and lipid during leg ergometer cycling. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 1(2), 86-90.

Foskett, A., Ali, A., & Gant, N. (2009). Caffeine enhances cognitive function and skill performance during simulated soccer activity. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 19(4), 410-423.

Foss, M. L., Keteyian, S. J., & Fox, E. L. (1998). Fox's physiological basis for exercise and sport (pp. 270). Boston, MA: WCB/McGraw-Hill.

Fryer, M. W., & Neering, I. R. (1989). Actions of caffeine on fast-and slow-twitch muscles of the rat. Journal of Physiology, 41(1), 435-454.

Gillingham, R., Keefe, A. A., Keillor, J., & Tikuisis, P. (2003). Effect of caffeine on target detection and rifle marksmanship. Ergonomics, 46(15), 1513-1530.

Glaister, M., Patterson, S. D., Foley, P., Pedlar, C. R., Pattison, J. R., & McInnes, G. (2012). Caffeine and sprinting performance: Dose responses and efficacy. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 26(4), 1001-1005.

Glaister, M., Howatson, G., Abraham, C., Lockey, R., Goodwin, J., Foley, P., & Mcinnes, G. (2008). Caffeine supplementation and multiple sprint running performance. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 40(10), 1835-1840.

Graham, T. E. (2001). Caffeine, coffee and ephedrine: Impact on exercise performance and metabolism. Canadian Journal of Applied Physiology, 26(S1), S186-S191.

Graham, T. E., Battram, D. S., Dela, F., El-Sohemy, A., & Thong, F. S. (2008). Does caffeine alter muscle carbohydrate and fat metabolism during exercise? Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism, 33(6), 1311-1318.

Graham, T. E., Hibbert, E., & Sathasivam, P. (1998). Metabolic and exercise endurance effects of coffee and caffeine ingestion. Journal of Applied Physiology, 85(3), 883-889.

Graham, T. E., Helge, J. W., MacLean, D. A., Kiens, B., & Richter, E. A. (2000). Caffeine ingestion does not alter carbohydrate or fat metabolism in human skeletal muscle during exercise. Journal of Physiology, 529(3), 837-847.

Graham, T. E., & Spriet, L. L. (1991). Performance and metabolic responses to a high caffeine dose during prolonged exercise. Journal of Applied Physiology, 71(6), 2292-2298.

Graham, T. E., & Spriet, L. L. (1995). Metabolic, catecholamine, and exercise performance responses to various doses of caffeine. Journal of Applied Physiology, 78(3), 867-874.

Haskell, C. F., Kennedy, D. O., Wesnes, K. A., & Scholey, A. B. (2005). Cognitive and mood improvements of caffeine in habitual consumers and habitual non-consumers of caffeine. Psychopharmacology, 179(4), 813-825.

Hays, D., & Krause, J. V. (1987). Score on the throw. The Basketball Bulletin, Winter, 4-9.

Hewlett, P., & Smith, A. (2006). Correlates of daily caffeine consumption. Appetite, 46(1), 97-99.

Holloszy, J. O. (1982). Muscle metabolism during exercise. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 63(5), 231-234.

Huang, Y. M., Chang, Y. J., Hsu, M. J., Chen, C. L., Fang, C. Y., & Wong, A. M. K. (2009). Errors in force generation and changes in controlling patterns following agonist muscle fatigue. Journal of Applied Biomechanics, 25(4), 3–303.

Irwin, C., Desbrow, B., Ellis, A., O'Keeffe, B., Grant, G., & Leveritt, M. (2011). Caffeine withdrawal and high-intensity endurance cycling performance. Journal of Sports Sciences, 29(5), 509-515.

Jenkins, R. (1977). Win the big ones from the foul line. Scholastic Coach, 47(5), 88-89.

Kalmar, J. M., & Cafarelli, E. (2004). Caffeine: A valuable tool to study central fatigue in humans? Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews, 32 (4), 143-147.

Kozar, B., Vaughn, R. E., Whitfield, K. E., Lord, R. H., & Dye, B. (1994). Importance of free-throws at various stages of basketball games. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 78(6), 243-248.

Lamina, S., & Musa, D. I. (2009). Ergogenic effect of varied doses of coffee-caffeine on maximal aerobic power of young African subjects. African Health Sciences, 9(4), 270-274.

Lee, C. L., Cheng, C. F., Lin, J. C., & Huang, H. W. (2012). Caffeine’s effect on intermittent sprint cycling performance with different rest intervals. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 112(6), 2107-2116.

Liesen, H. (1983). Speed endurance training in soccer sports medicine perspective. Football Training, 1, 27-31.

Magkos, F., & Kavouras, S. A. (2005). Caffeine use in sports, pharmacokinetics in man, and cellular mechanisms of action. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 45(7), 535-562.

McArdle, W. D., Katch, F. L., & Katch , V. L. (2007). Exercise physiology: Energy, nutrition, & human performance (6th ed.). Baltimore, MD: Williams & Wilkins.

McNaughton, L. R., Lovell, R. J., Siegler, J., Midgley, A. W., Moore, L., & Bentley, D. J. (2008). The effects of caffeine ingestion on time trial cycling performance. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Formance, 3(2), 157-163.

