國立臺灣師範大學博碩士論文全文系統

簡易檢索 / 詳目顯示

回結果列表

研究生：	謝佳利 Chia-li Hsieh
論文名稱：	外語焦慮和溝通策略運用之關係 -- 以臺灣高中生為例 The relationhsip between anxiety and the use of communication strategies in L2 context
指導教授：	周中天 Chou, Chung-Tien 陳齊瑞 Chen, Chyi-Ruey
學位類別：	碩士 Master
系所名稱：	英語學系 Department of English
畢業學年度：	87
語文別：	英文
論文頁數：	138
中文關鍵詞：	焦慮、溝通策略、外語學習、外語習得、外語教學、外語焦慮、口語溝通
英文關鍵詞：	anxiety, communication strategy, foreign language learning, foreign language acquisition, foreign language teaching, foreign language anxiety, oral communication
論文種類：	學術論文
相關次數：	點閱：179 下載：0
分享至:	分享至facebook 分享至twitter

查詢本校圖書館目錄查詢臺灣博碩士論文知識加值系統勘誤回報

本研究以臺灣高中生為對象，觀察其對抽象圖形的英語描述和焦慮程度的關係。研究的結果如下 ﹕
1. 焦慮程度不同，對多重策略的使用不同。換言之，低焦慮者較願意使用多個溝通策略來描述一個抽象圖形。
2. 不論焦慮程度高低，研究對象皆傾向於將抽象圖案當做一個完整個體來描述 (holistic strategy)；高焦慮者和低焦
慮者使用此策略的頻率相當。
本研究顯示外語焦慮和溝通策略的運用有某些程度的相關。在基本策略的選擇上，高焦慮者和低焦慮者並無不同，皆傾向從整體的觀點 (holistic)來描述圖形；但焦慮可能和外語學習者使用溝通策略的個數有關，低焦慮者有使用多重策略的傾向，而相對之下，高焦慮者使用策略的態度較為保守，偏向使用單一策略來完成一項溝通任務。

Anxiety has for a long time been recognized as an important factor in foreign/second language learning. While many researchers have explored the effects of anxiety in terms of course scores, the relationship between anxiety and actual language use is less examined. To experienced foreign/second language teachers, anxiety can not be ignored with respect to its relationship with actual oral communication. The obvious symptoms include: tongue tied-ness, low class risktaking in adopting various language structures, trembling, etc. (cf. Horwitz, Horwitz, and Cope, 1986; Beatty et al., 1989). Though based on the inference, anxiety is suspected to be relevant to the use of communication strategies, little research in this respect has been conducted. It is difficult to deny the role of communication strategies in achieving the communicative goals, especially in interlanguage contexts (cf. Bialystok, 1990). How the L2 learner employs communication strategies deserves further inspection, which would contribute to a better understanding of language acquisition. However, in order to solve such pedagogical and linguistic problems, and to release those learners from anxiety, it is even more worthwhile to investigate into the relationship between the factors of anxiety and the use of communication strategies. Is anxiety related to the use of communication strategies? If yes, what is the relationship? To find out the answers to these questions is the objective of the present study. The findings indicate that anxiety is related to the use of communication strategies. That is, less anxious learners tend to use multi-strategies to complete a task. However, to some extent, foreign language learners are the same in adopting communication strategies, for both highly anxious and less anxious learners are inclined to adopt holistic strategies in describing the abstract shapes.

