國立臺灣師範大學博碩士論文全文系統

簡易檢索 / 詳目顯示

回結果列表

研究生：	王富美 Leslie Fu-mei Wang
論文名稱：	台閩語類別詞研究 Classifiers in Taiwan Min
指導教授：	李櫻 Li, Ing
學位類別：	碩士 Master
系所名稱：	英語學系 Department of English
論文出版年：	2001
畢業學年度：	89
語文別：	英文
論文頁數：	119
中文關鍵詞：	類別詞、語法化、語用、認知分類
英文關鍵詞：	classifiers, grammaticalization, pragmatics, cognitive categorization
論文種類：	學術論文
相關次數：	點閱：320 下載：50
分享至:	分享至facebook 分享至twitter

查詢本校圖書館目錄查詢臺灣博碩士論文知識加值系統勘誤回報

上一筆

摘要
類別詞 (classifiers) 的選用經常能反應出人們對事物的認知及分類，因此長久以來一直是認知語言學家所熱衷的話題。本研究特別從分類 (classification)、語用 (pragmatics)，以及語法化 (grammaticalization) 的角度來探討台閩語類別詞的使用。
本研究指出在台閩語的個體類詞 (individual classifiers)裡，類別/功能 (type/function) 與形狀 (shape) 是反映個體類詞選用與分類的主要參數 (primary parameters)，其次要參數 (secondary parameters) 為尺寸 (size) 與密度 (consistency)。而這兩個參數間的運作，可用以解釋中國境內方言量詞系統間的微妙差異。
本文的第二部份討論多元化分類 (variable categorization)，即同一名詞為不同類詞修飾之現象。不同類詞的選用常可用以表達一個名詞所具有的多種概念，如一架飛機 ‘an airplane’ 和一班飛機 ‘a flight’ 。此外，說話者亦可藉由選擇不尋常或非人 (non-human) 之類詞，如 ki (支), khoo (箍), sian (身), cang (叢), bue (尾) 等來表達其對某人之負面看法與態度。
第三部份所討論的是 cit e (一個) 的語法化 (grammaticalization) 現象。本研究發現 cit e 除了為名量詞 (nominal classifier) 之外，亦可為動量詞 (verbal classifier)、小量化的標誌 (a trivializer)、短時/嘗試貌之標誌 (a delimitative/tentative aspect marker)、表示時間 (a temporal connective) 與結果的連接詞 (a resultative connective)，甚至是語尾助詞 (a particle of excessiveness)。此部份將深入討論促成cit e 不同演變的語用動因，特別是隱喻延伸 (metaphorical extension) 及換喻 (metonymy) 對cit e的發展與影響。

