原發性經痛 (primary dysmenorrhea)為子宮內膜分泌過多前列腺素F2α (prostaglandin F2α，PGF2α)，刺激子宮平滑肌過度收縮而造成組織缺血所致。本研究選取臺灣原住民農作物樹豆 (Cajanus cajan (L) Millsp.)為試驗樣品，首先以不同比例之水及乙醇之溶劑進行萃取，探討上述各萃取物對於PGF2α誘導Sprague Dawley大鼠子宮平滑肌之收縮是否具緩解效果。鼠體子宮平滑肌收縮以八頻道偵測器搭配離體組織灌流裝置進行測定，同時以H&E Stain進行組織染色與病理判讀；進一步利用催產素誘導ICR小鼠扭體試驗探究樣品的陣痛效果。實驗結果顯示，樹豆及樹豆根之樣品以樹豆根50%乙醇萃取物 (CRE)表現36.8%之最佳抑制效果。進一步探討其次區分物活性。結果顯示，CRE之次區分物 : 95%乙醇萃取樹豆根 (CRE-E95)可顯著降低PGF2α、oxytocin、carbachol及acetylcholine所誘導之子宮收縮，亦能顯著抑制KCl所誘導之子宮強直性收縮，與Bay K8644 (L型鈣離子通道活化劑)所誘導的子宮收縮。組織病理學檢查顯示，與催產素組相比，利用CRE預處理可顯著降低子宮平滑肌收縮。綜上所述，樹豆根可能具有緩解女性經痛之潛力。

Primary dysmenorrhea is a symptom causes by excessive levels of prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α) secreted by endometrium, which leads smooth muscle of uterine over contraction and insufficient blood flow to cause ischemia and pain. This study aimed to investigate the modulatory effects of Taiwan aboriginal crop: Cajanus cajan (L) Millsp. on uterine contraction and its possible underlying mechanisms. First, we extracted Cajanus cajan (L) Millsp. with different proportions of water and ethanol to investigate which proportion has the better effect of relieving uterine smooth muscle contraction induced by PGF2α in Sprague Dawley rats. Rat uterine smooth muscle contraction was detected with 8-Channel multi-valve perfusion system. At the same time, H&E stain was used for tissue staining and pathological interpretation. Furthermore, in order to investigate the effect of extracts on pain relieving, we used oxytocin to induced ICR mice uterine contraction as the model. The results showed that 50% ethanol extraction of Cajanus cajan (L) Millsp. root (CRE) had the best inhibition (36.8%) of uterine smooth muscle contraction effect. Further, we found out that the activity of the secondary partition, 95% ethanol extraction of Cajanus cajan (L) Millsp. root (CRE-E95) significantly reduced uterine contraction induced by PGF2α, oxytocin, carbachol and acetylcholine, and also significantly inhibited KCl and BayK8644 (L-type calcium channel activator) induced uterine tonic contraction and uterine excessive contraction. Histopathological examination showed pretreatment with CRE can significantly decrease uterine smooth muscle contractions when compared with the oxytocin group. In conclusion, Cajanus cajan (L) Millsp. root may have the impact on improved primary dysmenorrhea.

一、中文文獻
[1]衛生福利部中央健康保險署。(2014)。ICD-10-CM疾病代碼一覽表。[2]湯振青, 林鏡川, 蘇世斌。(2010)。原發性經痛的診斷與治療。家庭醫學與基層醫療。237-242。
[3]林俊宏, 李昭男。(1987)。台灣南部青少女月經問題的探討·高雄醫學科學雜誌，3,150-154。
[4]趙曲水宴。(1993)。母親在女兒初經經驗中的角色與女兒的月經態度、月經憂慮及關係之探討。未發表碩士論文。國立台灣大學。台北。
[5]陳彰惠, 洪志秀。(1986)。高雄市國中一年級女生初經經驗之調查研究。公共衛生。13(3)，347-358。
[6]季瑋珠, 張淑惠。(1997)。初經年齡之世代研究。國科會研究計劃。
[7]陳淑月。(1983)。某五專學生經期不適之探討。公共衛生。9(4)，
451-462。
[8]周勵志。(1994)。大專女身月經週期身心症狀。公共衛生。20(4)，343-352。
[9]張玨, 毛家舲。(1992)。月經週期、性發展與婦女健康。國家科學委員會。
[10]張菊惠。(2006)。充權導向之職場經痛行動研究。國立臺灣大學衛生政策與管理研究所碩士論文。台北。
[11]李胜光, 王錦琰。(2008)。痛經當代視角。中國疼痛醫學雜誌。14(1)，1-2。
[12]周建忠, 陳名貴, 朱宣明。(2008)。痛經証治淺談。中國實用醫藥。3(6)，70-71。
[13]紀麗梅, 徐南麗, 邱慧洳, 蕭正光。(2004)。穴位指壓對緩解原發性經痛成效之探討。慈濟護理雜誌。3(4)，29-37。
[14]陳怡均。(2010)。薏苡種皮乙醇萃取物對子宮平滑肌收縮的影響。國立臺灣大學食品科技研究所碩士論文。臺北。
[15]陳振義。(2011)。樹豆新品種介紹。臺東區農技報導(8): 1-4。
[16]陳振義。(2013)。樹豆有機栽培技術。臺東區農技報導(19): 1-4。
[17]林筑盈。(2016)。樹豆依品種及發芽時間探討其在體外之抗氧化以及[18]對醣類分解酵素及蛋白質醣化反應之抑制作用。東海大學食品科學系食品科技組碩士論文。台中。
[19]林筱晴。(2012)。樹豆對酒精誘導肝細胞損傷之保護效應及其活性成分之研究。嘉義大學食品科學研究所碩士論文。嘉義。
[20]黃子芸, 陳振義。2014。臺灣藜品系蒐集及品種選育評估。103年度試驗研究推廣成果研討會專刊。行政院農業委員會臺東區農業改良場編印。P.91-101。
[21]陳筱君。2014。臺灣藜之營養及機能性成分分析。國立中興大學食品暨應用生物科技學系研究所碩士論文。台中。
[22]廖淑慧, 陳玉舜。(2010)。台灣藜不同顏色種子機能性成分之差異及降血脂功能性之評估。弘光科技大學食品暨應用生物科技所研究所碩士論文。台中。

二、英文文獻
[1]Araki, S., Motoyama, M., Chikazawa, K., Ijima, K., & Tamada, T. (1985). Biphasic stimulatory effects of estrogen on gonadotropin surges induced by continuous administration of gonadotropin-releasing hormone in women. Endocrinol Jpn, 32(5), 595-605.
