內波 (Internal Wave)是一種常見的物理現象，其發生原因為當液體或氣體受密度、溫度變化產生分層現象時，如遇外力 (如：風、水流、海浪等...)便可能產生，這些波形主要為非線性波。內波所造成的擾動劇烈地影響海洋生態系，例如內波破碎化會擾動水體環境，形成強烈的混合作用，並將富含無機營養鹽的深層海水帶到淺層，促進海洋 (浮游)生物生長。本研究於南中國海進行實地培養實驗。實驗以淺、深層海水 (200 m)混和成二組不同比例之實驗組 (深層海水的比例分別為30%、60%)進行培養，並以淺層海水培養之結果做為控制組。期望以不同淺、深層海水混合比例所得之結果，來探討內波擾動與其強度對浮游生物群聚變化的影響。結果顯示，控制組和30%_與60%_實驗組間有顯著的差異，經培養後，無機營養鹽 (硝酸鹽、磷酸鹽、矽酸鹽)，在實驗組其濃度顯著減少，但浮游植物生物量 (Chla濃度)與異營細菌豐度則顯著增加，其中又以30%_實驗組變化最顯著。此結果建議，當海洋淺層受內波擾動後，其浮游生物群聚組成會產生改變，以超微浮游植物最先受到生長之促進，而後浮游植物與異營性細菌接續增加，此外浮游植物群聚組成比例也因為內波擾動的強弱差異而有不同之變化。

Internal wave is a common physical phenomenon cause by the density or temperature of liquid (or gas) generated stratification against the external force like winds, currents, wave…etc. Internal wave notably influences the marine ecosystems within turbulence. The breaking of internal wave disturbs the local water property. Thereafter, the surface water mixes with the bottom nutrient rich water and enhances biological activities of surface water. The study was designed to understand the effects of internal wave on dynamics of plankton communities. It was performed during the period of October 2012 to December 2013 in South China Sea. This incubation experiment consisted three groups, two treatments and one control, with tanks filled with the mixing of surface (10 m) and/or deep water (200 m). The treatments included 30%_deep water (30% deep + 70% surface water) and 60%_deep water (60% depth + 40% surface water), and the control only filled with the surface water. Results show that significant different was evident between the treatment and the control for most of variables. At the end of incubation, the nutrient concentrations decreased in both treatments. The values of chlorophyll a and heterotrophic bacteria increased significantly, especially in 30%_deep water treatment. These results suggest the growth of plankton communities was enhanced by internal wave, and the strength of plankton’s response might also vary and depend on its intensity.

Chen, C. C., Shiah, F. K., Chung, S. W., & Liu, K. K. (2006). Winter phytoplankton blooms in the shallow mixed layer of the South China Sea enhanced by upwelling. Journal of Marine Systems, 59(1-2), 97-110. doi: 10.1016/j.jmarsys.2005.09.002
Chen, C. T. A., Wang, S. L., Wang, B. J., & Pai, S. C. (2001). Nutrient budgets for the South China Sea basin. Marine Chemistry, 75(4), 281-300. doi: 10.1016/s0304-4203(01)00041-x
Cotner, J. B., Sada, R. H., Bootsma, H., Johengen, T., Cavaletto, J. F., & Gardner, W. S. (2000). Nutrient limitation of heterotrophic bacteria in Florida Bay. Estuaries, 23(5), 611-620. doi: 10.2307/1352888
Foster, R. A., Kuypers, M. M. M., Vagner, T., Paerl, R. W., Musat, N., & Zehr, J. P. (2011). Nitrogen fixation and transfer in open ocean diatom-cyanobacterial symbioses. Isme Journal, 5(9), 1484-1493. doi: 10.1038/ismej.2011.26
Gong, GC. (1992). Chemical hydrography of the Kuroshio front in the sea northeast of Taiwan.
Haury, L. R., Briscoe, M. G., & Orr, M. H. (1979). TIDALLY GENERATED INTERNAL WAVE PACKETS IN MASSACHUSETTS BAY. Nature, 278(5702), 312-317. doi: 10.1038/278312a0
Hong, Huasheng, Chai, Fei, Zhang, Caiyun, Huang, Bangqin, Jiang, Yiwu, & Hu, Jianyu. (2011). An overview of physical and biogeochemical processes and ecosystem dynamics in the Taiwan Strait. Continental Shelf Research, 31(6), S3-S12. doi: 10.1016/j.csr.2011.02.002
Leichter, J. J., Stewart, H. L., & Miller, S. L. (2003). Episodic nutrient transport to Florida coral reefs. Limnology and Oceanography, 48(4), 1394-1407.
Li, Qianyu, Zhao, Quanhong, Zhong, Guangfa, Jian, Zhimin, Jun, Tian, Cheng, Xinrong, . . . Chen, Muhong. (2007). Deepwater ventilation and stratification in the Neogene south China Sea. Journal of China University of Geosciences, 18(2), 95-108.