ABSTRACT
This study, different from those previous studies on Taiwanese classifiers, approaches the numeral classifiers from various perspectives. It deals not only with the classification of classifiers but concerns the atypical uses of classifiers in discourse. Special attention is paid to the special uses of the default classifier e with cit.
The first part of this thesis investigates the categorization of the numeral classifiers in Taiwan Min. Specifically, it re-examines the cognitive categories claimed by Tai (1992, 1994) and Li (1998) to be the underlying criteria for classification of nouns, namely, animacy, shape, consistency, size, and part of object. It is proposed that the major cognitive principles for classification should be type/function and shape and that the variations among classifier systems across Chinese dialects can best be accounted for by different settings of parameters, such as size, consistency, orientation, etc.
The second part of this work mainly deals with variable categorization, the possibility for one noun to be characterized by various classifiers. It explores atypical uses of non-human classifiers with humans in particular. It is demonstrated that such classifiers as khoo (箍), sian (身), cang (叢), etc., when used non-canonically in discourse, serve the expressive/pragmatic function, revealing the speaker’s attitude toward the person in question.
The last part of this research explores the various functions that cit e possesses. Cit e is observed to act as a nominal classifier, a verbal classifier, a delimitative/tentative aspect marker, a temporal connective, a resultative connective, or even a particle of excessiveness. With these different uses, the study demonstrates a case of polygrammaticalization in which the polysemous features exhibited by cit e can be accounted for naturally and elegantly. It shows that the prime pragmatic processes at work in the development of cit e are metaphorical extension in terms of domain shift and metonymy, especially the type involving conventionalizing of conversational implicatures. It also indicates that the overall paths of development accord with the two universal tendencies of grammaticalization: from the more concrete to the more abstract, and from the more objective to the more subjective.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS…………………………………………………………...i
CHINESE ABSTRACT………………………………………………………………ii
ENGLISH ABSTRACT..……………………………………………………………..iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS……………………………………………………………...v
LIST OF TRANSCRIPTION CONVENTIONS AND ABBREVIATIONS………..viii
LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES……………………………………………….…ix
Chapter One  Introduction    1
1 Motivation and Goals     1
2 Methodology      3
3 Organization of the Thesis       4
Chapter Two  Review of the Literature        6
1 Studies on Mandarin Numeral Classifiers  6
1.1 Chao (1968)    6
1.2 Li and Thompson (1981) 9
1.3 Tai and Wang (1990); Tai and Chao (1994)       10
1.4 Tai (1992, 1994)       12
1.5 Wiebusch (1995)        15
1.6 Ahrens and Huang (1996)        18
2 Studies on Taiwanese Numeral Classifiers 20
2.1 Yang (1991)    20
2.2 Li (1998)      21
3 Conclusion       24
Chapter Three  Classification of Numeral Classifiers 26
1 An Overview      26
1.1 The Semantics of Nouns 26
1.2 The Functions of Numeral Classifiers   27
1.2.1 Quantification and Individuation     27
1.2.2 Classification and Categorization    29
1.2.3 Anaphoric Use of Classifiers 30
1.3 Summary        31
2 Numeral Classifiers in Taiwan Min        31
2.1 A New Classification of Numeral Classifiers    31
2.2 Relationships Among Categories of Classifiers  39
3 Categories of Classification for Individual Classifiers  43
3.1 Basic Parameters of Categorization     43
3.2 Categories of Classification   45
3.2.1 The Type/Function Category   46
3.2.2 The Shape/Dimensionality Category    47
3.3 Advantages of the Proposed Analysis    49
4 Conclusion       52
Chapter Four  Pragmatic Functions of Classifiers     54
1 Variable Categorization  54
2 Pragmatic Functions of Classifiers       56
2.1 Ki (支)        56
2.2 The Use of Non-human Classifiers for Humans    58
2.2.1 Khoo (箍)    59
2.2.2 Sian (身)    61
2.2.3 Cang (叢)    62
2.2.4 Animal Classifiers: Ciah (隻) and Bue (尾)   63
2.3 Summary        64
3 Comparisons with Unconventional Uses of Mandarin Classifiers     66
4 Conclusion       67
Chapter Five  Polygrammaticalization of Cit e        69
1 Previous Research        69
2 Distribution of Cit e in the Database    75
2.1 E as a Nominal Classifier      76
2.2 The Nominal Classifier-to-Aspect Marker Cline  77
2.2.1 Cit e in the V + [cit e + N] Construction    77
2.2.2 Cit e in the V + cit e + N Construction      81
2.2.3 Cit e in the [V + cit e] Construction        85
2.2.4 Interim Summary      89
2.3 Development of Cit e into a Temporal /Causal Connective        90
2.3.1 Cit e in the cit e V Construction    90
2.3.2 Interim Summary      93
2.4 Evolution of Cit e into a Particle of Excessiveness    94
2.4.1 Cit e in the V + cit e + C construction      94
2.4.2 Cit e as a Particle of Excessiveness 99
2.4.3 Interim Summary      101
3 Conclusion       103
Chapter Six Conclusion       109
1 Summary of results       109
2 Implications     110
2.1 Grammar and Discourse  110
2.2 Pedagogical Implications       110
3 Suggestions for future research  112
REFERENCES   115
                                