[2]Antkiewicz-Michaluk, L. (1999). Voltage-operated calcium channels: characteristics and their role in the mechanism of action of psychotropic drugs. Pol J Pharmacol, 51(2), 179-186.
[3]Alonso, C., & Coe, C. L. (2001). Disruptions of social relationships accentuate the association between emotional distress and menstrual pain in young women. Health Psychol, 20(6), 411-416.
[4]Agarwal, A. K., & Agarwal, A. (2010). A study of dysmenorrhea during menstruation in adolescent girls. Indian J Community Med, 35(1), 159-164. doi:10.4103/0970-0218.62586
[5]Abdollahifard, S., Rahmanian Koshkaki, A., & Moazamiyanfar, R. (2014). The effects of vitamin B1 on ameliorating the premenstrual syndrome symptoms. Glob J Health Sci, 6(6), 144-153. doi:10.5539/gjhs.v6n6p144
Akin, M., Price, W., Rodriguez, G., Jr., Erasala, G., Hurley, G., & Smith, R. P. (2004). Continuous, low-level, topical heat wrap therapy as compared to acetaminophen for primary dysmenorrhea. J Reprod Med, 49(9), 739-745.
[6]Alotaibi, M. (2016). The effect of cinnamon extract on isolated rat uterine strips. Reprod Biol, 16(1), 27-33. doi:10.1016/j.repbio.2015.12.001
[7]Aly, H. F., Rizk, M. Z., Abo-Elmatty, D. M., Desoky, M. M., Ibrahim, N. A., & Younis, E. A. (2016). Therapeutic and protective effects of Caesalpinia gilliesii and Cajanus cajan proteins against acetaminophen overdose-induced renal damage. Toxicol Ind Health, 32(4), 753-768. doi:10.1177/0748233713509428
[8]Beers, W. H., Strickland, S., & Reich, E. (1975). Ovarian plasminogen activator: relationship to ovulation and hormonal regulation. Cell, 6(3), 387-394.
Berridge, M. J., Bootman, M. D., & Roderick, H. L. (2003). [9]Calcium signalling: dynamics, homeostasis and remodelling. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol, 4(7), 517-529. doi:10.1038/nrm1155
[10]Burnett, M. A., Antao, V., Black, A., Feldman, K., Grenville, A., Lea, R., . . . Robert, M. (2005). Prevalence of primary dysmenorrhea in Canada. J Obstet Gynaecol Can, 27(8), 765-770.
[11]Barnard, N. D., Scialli, A. R., Hurlock, D., & Bertron, P. (2000). Diet and sex-hormone binding globulin, dysmenorrhea, and premenstrual symptoms. Obstet Gynecol, 95(2), 245-250.
[12]Benassi, L., Barletta, F. P., Baroncini, L., Bertani, D., Filippini, F., Beski, L., . . . Tridenti, G. (1992). Effectiveness of magnesium pidolate in the prophylactic treatment of primary dysmenorrhea. Clin Exp Obstet Gynecol, 19(3), 176-179.
[13]Coco, A. S. (1999). Primary dysmenorrhea. Am Fam Physician, 60(2), 489-496.
[14]Chiou, M. H., & Wang, H. H. (2008). Predictors of dysmenorrhea and self-care behavior among vocational nursing school female students. J Nurs Res, 16(1), 17-25.