Mersky, M. J. (1987). Coaching and teaching the free-throw shooter. The Basketball Clinic, 9(5), 8-11.

Mohr, M., Nielsen, J. J., & Bangsbo, J. (2011). Caffeine intake improves intense intermittent exercise performance and reduces muscle interstitial potassium accumulation. Journal of Applied Physiology, 111(5), 1372-1379.

Palladino, G. (1980). The free-throw: An in-depth analysis. The Basketball Clinic, 12(6), 7-11.

Paluska, S. A. (2003). Caffeine and exercise. Current Sports Medicine Reports, 2(4), 213-219.

Parr, R. B., Hoover, R., Wilmore, J. H., Backman, D., & Kerlan, R. K. (1978). Professional basketball players: Athletic profiles. Physician and Sports Medicine, 6(4), 77-84.

Pasman, W. J., Van Baak, M. A., Jeukendrup, A. E., & De Haan, A. (1995). The effect of different dosages of caffeine on endurance performance time. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 16(4), 225-230.

Paton, C. D., Hopkins, W. G., & Vollebregt, L. I. S. A. (2001). Little effect of caffeine ingestion on repeated sprints in team-sport athletes. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 33(5), 822-825.

Pereira, L. N., Machado, M., Antunes, W. D., Tamy, A. L. M., Barbosa, A. A. L., & Pereira, R. (2012). Caffeine influences performance, muscle pain, muscle damage marker, but not leukocytosis in soccer players. Medicina Sportiva, 16(1), 22-29.

Pim, R. (1986). The effect of personal fouls on winning and losing basketball games. The Coaching Clinic, 24(4), 14-16.

Ryu, S., Choi, S. K., Joung, S. S., Suh, H., Cha, Y. S., Lee, S., & Lim, K. (2001). Caffeine as a lipolytic food component increases endurance performance in rats and athletes. Journal of Nutritional Science and Vitaminology, 47(2), 139-146.

Sahin, B., Galdi, S., Hendrick, J., Greene, R. W., Snyder, G. L., & Bibb, J. A. (2007). Evaluation of neuronal phosphoproteins as effectors of caffeine and mediators of striatal adenosine A2A receptor signaling. Brain Research, 1129(1), 1-14.

Schneiker, K. T., Bishop, D., Dawson, B., & Hackett, L. P. (2006). Effects of caffeine on prolonged intermittent-sprint ability in team-sport athletes. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 38(3), 578-585.

Schuetzle, R. K. (1988). The relationship of free-throw shooting to game outcome. The Basketball Bulletin, Fall, 30.

Schulze, P. (1981). Concentration key to free-throw success. The Basketball Clinic, 13(6),6-8.

Share, B., Sanders, N., & Kemp, J. (2009). Caffeine and performance in clay target shooting. Journal of Sports Sciences, 27(6), 661-666.

Shirlow, M. J., & Mathers, C. D. (1985). A study of caffeine consumption and symptoms: Indigestion, palpitations, tremor, headache and insomnia. International Journal of Epidemiology, 14(2), 239-248.

Spencer, M., Bishop, D., Dawson, B., & Goodman, C. (2005). Physiological and metabolic responses of repeated-sprint activities. Sports Medicine, 35(12), 1025-1044.

Spriet, L. L., MacLean, D. A., Dyck, D. J., Hultman, E., Cederblad, G., & Graham, T. E. (1992). Caffeine ingestion and muscle metabolism during prolonged exercise in humans. American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology And Metabolism, 262(6), E891-E898.

Stephenson, D. G., & Williams, D. T. (1981). Calcium-activated force responses in fast-and slow-twitch skinned muscle fibres of the rat at different temperatures. Journal of Physiology, 317(1), 281-302.

Strecker, E., Foster, E. B., Taylor, K., Bell, L., & Pascoe, D. D. (2007). The effect of caffeine ingestion on tennis skill performance and hydration statu. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 39(5), S100.

Stuart, G. R., Hopkins, W. G., Cook, C., & Cairns, S. P. (2005). Multiple effects of caffeine on simulated high-intensity team-sport performance. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 37(11), 1998-2005.

Tucker, M. A., Hargreaves, J. M., Clarke, J. C., Dale, D. L., & Blackwell, G. J. (2013). The effect of caffeine on maximal oxygen uptake and vertical jump performance in male basketball players. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 27(2), 382-387.

Urso‐Baiarda, F., Shurey, S., & Grobbelaar, A. O. (2007). Effect of caffiene on microsurgical technical performance. Microsurgery, 27(2), 84-87.

Varani, K., Portaluppi, F., Merighi, S., Ongini, E., Belardinelli, L., & Borea, P. A. (1999). Caffeine alters A2A adenosine receptors and their function in human platelets. Circulation, 99(19), 2499-2502.

Wiles, J. D., Bird, S. R., Hopkins, J., & Riley, M. (1992). Effect of caffeinated coffee on running speed, respiratory factors, blood lactate and perceived exertion during 1500-m treadmill running. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 26(2), 116-120.