REFERENCES
Adams, Karen. 1986. Numeral classifiers in Austroasiatic. In C. Craig (ed.), Noun Classes and Categorization, 241-262. Amsterdam: Benjamins.
Ahrens, Kathleen. 1994. Classifier production in normals and aphasics. Journal of Chinese Linguistics 22.2: 202-247.
Ahrens, Kathleen & Chu-Ren Huang. 1996. Classifiers and semantic type coercion: Motivating a new classification of classifiers. Language, Information, and Computation (PACLIC): 1-10.
Aikhenvald, A. Y. 2000. Classifiers: A Typology of Noun Categorization Devices. Oxford University Press.
Allan, Keith. 1977. Classifiers. Language 53.2: 285-310.
Atlas, Jay D. and Stephen C. Levison. 1981. It-clefts, informativeness, and logical form. In P. Cole (ed.), Radical Pragmatics, 1-61. New York: Academic Press.
Biq, Yung-O. 2000. Classifier and construction: The interaction of grammatical categories and cognitive strategies. In IsCLL VII Proceedings.
Bisang, Walter. 1993. Classifiers, quantifiers, and class Nouns in Hmong. Studies in Language 17.1: 1-15.
Chang-Smith, Meiyun. 2000. Empirical evidence for prototypes in linguistic categorization revealed in Mandarin numeral classifiers. Journal of the Chinese Language Teachers Association 35.2: 19-52.
Chao, Yuen-ren. 1968. A Grammar of Spoken Chinese. Berkeley: University of California Press.
陳修 [Chen, Xiu] (編) [(ed)]. 1991. 台灣話大詞典. 台北: 遠流出版社.
Cheng, Robert L. 1989. Mandarin Function Words and Their Taiwanese Equivalents. Taipei: Crane.
鄭良偉等 [Cheng, Robert L. et al.] (編) [(eds)]. 2000. 大學台語文選 [A Taiwanese Reader: A Collection of Writings for College Students]. 台北: 遠流出版社.
Claudi, Ulrike & Bernd Heine. 1986. On the metaphorical base of grammar. Studies in Language 10: 297-335.
Craig, Colette. 1991. Ways to go in Rama: A case study in polygrammaticalization. In C. Traugott & B. Heine (eds.), Approaches to Grammaticalization vol. 2, 455-492. Amsterdam: Benjamin.
Denny, Peter. 1986. The semantic role of noun classifiers. In C. Craig (ed.), Noun Classes and Categorization, 297-308. Amsterdam: Benjamins.
Downing, Pamela. 1996. Numeral classifier systems: The case of Japanese. Amsterdam: Benjamins.
Erbaugh, Mary S. 1986. Taking stock: The development of Chinese noun classifiers historically and in young children. In C. Craig (ed.), Noun Classes and Categorization, 399-436. Amsterdam: Benjamins.
Erbaugh, Mary S. 2000. Classifiers are for specification: Complementary functions for sortal and general classifiers in Cantonese and Mandarin. Paper presented at the 33rd International Conference on Sino-Tibetan Languages and Linguistics, Bankok.
Givon, Talmy. 1990. Syntax: A Functional-Typological Introduction, vol. 2. Amsterdam: Benjamins.
Heine, Bernd, Ulrike Claudi & Friederike Hunnemeyer. 1991. Grammaticalization: A Conceptual Framework. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Hopper, Paul J. & Elizabeth C. Traugott. 1993. Grammaticalization. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
胡鑫麟 [Hu, Xinlin]. 1994. 分類台語小字典. 台北: 自立晚報文化出版部.
黃居仁等 [Huang, Churen et al.]. (編) [(eds.)]. 1997. 國語日報量詞字典 [Mandarin Chinese Classifier and Noun-Classifier Collocation Dictionary]. 台北: 國語日報出版社.
Hundius, Harald & Ulrike Kolver. 1983. Syntax and semantics of numeral classifiers in Thai. Studies in Language 7.2: 165-214.
Kuo, Jenny. 1998. A semantic and contrastive analysis of Mandarin and English measure words. Proceedings of 1998 National Conference on English/American Literature and Linguistics, 79-100. Taipei: The Crane Book Co.
Lakoff, George. 1986. Classifiers as a reflection of mind. In C. Craig (ed.), Noun Classes and Categorization, 399-436. Amsterdam: Benjamins.
Levinson, Stephen C. 1983. Pragmatics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Levison, Stephen C. 1987. Minimization and conversation inference. In M. Papi & J Verschueren (eds.), The Pragmatic Perspective, 61-129. Amsterdam: Benjamins.
李豔惠 & 石毓智 [Li, Audrey Y. & Yuzhi Shi]. 2000. 漢語量詞系統的建立與複數標記“們”的發展. 當代語言學 2.1:27-36.
Li, Charles & Sandra Thompson. 1981. Mandarin Chinese: A Functional Reference Grammar. Los Angeles, CA: University of California Press.
李訥 & 石毓智 [Li, Charles N. & Yuzhi Shi]. 1998. 句子中心動詞及其賓語之後謂詞性成份的變遷與量詞語法化的動因. 語言研究 1998.1: 40-54.