[15]Chan, W. Y. (1983). Prostaglandins and nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs in dysmenorrhea. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol, 23, 131-149. doi:10.1146/annurev.pa.23.040183.001023
[16]Clayton, A. H. (2008). Symptoms related to the menstrual cycle: diagnosis, prevalence, and treatment. J Psychiatr Pract, 14(1), 13-21. doi:10.1097/01.pra.0000308491.54885.f8
[17]Chen, Y., Cao, Y., Xie, Y., Zhang, X., Yang, Q., Li, X., . . . Wang, S. (2013). Traditional Chinese medicine for the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea: how do Yuanhu painkillers effectively treat dysmenorrhea? Phytomedicine, 20(12), 1095-1104. doi:10.1016/j.phymed.2013.05.003
[18]Chantler, I., Mitchell, D., & Fuller, A. (2009). Diclofenac potassium attenuates dysmenorrhea and restores exercise performance in women with primary dysmenorrhea. J Pain, 10(2), 191-200. doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2008.08.006
[19]Choi, J. S., Islam, M. N., Ali, M. Y., Kim, E. J., Kim, Y. M., & Jung, H. A. (2014). Effects of C-glycosylation on anti-diabetic, anti-Alzheimer's disease and anti-inflammatory potential of apigenin. Food Chem Toxicol, 64, 27-33. doi:10.1016/j.fct.2013.11.020
[20]Cai, Y., Sun, M., & Corke, H. (2003). Antioxidant activity of betalains from plants of the amaranthaceae. J Agric Food Chem, 51(8), 2288-2294. doi:10.1021/jf030045u
[21]Chiu, M. H., Hsieh, H. F., Yang, Y. H., Chen, H. M., Hsu, S. C., & Wang, H. H. (2017). Influencing factors of dysmenorrhoea among hospital nurses: a questionnaire survey in Taiwan. BMJ Open, 7(12), e017615. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2017-017615
[22]Dawood, M. Y. (1988). Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and changing attitudes toward dysmenorrhea. Am J Med, 84(5a), 23-29.
[23]Dawood, M. Y. (2006). Primary dysmenorrhea: advances in pathogenesis and management. Obstet Gynecol, 108(2), 428-441. doi:10.1097/01.AOG.0000230214.26638.0c
[24]Du, J., Bai, B., Kuang, X., Yu, Y., Wang, C., Ke, Y., Qian, Z. M. (2006). Ligustilide inhibits spontaneous and agonists- or K^+ depolarization-induced contraction of rat uterus. J Ethnopharmacol, 108(1), 54-58. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2006.04.011
[25]De Sanctis, V., Soliman, A., Bernasconi, S., Bianchin, L., Bona, G., Bozzola, M., . . . Perissinotto, E. (2015). Primary Dysmenorrhea in Adolescents: Prevalence, Impact and Recent Knowledge. Pediatr Endocrinol Rev, 13(2), 512-520.
[26]Deng, M., Ding, W., Min, X., & Xia, Y. (2011). MLCK-independent phosphorylation of MLC20 and its regulation by MAP kinase pathway in human bladder smooth muscle cells. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken), 68(3), 139-149. doi:10.1002/cm.20471
[27]Duker-Eshun, G., Jaroszewski, J. W., Asomaning, W. A., Oppong-Boachie, F., & Brogger Christensen, S. (2004). Antiplasmodial constituents of Cajanus cajan. Phytother Res, 18(2), 128-130. doi:10.1002/ptr.1375
[28]Dai, F. J., Hsu, W. H., Huang, J. J., & Wu, S. C. (2013). Effect of pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan L.) on high-fat diet-induced hypercholesterolemia in hamsters. Food Chem Toxicol, 53, 384-391. doi:10.1016/j.fct.2012.12.029
[29]Ezike, A. C., Akah, P. A., Okoli, C. C., & Okpala, C. B. (2010). Experimental evidence for the antidiabetic activity of cajanus cajan leaves in rats. J Basic Clin Pharm, 1(2), 81-84.
[30]French, L. (2005). Dysmenorrhea. Am Fam Physician, 71(2), 285-291.
[31]Fortier, M. A., Krishnaswamy, K., Danyod, G., Boucher-Kovalik, S., & Chapdalaine, P. (2008). A postgenomic integrated view of prostaglandins in reproduction: implications for other body systems. J Physiol Pharmacol, 59 Suppl 1, 65-89.
[32]Fahey, J. W., & Stephenson, K. K. (2002). Pinostrobin from honey and Thai ginger (Boesenbergia pandurata): a potent flavonoid inducer of mammalian phase 2 chemoprotective and antioxidant enzymes. J Agric Food Chem, 50(25), 7472-7476.
[33]Gou, C. Q., Gao, J., Wu, C. X., Bai, D. X., Mou, H. Y., Hou, X. L., & Zhao, X. (2016). Moxibustion for Primary Dysmenorrhea at Different Interventional Times: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med, 2016, 6706901. doi:10.1155/2016/6706901
[34]Gupta, M.K., Chia, S.Y. (2013). Ovarian hormones: Structure, biosynthesis, function, mechanism of action, and laboratory diagnosis. In: Falcone T, Hurd WW, eds. Clinical Reproductive Medicine and Surgery. pp 1-30. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-6837-0_1
[35]Geneen, L. J., Moore, R. A., Clarke, C., Martin, D., Colvin, L. A., & Smith, B. H. (2017). Physical activity and exercise for chronic pain in adults: an overview of Cochrane Reviews. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 4, Cd011279. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD011279.pub3
[36]Gao, Y., Zhao, J., Zu, Y., Fu, Y., Liang, L., Luo, M., Wang, W., & Efferth, T. (2012). Antioxidant properties, superoxide dismutase and glutathione reductase activities in HepG2 cells with a fungal endophyte producing apigenin from pigeon pea [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.]. Food Research International. 49(1). 147-152.
