前言：立定跳遠是最常用以評估受測者爆發力的指標之ㄧ，本研究依據實驗所得到之資料，討論八週練習前後各主要變項之變異情形，分析影響立定跳遠距離之綜合因素。研究目的：一、探討針對本研究之受試者，多少負荷為最佳負重？二、探討兩個月手持重物跳訓練之後，受試者能否提升立定跳遠距離。三、探討本研究之最佳負重與未負重，其立定跳遠動作之運動生物力學參數有何差異。研究方法：受試者是十五名國中田徑隊男生(身高173.1±6.63cm, 體重59.3±7.95kg)，每個人接受未負重立定跳遠，以及五種負重試跳（1kg、2kg、3kg、4kg、5kg）之立定跳遠測驗，選取負重表現最佳的一種，進行為期八週之負重訓練，並於後測時與未負重表現進行比較。本研究利用十部Vicon高紅外線速攝影機（200Hz）同步兩部Kistler測力板（1000Hz）收集受試者之運動生物力學資料，並運用逆向動力學之方式，計算得到下肢各關節之力矩及功率。研究結果：本研究之最佳負重為四公斤，平均約占受試者體重的6.67％；而在前測立定跳遠距離方面，本研究發現負重後顯著提升約8.25 ％；後測之負重與未負重，立定跳遠距離皆顯著提升約17.96 ％。運動生物力學變項方面，前測負重能增加起跳推蹬期，落地距離以及前後方向最大地面反作用力，但會降低空中飛程、起跳重心垂直速度、起跳落地重心高度差與髖關節力矩與功率。八週訓練之後，起跳重心水平速度、空中飛程、落地距離、起跳落地重心高度差、最大下肢關節角速度、前後方向最大地面反作用力、踝關節矢狀面最大力矩、膝關節矢狀面最大力矩、下肢關節矢狀面最大功率等變項，都顯著提升。結論：本研究發現，經八週手持重物跳練習之後，能顯著增加立定跳遠距離，顯示本研究設計之負重跳練習能有效提升立定跳遠之表現。

Purpose ：The purpose of this study was to investigate the biomechanical difference between unloaded and loaded jumps of standing long jump, and to compare the difference between pre-test and post-test of 8-week loading jump training.
Methods：Fifteen Junior High School Male Students participated the study, and they tried 5 different loads to find the optimal load. Vicon motion analysis system(10 cameras, 200Hz) and two Kistler force plates(1000 Hz) were used to collect the 3D kinematics and kinetic data of pre-test and post-test. All data were analysed using mixed design two-way ANOVA and Pearson product-moment correlation to test the selected variables at .05 significant level.
Findings： (1) The optimal load of these students was 4 kg. (2) The loaded jump had greater jump distance (8.25 %) than no load jump in pre-test, and the jump distance was enhanced (17.96 %) in post-test than pre-test. (3) After 8-week training, the CM horizontal takeoff velocity, flight distance, landing distance, CM height between takeoff and landing, peak lower extremity angular velocity, GRFx, peak lower extremity torque, peak lower extremity power were significantly enhanced.
Conclusions：After 8-week training, the participants enhanced the jumping distance, it indicated that training program worked.