Li, Ing Cherry. 2000. Pragmatic inferencing, sequence truncation, and the grammaticalization of Taiwanese 到. Manuscript. National Taiwan Normal University.
Li, Ing Cherry. 2001. Minimization, Conversational Inference, and Grammaticalization in Taiwanese Southern Min. 國科會語言學門<一般語言學>研究成果發表會.
李美齡 [Li, Meiling]. 1998. 閩南語量詞系統研究. 碩士論文. 國立中正大學.
李煒 [Li, Wei]. 1992. “V個N”結構. 語法研究和探索VI: 158-165. 中國語文雜誌編. 北京: 語文出版社.
Li, Wendan. 2000a. Numeral classifiers as a grounding mechanism in Mandarin Chinese. Journal of Chinese Linguistics 28.2: 337-368.
Li, Wendan. 2000b. The pragmatic function of numeral classifiers in Mandarin Chinese. Journal of Pragmatics 32: 1113-1133.
連金發 [Lien, Chinfa]. 1998. 台灣閩南語詞綴“仔”的研究. 第二屆台灣語言國際研討會. 新竹: 新竹師院.
劉小梅. [Liu, Xiaomei] 1997. 華語動詞組的實質指涉與量詞及所有格的語法關係. 第五屆世界華語文教學研討會論文集語文分析組: 29-41. 台北: 世界華文教育協進會.
劉月華等 [Liu, Yuehua et al.]. 1983/1996. 實用現代漢語語法. 台北:師大書苑.
Loke, Kit-ken. 1994. Is ge merely a ‘general classifier’? Journal of the Chinese Language Teachers Association 29.3:35-50.
Loke, Kit-ken. 1997. The grammaticalization and regrammaticalization of Chinese numeral classifier morphemes. Journal of Chinese Linguistics 25.1: 1-20.
呂叔湘 [Lu, Shuxiang]. 1990. “個”字的應用範圍, 附論單位詞前“一”字的脫落. 呂叔湘文集 VII: 漢語語法論文集: 145-175.
Lyons, John. 1977. Semantics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Myers, James & Jane Tsay. 2000. The Acquisition of the Default Classifier in Taiwanese. IsCLL VII Proceedings, 87-106.
Polio, Charlene. 1994. Non-native speakers’ use of nominal classifiers in Mandarin Chinese. Journal of the Chinese Language Teachers Association 28.3: 51-66.
卲敬敏 [Shao, Jinming]. 1993. 量詞的語義分析及其與名詞的雙向選擇.
中國語文 1993.3: 181-188.
Shi, Yuzhi. 1996. Proportion of extensional dimensions: The primary cognitive basis for shape-based classifiers in Chinese. Journal of the Chinese Language Teachers Association 31.2: 37-59.
Sun, Chaofen. 1988. The discourse function of numeral classifiers in Mandarin Chinese. Journal of Chinese Linguistics 16.2: 298-323.
Tai, James H-Y. 1992. Variation in classifier systems across Chinese dialects: Towards a cognition-based semantic approach. Chinese Language and Linguistics, vol. 1: Chinese Dialects, 587-608. Taipei: Academia Sinica.
Tai, James H-Y. 1994. Chinese classifier systems and human categorization. In O. Tzeng & M. Chen (eds.), In Honor of William S-Y Wang: Interdisciplinary Studies on Language and Language Cange, 479-494. Taipei: Pyramid.
Tai, James H-Y & Fang-yi Chao. 1994. A semantic study of the classifier zhang. Journal of the Chinese Language Teachers Association 29.3: 67-78.
Tai, James H-Y. & Lianqing Wang. 1990. A semantic study of the classifier tiao. Journal of the Chinese Language Teachers Association 25.1: 35-56.
Taylor, John R. 1989. Linguistic Categorization: Prototypes in Linguistic Theory. Oxford: Clarendon.
Traugott, Elizabeth C. 1982. From propositional to textual and expressive meanings: Some semantic-pragmatic aspects of grammaticalization. In Winfred P. Lehmann and Yakov Malkeil (eds.), Perspectives on Historical Linguistics, 245-271. Amsterdam: Benjamins.
Traugott, Elizabeth C. & Ekkehard Konig. 1991. The semantics-pragmatics of grammaticalization revisited. In C. Traugott & B. Heine (eds.), Approaches to Grammaticalization vol. 1, 189-218. Amsterdam: Benjamin.
Tversky, Barbara & Kathleen Hemenway. 1984. Objects, parts, and categories. Journal of Experimental Psychology 113.2: 169-193.
王紹興 [Wang, Shaoxing]. 1989. 量詞“個”在唐代前后的發展. 語言教學與研究 1989.2:98-119.
Wiebusch, Thekla. 1995. Quantification and qualification: Two competing functions of numeral classifiers in the light of the radical system of the Chinese script. Journal of Chinese Linguistics 23.2: 1-41.
Wittgenstein, Ludwig. 1958. Philosophical Investigations, translated by G.E.M. Anscobe. Oxford: Blackwell.
吳守禮 [Wu, Shouli] (編) [(ed.)]. 1990. 國台對照活用辭典. 台北: 遠流出版社.
許極燉 [Xu, Jidun] (編) [(ed.)]. 1992. 常用漢字台語詞典. 台北: 自立晚報文化出版部.
楊秀芳 [Yang, Siufang]. 1991. 閩南語語法稿 [A Grammar on Taiwan Southern Min]. 台北: 大安.
張振興 [Zhang, Zhenxing]. 1989. 台灣閩南方言記略.
周長楫 [Zhou, Changji]. 1991. 閩南話與普通話. 北京: 語文出版社.
周長楫 [Zhou, Changji]. 1993. 廈門方言詞典. 江蘇教育出版社.

簡易檢索 / 詳目顯示

相關論文