[37]Harel, Z. (2004). Cyclooxygenase-2 specific inhibitors in the treatment of dysmenorrhea. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol, 17(2), 75-79. doi:10.1016/j.jpag.2004.01.002
[38]Harel, Z. (2006). Dysmenorrhea in adolescents and young adults: etiology and management. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol, 19(6), 363-371. doi:10.1016/j.jpag.2006.09.001
[39]Hillen, T. I., Grbavac, S. L., Johnston, P. J., Straton, J. A., & Keogh, J. M. (1999). Primary dysmenorrhea in young Western Australian women: prevalence, impact, and knowledge of treatment. J Adolesc Health, 25(1), 40-45.
[40]Harlow, S. D., & Park, M. (1996). A longitudinal study of risk factors for the occurrence, duration and severity of menstrual cramps in a cohort of college women. Br J Obstet Gynaecol, 103(11), 1134-1142.
[41]Hsu, C. S., Yang, J. K., & Yang, L. L. (2003). Effect of a dysmenorrhea Chinese medicinal prescription on uterus contractility in vitro. Phytother Res, 17(7), 778-783. doi:10.1002/ptr.1235
[42]Hua, Y. Q., Su, S. L., Duan, J. A., Wang, Q. J., Lu, Y., Chen, L. (2008). ChenDanggui-Shaoyao-San, a traditional Chinese prescription, suppresses PGF2α production in endometrial epithelial cells by inhibiting COX-2 expression and activity. Phytomedicine. 15(12): 1046-52. doi: 10.1016/j.phymed.2008.06.010
[43]Hsia, S. M., Kuo, Y. H., Chiang, W., Wang, P. S. (2008). Effects of adlay hull extracts on uterine contraction and Ca^(2+) mobilization in the rat. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 295(3): E719-26. doi: 10.1152/ajpendo.90367.2008
[44]Hsia, S. M., Wang, K. L., Wang, P. S. (2011). Effects of resveratrol, a grape polyphenol, on uterine contraction and Ca^(2+) mobilization in rats in vivo and in vitro. Endocrinology. 152(5): 2090-9. doi: 10.1210/en.2010-1223
[45]Hardwick, J. P., Eckman, K., Lee, Y. K., Abdelmegeed, M. A., Esterle, A., Chilian, W. M., . . . Song, B. J. (2013). Eicosanoids in metabolic syndrome. Adv Pharmacol, 66, 157-266. doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-404717-4.00005-6
[46]Huang, J., Mahavadi, S., Sriwai, W., Hu, W., Murthy, K. S. (2006). Gi-coupled receptors mediate phosphorylation of CPI-17 and MLC20 via preferential activation of the PI3K/ILK pathway. Biochem J. 396(1): 193-200. doi: 10.1042/BJ20051772
[47]Haidari, M., Zhang, W., Ganjehei, L., Ali, M., & Chen, Z. (2011). Inhibition of MLC phosphorylation restricts replication of influenza virus--a mechanism of action for anti-influenza agents. PLoS One, 6(6), e21444. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0021444
[48]Imai, A., Horibe, S., Fuseya, S., Iida, K., Takagi, H., & Tamaya, T. (1995). Possible evidence that the herbal medicine shakuyaku-kanzo-to decreases prostaglandin levels through suppressing arachidonate turnover in endometrium. J Med, 26(3-4), 163-174.
[49]Iacovides, S., Avidon, I., & Baker, F. C. (2015). What we know about primary dysmenorrhea today: a critical review. Hum Reprod Update, 21(6), 762-778. doi:10.1093/humupd/dmv039
[50]Ito, K., Shimomura, E., Iwanaga, T., Shiraishi, M., Shindo, K., Nakamura, J., . . . Takuwa, Y. (2003). Essential role of rho kinase in the Ca2+ sensitization of prostaglandin F(2alpha)-induced contraction of rabbit aortae. J Physiol, 546(Pt 3), 823-836.
[51]Jamieson, D. J., & Steege, J. F. (1996). The prevalence of dysmenorrhea, dyspareunia, pelvic pain, and irritable bowel syndrome in primary care practices. Obstet Gynecol, 87(1), 55-58.
[52]Ju, H., Jones, M., & Mishra, G. (2014). The prevalence and risk factors of dysmenorrhea. Epidemiol Rev, 36, 104-113. doi:10.1093/epirev/mxt009
[53]Jarrett, M., Heitkemper, M. M., & Shaver, J. F. (1995). Symptoms and self-care strategies in women with and without dysmenorrhea. Health Care Women Int, 16(2), 167-178. doi:10.1080/07399339509516167
[54]Jia, J., Li, Y., Lei, Z., Hao, Y., Wu. Y., Zhao, Q., Wang, H., Ma, L., Liu, J., Zhao, C., Jiang, Y., Wang, Y., Tan, H., Dai, X., Zhang, W., Sun, T., Yu, J. (2013). Relaxative effect of core licorice aqueous extract on mouse isolated uterine horns. Pharm Biol. 51(6): 744-8. doi: 10.3109/13880209.2013.764536
[55]Jin, L., Burnett, A. L. (2006). RhoA/Rho-kinase in erectile tissue: mechanisms of disease and therapeutic insights. Clin Sci (Lond). 110(2): 153-65. doi: 10.1042/CS20050255.