中文部分
王令宜、林德嘉、黃長福、黃國詮（2002）。不同年齡之男性立定垂直跳下肢動作在協調與控制上的差異。體育學報，33，75-86。
王令宜（2006）。高低表現蹲踞跳之運動生物力學與肌電圖研究。體育學報，39(4)，63-74。
王令宜（2007）。老年人立定垂直跳中下肢動力學參數之時宜特徵。體育學報，40(3)，39-48。
王冷、李鴻棋（2003）。研究增強式訓練對大專女子籃球選手彈跳能力之影響。大專體育學刊5(1)，231-237。
自由電子報(2008)。逾8成公立高中入學 體適能可加分。2009摘自自由電子報http://www.libertytimes.com.tw/2008/new/mar/22/today-taipei6.htm
吳茂盛（2001） 。釜山亞運橄欖球培訓隊體能訓練效果之探討。台北市立體育學院運動科學研究所，未出版，台北市。
李靜雯（2008）。不同下肢蹬伸動作之動力學比較。體育學報，41(1)，25-36。
李靜雯（2007）。游泳抓台出發、下蹲跳與蹲踞跳之下肢動作型態比較。體育學報，40(3)，49-62。
林裕川 林世澤（2004）。跳躍訓練對女性運動員預防膝關節運動傷害的探討。大專體育，74 ，216-221。
林裕川（2003）。不同型式的跳躍訓練探討對垂直跳爆發力與落地衝擊力之影響。國立體育學院運動科學研究所碩士論文。桃園：國立體育學院。
洪嘉文（2007）。體適能納入考試計分之可能性評估。中華體育季刊，21(1)，39-50。
唐瑞顯、黃長福（2007）。神話或是史蹟？負重立定跳遠之運動生物力學分析。大專體育學刊，9(3)，79-88。
唐瑞顯、黃長福（2007）。最適負重與無負重立定跳遠之下肢關節運動生物力學分析。華人運動生物力學期刊，1(2009)，1-10。
張大昌（2003）。國小學童赤腳著地動作之生物力學分析。國立體育學院運動科學研究所碩士論文。桃園：國立體育學院。
張英智、黃長福、趙國斌（1994）。三個不同高度著地動作的生物力學分析。中華民國體育學會體育學報第十八輯，195-206。
姬榮軍（2002）。動態動作條件下老年人下肢勁度與肌電現象之研究。體育學報，33，87-98。
蔡豐任、劉宇（1998）。增強式訓練定量控制效果之研究。1998年國際大專運動教練科學研討會論文集，223-235。台北市：中華民國大專院校體育總會。
陳重佑（2004）。以獲取運動速度的最大衝量原理探討垂直跳動作的擺臂作用效果。國立臺灣體育學院學報，14/15，1-15。
陳雯惠（2003）。不同高度與姿勢的人體著地動作之生物力學分析。國立體育學院運動科學研究所碩士論文。桃園：國立體育學院。
鄭匡佑、王智宏、陳慧娟、吳金黛、邱宏達（2003）。以電腦模擬探討甩手增進立定跳高表現的機制。成大研發快訊，10(7)。http://research.ncku.edu.tw/re/articles/c/20090918/2.html

英文部分
Adams, K., O’Shea, J. P., O’Shea, K. L., & Climstein, M. (1992). The effect of six weeks of squat, plyometric and squat-plyometric training on power production. Journal of Applied Sport Science Research, 6(1), 36-41.
Ashby,B. M. ＆ Delp, S. L. (2006). Optimal control simulaions reveal mechanism by which arm movement improves standing long jump. Journal of Biomechanics,39,1726-1734.
Ashby,B. M. ＆ Heegaard, J. H. (2002). Role of arm motion in the standing long jump. Journal of Biomechanics,35,1631-1637.
Butcher, M. T., Bertram, E. A.(2004). Jump distance increases while carrying handheld weights: Impulse, history, and jump performance in a simple lab exercise. Journal of Science Education and Technology, 13(2). 285-297.
Cheng, K. B., Wang, C. H., Cheng, H. C., Wu, C. D., ＆ Chiu, H. T. （2008）. The mechanisms that enable arm motion to enhance vertical jump performance – A simulation study. Journal of Biomechanics 41,1847-1854.
Dapena, J.（1999）. A biomechanical explanation of the effect of arm action on the vertical velocity of a standing jump. Abstracts of the XVIIth Congress of the International Society of Biomechanics, Calgary, Canada, pp.10.
Dempster, W. T.（1955）. Space requirement of the seated operator. WADC Technical Report(TR-55-159). Dayton, OH: Wright- Patterson Air Force Base.
Devita, P. and Skelly W.A.（1992）.Effect of landing stiffness on joint kinetics and energetic in the lower extremity. Medicine and Science in Sports andExercise, 24(1), 108-115.