Liu, A. K., Chang, Y. S., Hsu, M. K., & Liang, N. K. (1998). Evolution of nonlinear internal waves in the East and South China Seas. Journal of Geophysical Research-Oceans, 103(C4), 7995-8008. doi: 10.1029/97jc01918
Mackey, M. D., Mackey, D. J., Higgins, H. W., & Wright, S. W. (1996). CHEMTAX - A program for estimating class abundances from chemical markers: Application to HPLC measurements of phytoplankton. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 144(1-3), 265-283. doi: 10.3354/meps144265
Marie, D., Partensky, F., Jacquet, S., & Vaulot, D. (1997). Enumeration and cell cycle analysis of natural populations of marine picoplankton by flow cytometry using the nucleic acid stain SYBR Green I. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 63(1), 186-193.
Pan, Xiaoju, Wong, George T. F., Ho, Tung-Yuan, Shiah, Fuh-Kwo, & Liu, Hongbin. (2013). Remote sensing of picophytoplankton distribution in the northern South China Sea. Remote Sensing of Environment, 128, 162-175. doi: 10.1016/j.rse.2012.10.014
Schluter, L., Lauridsen, T. L., Krogh, G., & Jorgensen, T. (2006). Identification and quantification of phytoplankton groups in lakes using new pigment ratios - a comparison between pigment analysis by HPLC and microscopy. Freshwater Biology, 51(8), 1474-1485. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2427.2006.01582.x
Shaw, Ping-Tung, Ko, Dong Shan, & Chao, Shenn-Yu. (2009). Internal solitary waves induced by flow over a ridge: With applications to the northern South China Sea. Journal of Geophysical Research-Oceans, 114. doi: 10.1029/2008jc005007
Smayda, T. J., & Reynolds, C. S. (2003). Strategies of marine dinoflagellate survival and some rules of assembly. Journal of Sea Research, 49(2), 95-106. doi: 10.1016/s1385-1101(02)00219-8
St Laurent, Louis, Simmons, Harper, Tang, Tswen Yung, & Wang, YuHuai. (2011). Turbulent Properties of Internal Waves in the South China Sea. Oceanography, 24(4), 78-87.
Tseng, C. M., Wong, G. T. F., Lin, II, Wu, C. R., & Liu, K. K. (2005). A unique seasonal pattern in phytoplankton biomass in low-latitude waters in the South China Sea. Geophysical Research Letters, 32(8). doi: 10.1029/2004gl022111
Wall, Marlene, Schmidt, Gertraud Maria, Janjang, Pornpan, Khokiattiwong, Somkiat, & Richter, Claudio. (2012). Differential Impact of Monsoon and Large Amplitude Internal Waves on Coral Reef Development in the Andaman Sea. Plos One, 7(11). doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0050207
Wang, Y. H., Dai, C. F., & Chen, Y. Y. (2007). Physical and ecological processes of internal waves on an isolated reef ecosystem in the South China Sea. Geophysical Research Letters, 34(18), 7. doi: 10.1029/2007gl030658
Wolanski, E., & Delesalle, B. (1995). UPWELLING BY INTERNAL WAVES, TAHITI, FRENCH-POLYNESIA. Continental Shelf Research, 15(2-3), 357-368. doi: 10.1016/0278-4343(93)e0004-r
Wong, George T. F., Ku, Teh-Lung, Mulholland, Margaret, Tseng, Chun-Mao, & Wang, Dong-Ping. (2007). The SouthEast Asian time-series study (SEATS) and the biogeochemistry of the South China Sea - An overview. Deep-Sea Research Part Ii-Topical Studies in Oceanography, 54(14-15), 1434-1447. doi: 10.1016/j.dsr2.2007.05.012
Wright, S. W., Jeffrey, S. W., Mantoura, R. F. C., Llewellyn, C. A., Bjornland, T., Repeta, D., & Welschmeyer, N. (1991). IMPROVED HPLC METHOD FOR THE ANALYSIS OF CHLOROPHYLLS AND CAROTENOIDS FROM MARINE-PHYTOPLANKTON. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 77(2-3), 183-196. doi: 10.3354/meps077183
Zehr, J. P., & Ward, B. B. (2002). Nitrogen cycling in the ocean: New perspectives on processes and paradigms. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 68(3), 1015-1024. doi: 10.1128/aem.68.3.1015-1024.2002
Zhao, Z. X., Klemas, V., Zheng, Q. N., & Yan, X. H. (2004). Remote sensing evidence for baroclinic tide origin of internal solitary waves in the northeastern South China Sea. Geophysical Research Letters, 31(6). doi: 10.1029/2003gl019077
Zhao, Zhongxiang, & Alford, Matthew H. (2006). Source and propagation of internal solitary waves in the northeastern South China Sea. Journal of Geophysical Research-Oceans, 111(C11). doi: 10.1029/2006jc003644