[56]Kritz-Silverstein, D., Wingard, D. L., Garland, F. C. (1999). The association of behavior and lifestyle factors with menstrual symptoms. J Womens Health Gend Based Med. 8(9): 1185-93. doi: 10.1089/jwh.1.1999.8.1185
[57]Kashefi, F., Khajehei, M., Tabatabaeichehr, M., Alavinia, M., Asili, J. (2014). Comparison of the effect of ginger and zinc sulfate on primary dysmenorrhea: a placebo-controlled randomized trial. Pain Manag Nurs. 15(4): 826-33. doi: 10.1016/j.pmn.2013.09.001
[58]Kashanian, M., Lakeh, M. M., Ghasemi, A., & Noori, S. (2013). Evaluation of the effect of vitamin E on pelvic pain reduction in women suffering from primary dysmenorrhea. J Reprod Med, 58(1-2), 34-38.
[59]Kong, Y., Fu, Y. J., Zu, Y. G., Chang, F. R., Chen, Y. H., Liu, X. L., Stelten, J., Schiebel, H. M. (2010). Cajanuslactone, a new coumarin with anti-bacterialactivity from pigeon pea [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.] leaves. Food Chemistry. 1150–1155. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2010.01.062
[60]Kong, Y., Fu, Y.-J., Zu, Y.-G., Liu, W., Wang, W., Hua, X., & Yang, M. (2009). Ethanol modified supercritical fluid extraction and antioxidant activity of cajaninstilbene acid and pinostrobin from pigeonpea [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.] leaves. Food Chemistry. 152–159. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2009.03.091
[61]Kanner, J., Harel, S., & Granit, R. (2001). Betalains--a new class of dietary cationized antioxidants. J Agric Food Chem, 49(11), 5178-5185.
[62]Lefebvre, G., Pinsonneault, O., Antao, V., Black, A., Burnett, M., Feldman, K., . . . Robert, M. (2005). Primary dysmenorrhea consensus guideline. J Obstet Gynaecol Can, 27(12), 1117-1146.
[63]Latthe, P., Latthe, M., Say, L., Gulmezoglu, M., & Khan, K. S. (2006). WHO systematic review of prevalence of chronic pelvic pain: a neglected reproductive health morbidity. BMC Public Health, 6, 177. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-6-177
[64]Liu, P., Duan, J. A., Hua, Y. Q., Tang, Y. P., Yao, X., Su, S. L. (2011). Effects of xiang-fu-si-wu decoction and its main components for dysmenorrhea on uterus contraction. J Ethnopharmacol. 133(2): 591-7. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2010.10.042
[65]Lee, B., Hong, S. H., Kim, K., Kang, W. C., No, J. H., Lee, J. R., Jee, B. C., Yang, E. J., Cha, E. J., Kim, Y. B. (2015). Efficacy of the device combining high-frequency transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation and thermotherapy for relieving primary dysmenorrhea: a randomized, single-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 194:58-63. doi: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2015.08.020
[66]Liu, W., Fu, Y., Zu, Y., Kong, Y., Zhang, L., Zu, B., & Efferth, T. (2009). Negative-pressure cavitation extraction for the determination of flavonoids in pigeon pea leaves by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A. 1216(18): 3841-50. doi: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.02.073
[67]Liu, W., Kong, Y., Zu, Y., Fu, Y., Luo, M., Zhang, L., & Li, J. (2010). Determination and quantification of active phenolic compounds in pigeon pea leaves and its medicinal product using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A. 1217(28): 4723-31. doi: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.05.020
[68]Liu, W., Zu, Y.-G., Fu, Y.-J., Kong, Y., Ma, W., Yang, M., Li, J., & Wu, N. (2010). Variation in contents of phenolic compounds during growth and post-harvest storage of pigeon pea seedlings. Food Chemistry. 732-739. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2010.01.023
[69]Luo, M., Liu, X., Zu, Y., Fu, Y., Zhang, S., Yao, L., Efferth, T. (2010). Cajanol, a novel anticancer agent from Pigeonpea [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.] roots, induces apoptosis in human breast cancer cells through a ROS-mediated mitochondrial pathway. Chem Biol Interact. 188(1): 151-60. doi: 10.1016/j.cbi.2010.07.009
[70]Luo, Q. F., Sun, L., Si, J. Y., Chen, D. H. (2008). Hypocholesterolemic effect of stilbenes containing extract-fraction from Cajanus cajan L. on diet-induced hypercholesterolemia in mice. Phytomedicine. 15(11): 932-9. doi: 10.1016/j.phymed.2008.03.002
[71]Lai, Y. S., Hsu, W. H., Huang, J. J., Wu, S. C. (2012). Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan L.) extracts on hydrogen peroxide- and lipopolysaccharide-treated RAW264.7 macrophages. Food Funct. 3(12): 1294-301. doi: 10.1039/c2fo30120b
[72]Li, Y., Che, M., Bhagat, S., Ellis, K. L., Kucuk, O., Doerge, D. R., . . . Sarkar, F. H. (2004). Regulation of gene expression and inhibition of experimental prostate cancer bone metastasis by dietary genistein. Neoplasia, 6(4), 354-363. doi:10.1593/neo.03478
[73]Li, C., Geng, C., Leung, H. T., Hong, Y. S., Strong, L. L., Schneuwly, S., & Pak, W. L. (1999). INAF, a protein required for transient receptor potential Ca^(2+)channel function. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 96(23), 13474-13479.