Dufek, S., & Bates, B. T. (1991). Biomechanical factor associated with injury during landing in jump sports. Sports Medicine, 12(5), 326-337.
Feltner, M. E., Frasceti, D. J., Crisp, R. J.（1999）. Upper extremity augmentation of lower extremity kinetics during countermovement vertical jumps. Journal of Sports Science 17, 449-466.
Fry, A. C., & Kraemer, W. J. (1991). Physical performance characteristics of American collegiate football players. The Journal of Applied Sport Science Research, 5, 126-138.
Hara, M., Shibayama, A., Takeshita, D., ＆ Fukashiro, S.（2006）. The effect of arm swing on lower extremities in vertical jumping. Journal of Biomechanics, 39(13). 2503-2511.
Harman, E. A., Rosenstein, M. T., Frykman, P. N., Rosenstein, R. M.（1990）. The effect of arms and countermovement on vertical jumping. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 22, 825-833.
Horita, T., Kitamura, K., ＆ Kohno, N.（1991）. Body configuration and joint moment analysis during standing long jump in 6-yr-old children and adult males. Medicine and Science on Sports and Exercise, 23(9), 1068-1077.
Huang, C. F., Chen, H. Y., ＆ Peng, H. T. (2005). The effect of hand-held weight on standing long jump performance. ISBS22th. Beijing, China.
Kuangyou B. Cheng, Chih-Hung Wang, Hui-Chuan Chen, Chin-Dai Wu, Hung-Ta Chi. The mechanisms that enable arm motion to enhance vertical jump performance—A simulation study. Journal of Biomechanics 41(9), 1847-1854.
Kyle, D. G. (1990). Winning and watching the Greek pentathlon. Journal of Sport History, 17,291-305.
Lee, H. M. (1995). Yet another scoring system for the ancient pentathlon. Nikephoros, 8, 41-55.
Lees A., Vanrenterghem J., ＆ De Clercq D.（2004）. Understanding how an arm swing enhances performance in the vertical jump. Journal of Biomechanics 37(12), 1929-1940.
Lenoir, M; Clercq, D. D.; Laporte, W. (2005). The “how” and “why” of the ancient Greek long jump with weights: A five-fold symmetric jump in a row? J. Sports Sci 2005; 23(10): 1033-1043.
Minetti, A. E., Ardigo, L. P. (2002). Halteres used in ancient Olympic long jump. Nature, November 2002; 420(14): 141-142.
Milner-Brown, H., Stein, R., & Yemm, R., (1975). The orderly recruitment of motor units during voluntary isometric contraction. Journal of Physiology, 230, 359-370.
McKay, H., Tsang, G., Heinonen, A., MacKelvie, K., Sanderson, D., Khan, K. M. (2005). Ground reaction forces associated with an effective elementary school based jumping intervention. Br Journal of Sports Med 2005;39:10–14.
Bobbert, M. F., Graaf, W. W., Jan N. J., and Richard Casius L. J.(2006). Explanation of the bilateral deficit in human vertical squat jumping. J Appl Physiol 100: 493–499.
Sale, D.G. (1988). Neural adaptation to resistance training. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 20, 135-145.
Tang, R. H., Huang, C.F.（2008）. Biomechanics of standing long jump with handheld weight. Abstracts of the XXVI International Conference on Biomechanics in Sports. Seoul, Korea. pp.665.
Vander, A. J., Sherman, J. H. ＆ Luciano, D. S. (1994). Human physiology: The mechanism of body function. Yew York : McGraw-Hill, Inc.
Van Ingen Schenau G. J., Boots P.J., De Groot G., Snackers R.J., and Van Woensel W.W.（1992）. The constrained control of force and position in multi-joint movements. Neuroscience 46: 197– 207.
Viitasalo, J. T., & Bosco, C. (1982). Electromechanical behavior of human muscles in vertical jumps. European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology, 48(2), 253-261.
Winter, D. A.（2004）. Biomechanics and motor control of human movement(3rd ed.).New York: John Wiley ＆ Sons.