[74]Moya, R. A., Moisa, C. F., Morales, F., Wynter, H., Ali, A., & Narancio, E. (2000). Transdermal glyceryl trinitrate in the management of primary dysmenorrhea. Int J Gynaecol Obstet, 69(2), 113-118.
[75]Ma, H., Su, S., Duan, J., Tang, Y., Zhou, J., Guo, J., Zhan, Z. (2011). Evaluation of the analgesic activities of the crude aqueous extract and fractions of Shao Fu Zhu Yu decoction. Pharm Biol. 49(2): 137-45. doi: 10.3109/13880209.2010.504965
[76]Meir, A., Ginsburg, S., Butkevich, A., Kachalsky, S. G., Kaiserman, I., Ahdut, R., . . . Rahamimoff, R. (1999). Ion channels in presynaptic nerve terminals and control of transmitter release. Physiol Rev, 79(3), 1019-1088. doi:10.1152/physrev.1999.79.3.1019
[77]Mitchell, B. F., Fang, X., & Wong, S. (1998). Oxytocin: a paracrine hormone in the regulation of parturition? Rev Reprod, 3(2), 113-122.
[78]Nakamura, F. (2013). FilGAP and its close relatives: a mediator of Rho-Rac antagonism that regulates cell morphology and migration. Biochem J, 453(1), 17-25. doi:10.1042/bj20130290
[79]Ortmann, O., Weiss, J. M., & Diedrich, K. (2002). Gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and GnRH agonists: mechanisms of action. Reprod Biomed Online, 5 Suppl 1, 1-7.
[80]Ou, M. C., Hsu, T. F., Lai, A. C., Lin, Y. T., & Lin, C. C. (2012). Pain relief assessment by aromatic essential oil massage on outpatients with primary dysmenorrhea: a randomized, double-blind clinical trial. J Obstet Gynaecol Res, 38(5), 817-822. doi:10.1111/j.1447-0756.2011.01802.x
[81]Otaibi, M. O. (2014). The physiological mechanism of uterine contraction with emphasis on calcium ion. Calcium Signaling. ISSN: 2373-1168.
[82]Park, K. S., Park, K. I., Hwang, D. S., Lee, J. M., Jang, J. B., & Lee, C. H. (2014). A review of in vitro and in vivo studies on the efficacy of herbal medicines for primary dysmenorrhea. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med, 2014, 296860. doi:10.1155/2014/296860
[83]Proctor, M., & Farquhar, C. (2006). Diagnosis and management of dysmenorrhoea. Bmj, 332(7550), 1134-1138. doi:10.1136/bmj.332.7550.1134
Pullon, S., Reinken, J., & Sparrow, M. (1988). Prevalence of dysmenorrhoea in Wellington women. N Z Med J, 101(839), 52-54.
[84]Proctor, M. L., Latthe, P. M., Farquhar, C. M., Khan, K. S., & Johnson, N. P. (2005). Surgical interruption of pelvic nerve pathways for primary and secondary dysmenorrhoea. Cochrane Database Syst Rev(4), Cd001896. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD001896.pub2
[85]Patel, N. K., Bhutani, K. K. (2014). Pinostrobin and cajanus lactone isolated from Cajanus cajan (L.) leaves inhibits TNF-α and IL-1β production: in vitro and in vivo experimentation. Phytomedicine. 21(7): 946-53. doi: 10.1016/j.phymed.2014.02.011
[86]Picherit, C., Dalle, M., Neliat, G., Lebecque, P., Davicco, M. J., Barlet, J. P., & Coxam, V. (2000). Genistein and daidzein modulate in vitro rat uterine contractile activity. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol, 75(2-3), 201-208.
[87]Reed, B. G., & Carr, B. R. (2000). The Normal Menstrual Cycle and the Control of Ovulation. In L. J. De Groot, G. Chrousos, K. Dungan, K. R. Feingold, A. Grossman, J. M. Hershman, C. Koch, M. Korbonits, R. McLachlan, M. New, J. Purnell, R. Rebar, F. Singer, & A. Vinik (Eds.), Endotext. South Dartmouth (MA): MDText.com, Inc.
[88]Rowlands, D. K., Cui, Y. G., Wong, H. Y., Gou, Y. L., & Chan, H. C. (2009). Traditional Chinese medicine Bak Foong Pills alters uterine quiescence - possible role in alleviation of dysmenorrhoeal symptoms. Cell Biol Int, 33(12), 1207-1211. doi:10.1016/j.cellbi.2009.03.003
[89]Rowlands, D. K., Cui, Y. G., So, S. C., Tsang, L. L., Chung, Y. W., & Chan, H. C. (2012). Bak Foong Pills induce an analgesic effect by inhibiting nociception via the somatostatin pathway in mice. Cell Biol Int, 36(1), 63-69. doi:10.1042/cbi20110015
[90]Rahbar, N., Asgharzadeh, N., Ghorbani, R. (2012). Effect of omega-3 fatty acids on intensity of primary dysmenorrhea. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 117(1): 45-7. doi: 10.1016/j.ijgo.2011.11.019
[91]Smith, R. P. (1993). Cyclic pelvic pain and dysmenorrhea. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am, 20(4), 753-764.
[92]Smith, C. A., Zhu, X., He, L., & Song, J. (2011). Acupuncture for primary dysmenorrhoea. Cochrane Database Syst Rev(1), Cd007854. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD007854.pub2
[93]De Sanctis, V., Soliman, A., Bernasconi, S., Bianchin, L., Bona, G., Bozzola, M., . . . Perissinotto, E. (2015). Primary Dysmenorrhea in Adolescents: Prevalence, Impact and Recent Knowledge. Pediatr Endocrinol Rev, 13(2), 512-520.
[94]Santer, M., Wyke, S., Warner, P. (2008). Women's management of menstrual　symptoms: findings from a postal survey and qualitative interviews. Soc Sci Med. 66(2): 276-88. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2007.08.018.
[95]Sundell, G., Milsom, I., & Andersch, B. (1990). Factors influencing the prevalence and severity of dysmenorrhoea in young women. Br J Obstet Gynaecol, 97(7), 588-594.
[96]Sandahl, B., Ulmsten, U., & Andersson, K. E. (1979). Trial of the calcium antagonist nifedipine in the treatment of primary dysmenorrhoea. Arch Gynecol, 227(2), 147-151.
[97]Su, S., Hua, Y., Duan, J. A., Zhou, W., Shang, E., Tang, Y. (2010). Inhibitory effects of active fraction and its main components of Shaofu Zhuyu decoction on uterus contraction. Am J Chin Med. 38(4): 777-87. doi: 10.1142/S0192415X10008238
[98]Su, S., Hua, Y., Wang, Y., Gu, W., Zhou, W., Duan, J. A., Jiang, H., Chen, T., Tang, Y. (2012). Evaluation of the anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties of individual and combined extracts from commiphora myrrha, and Boswellia carterii. J Ethnopharmacol. 139(2): 649-56. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2011.12.013
[99]Shi, Y., Wu, D., Sun, Z., Yang, J., Chai, H., Tang, L., Guo, Y. (2012). Analgesic and uterine relaxant effects of isoliquiritigenin, a flavone from Glycyrrhiza glabra. Phytother Res. 26(9): 1410-7. doi: 10.1002/ptr.3715
[100]Shih, H. C., Yang, L. L. (2012). Relaxant effect induced by wogonin from Scutellaria baicalensis on rat isolated uterine smooth muscle. Pharm Biol. 50(6): 760-5. doi: 10.3109/13880209.2011.631930
[101]Schwertner, A., Conceição Dos Santos, C. C., Costa, G. D., Deitos, A., de Souza, A., de Souza, I. C., Torres, I. L., da Cunha Filho, J. S., Caumo, W. (2013). Efficacy of melatonin in the treatment of endometriosis: a phase II, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Pain. 154(6): 874-81. doi: 10.1016/j.pain.2013.02.025
[102]Shohag, M. J., Wei, Y., Yang, X. (2012). Changes of Folate and Other Potential Health-Promoting. J Agric Food Chem. 60(36): 9137-43. doi: 10.1021/jf302403t
[103]Sweetie, R. Kanatt, A. K., Arun Sharma. (2011). Antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of legume hulls. Food Research International. 3182–3187.
[104]Sun, L., Liu, L., Zong, S., Wang, Z., Zhou, J., Xu, Z., Ding, G., Xiao, W., Kou, J. (2016). Traditional Chinese medicine Guizhi Fuling capsule used for therapy of dysmenorrhea via attenuating uterus contraction. J Ethnopharmacol. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2016.06.042
[105]Tsujiguchi N, Yamakage M, Namiki A. (2001). Mechanisms of Direct Inhibitory Action of Propofol on Uterine Smooth Muscle Contraction in Pregnant Rats. Anesthesiology. 95(5): 1245-55. PMID: 11684997.
[106]Teimoori, B., Ghasemi, M., Amir Hoseini, Z. S., Razavi, M. (2016). The Efficacy of Zinc Administration in the Treatment of Primary Dysmenorrhea. Oman Med J. 31(2): 107-11. doi: 10.5001/omj.2016.21
[107]Tarloff, J. B. (2010). Analgesics and Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs. Allergic Reactions to Drugs. 277-298.
[108]Torres, A., Frias, J., Granito, M., Vidal-Valverde, C. (2007). Germinated Cajanus cajan seeds as ingredients in pasta products: Chemical, biological and sensory evaluation. Food Chemistry. 202–211. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2006.01.018
[109]Tsai, P. J., Sheu, C. H., Wu, P. H., Sun, Y. F. (2010). Thermal and pH stability of betacyanin pigment of Djulis (Chenopodium formosanum) in Taiwan and their relation to antioxidant activity. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry. 1020–1025. doi: 10.1021/jf9032766
[110]Tsai, P. J., Chen, Y. S., Sheu, C. H., Chen, C. Y. (2011). Effect of nanogrinding on the pigment and bioactivity of Djulis (chenopodium formosanum Koidz.). Journal of agricultural and food chemistry. 1814–1820. doi: 10.1021/jf1041273
[111]Valerie B. O’Donnell, Robert C. Murphy, Steve P. Watson. (2014). Platelet Lipidomics, Modern Day Perspective on Lipid Discovery and Characterization in Platelets. Circ Res. 114(7): 1185-203. doi: 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.114.301597
[112]Woo, P., McEneaney, M. J. (2010). New strategies to treat primary dysmenorrhea. Clinical Advisor. 43–49.
[113]Wu, C. H., Shieh, T. M., Wang, K. L., Huang, T. C., Hsia, S. M. (2015). Quercetin, a main flavonoid in onion, inhibits the PGF2α-induced uterine contraction in vitro and in vivo. Journal of Functional Foods. 495–504. doi: 10.1016/j.jff.2015.09.028
[114]Wang, W., VanAlstyne, P. C., Irons, K. A., Chen, S., Stewart, J. W., Birt, D. F. (2004). Individual and interactive effects of apigenin analogs on G2/M cell-cycle arrest in human colon carcinoma cell lines. Nutr Cancer. 48(1): 106-14. doi: 10.1207/s15327914nc4801_14
[115]Wu, N., Fu, K., Fu, Y. J., Zu, Y. G., Chang, F. R., Chen, Y. H., Liu, X. L., Kong, Y., Liu, W., Gu, C. B. (2009). Antioxidant activities of extracts and main components of Pigeonpea [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.] leaves. Molecules. 14(3): 1032-43. doi: 10.3390/molecules14031032
[116]Wu, L. C., Hsu, H. W., Chen, Y. C., Chiu, C. C., Lin, Y. I., Ho, J. A. (2006). Antioxidant and antiproliferative activities of red pitaya. J Food Sci. 76(1): C38-45. doi: 10.1111/j.1750-3841.2010.01908.x
[117]Woldemichael, G. M., & Wink, M. (2001). Identification and biological activities of triterpenoid saponins from Chenopodium quinoa. J Agric Food Chem, 49(5), 2327-2332.
[118]Yamamoto, K., Okazaki, A., Sakamoto, Y., & Funatsu, M. (2009). The relationship between premenstrual symptoms, menstrual pain, irregular menstrual cycles, and psychosocial stress among Japanese college students. J Physiol Anthropol, 28(3), 129-136.
[119]Yang, N. Y., Kim, S. D. (2016). Effects of a Yoga Program on Menstrual Cramps and Menstrual Distress in Undergraduate Students with Primary Dysmenorrhea: A Single-Blind, Randomized Controlled Trial. J Altern Complement Med. 22(9): 732-8. doi: 10.1089/acm.2016.0058
[120]Yang, L., Chai, C. Z., Yan, Y., Duan, Y. D., Henz, A., Zhang, B. L., Yu, B. Y. (2017). Spasmolytic Mechanism of Aqueous Licorice Extract on Oxytocin-Induced Uterine Contraction through Inhibiting the Phosphorylation of Heat Shock Protein 27. Molecules, 22(9). doi:10.3390/molecules22091392
[121]Zahradnik, H. P., Hanjalic-Beck, A., Groth, K. (2010). Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and hormonal contraceptives for pain relief from dysmenorrhea: a review. Contraception. Contraception. 81(3): 185-96. doi: 10.1016/j.contraception.2009.09.014
[122]Zhao, Y., Zhang, L., Longo, L. D. (2005). PKC-induced ERK1/2 interactions and downstream effectors in ovine cerebral arteries. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 289(1): R164-71. doi: 10.1152/ajpregu.00847.2004
[123]Zu, Y. G., Fu, Y. J., Liu, W., Hou, C., Kong, Y. (2006). Simultaneous determination of four flavonoids in pigeonpea [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.] leaves using RP-LC-DAD. Chromatographia. 499–505. doi: 10.1365/s10337-006-0784-z
[124]Zu, Y. G., Liu, X. L., Fu, Y. J., Wu, N., Kong, Y., Wink, M. (2010). Chemical composition of the SFE-CO extracts from Cajanus cajan (L.) Huth and their antimicrobial activity in vitro and in vivo. Phytomedicine. 17(14): 1095-101.
[125]Zhang, D.-Y., Zu, Y.-G., Fu, Y.-J., Wang, W., Zhang, L., Luo, M., Mu, F.-S., Yao, X.-H., Duan, M.-H. (2013). Aqueous two-phase extraction and enrichment of two main flavonoids from pigeon pea roots and the antioxidant activity. Separation and Purification Technology. 26–33. doi: 10.1016/j.seppur.2012.09.019
[126]Zhao, C., Liu, D., Li, C., Fu, Y., Yang, L., Zu, Y. (2014). Separation of pinostrobin from pigeon pea [Cajanus cajan (L) Millsp.] leaf extract using a cation exchange resin for catalytic transformation combined with a polyamide resin. Separation and Purification Technology. 168–175. doi: 10.1016/j.seppur.2014.06.056
[127]Zhang, D. M., Li, Y., Cheang, W. S., Lau, C. W., Lin, S. M., Zhang, Q. L., Yao, N., Wang, Y., Wu, X., Huang, Y., Ye, W. C. (2012). Cajaninstilbene acid relaxes rat renal arteries: roles of Ca2+ antagonism and protein kinase C-dependent mechanism. Plos One. 11–13. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0047030