Table of Contents
                                                                                                                                Page
   List of Tables .......................................................................................................vi
   List of Figures .....................................................................................................vii
   List of Abbreviations ...........................................................................................viii
 Introduction ....................................................................................................... 1
1  Research background and rationale ..................................................................1
2  The scope of the study ......................................................................................5
3  Research questions and hypothesis ................................................................. 8
4  The limitation of the study ...............................................................................11
5  Organization of the study .................................................................................12
 Review of literature ............................................................................................13
1  Anxiety in foreign language using ...................................................................14
1.1   General views on anxiety .............................................................................15
1.2   State anxiety and trait anxiety .......................................................................15
1.3   Foreign language anxiety..............................................................................17
1.3.1  The construct of foreign language anxiety ..................................................19
1.3.1.1   Communication apprehension ................................................................20
1.3.1.2   Test anxiety .............................................................................................21
1.3.1.3   Fear of social negative evaluation ............................................................23
1.3.2  The causes of foreign language anxiety .......................................................23
1.3.3  The effects of foreign language anxiety .......................................................25
1.3.3.1  Facilitating and debilitating effects ...........................................................26
1.3.3.2  Language Class Risktaking and foreign language anxiety ........................27
1.4  The relationship between state anxiety and foreign language anxiety..............29
1.5  The measures of anxiety ................................................................................30
1.6  Summary .......................................................................................................32
2   Communication strategies ................................................................................33
2.1    Language proficiency and communication competence ................................33
2.2    Strategic competence .....................................................................................36
2.3    The definition of communication strategy .....................................................40
2.3.1   The preliminary study of communication strategies ....................................40
2.3.2   Two approaches in the study of communication strategies .........................44
2.3.2.1   The interactional perspectives ...................................................................46
2.3.2.2   The psychological perspectives .................................................................48
2.4    The taxonomy of communication strategies ..................................................54
2.4.1   The weakness of the Pros' taxonomies ........................................................54
2.4.2   The Cons' taxonomy of communication strategies ......................................57
2.4.3   The reduction strategy ..................................................................................61
2.5    The factors in the selection of communication strategies ...............................63
2.6    The preference and order in L1 and L2 referential strategies...........................68
2.7    Research methodology ...................................................................................74
2.8    Summary .......................................................................................................75
 The method ...........................................................................................................77
1   The materials ......................................................................................................77
2   The coding principles .........................................................................................80
3   The subjects ........................................................................................................87
4  The procedure ......................................................................................................88
4.1  Arrangements for subjects and testers ..............................................................88
4.2  The test .............................................................................................................89
4.3  Data analysis .....................................................................................................91
 Results ...................................................................................................................92
1  State anxiety and the selection of the subjects ......................................................92
2  Statistic analysis of communication strategies manipulated .................................93
2.1   Test of Hypothesis 1 ........................................................................................94
2.2   Test of Hypothesis 2 and 3 ..............................................................................95
3  Motives and reflections of the subjects ...............................................................101
 Discussion and conclusion ...................................................................................104
1  Findings of the study ..........................................................................................104
2  Implication to foreign language teaching ............................................................110
3  Suggestions for future study ...............................................................................112
4  Conclusion ..........................................................................................................113
Bibliography ...............................................................................................................116
Appendix ....................................................................................................................122

                                

BIBLIOGRAPHY
Bachman, Lyle F. (1990). Fundamental Considerations in Language Testing. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Bailey, K. M. (1995). "Competitiveness and anxiety in adult second language learning: Looking at and through the diary studies." Readings on Second Language Acquisition, eds. H. D. Brown and S. T. Gonzo (London: Prentice Hall), pp. 161-205.
Beatty, M. J., G. L. Balfantz, and A. Y. Kuwabara (1989). "Trait-like qualities of selected variables assumed to be transient causes of performance state anxiety." Communication Education, 38, pp. 277-89.
Beatty, Michael J. (1994). "Communication anxiety inventory." Communication Research Measures: A Sourcebook, eds. Rebecca B. Rubin, Philip Palmgreen, and Howard E. Sypher (NY: Guilford Press), pp. 109-13.
Bialystok, Ellen (1983). "Some factors in the selection and implementation of communication strategies." Strategies in Interlanguage Communication, eds. C. Faerch and G. Kasper (London: Longman), pp. 110-18.
________ (1990). Communication Strategies: A Psychological Analysis of Second-Language Use. Oxford: Blackwell.
Bongaerts, T. and N. Poulisse (1989). "Communication strategies in L1 and L2: Same or different?" Applied Linguistics, 10:3, pp. 253-68.
Clark, H.H. and D. Wilkes-Gibbs (1986). "Referring as a collaborative process." Cogtion, 22 (1986), pp. 1-39.
Corder, S. P. (1978). "Language-learner language." Understanding Second and Foreign Language Learning: Issues and Approaches, ed. Jack C. Richards (Mass: Newbury House), pp. 71-93.
________ (1981). Error Analysis and Interlangauge. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Daly, J. A., A. L. Vangelisti, and D. J. Weber (1995). "Speech anxiety affects how people prepare speeches: A protocol analysis of the preparation processes." Communication Monographs, 62, pp. 383-97.
Daly, John (1991). "Understanding communication apprehension: An Introduction for language educators." Language Anxiety: From Theory and Research to Classroom Implications, eds. Elaine. K. Horwitz and Dolly J. Young (NJ: Prentice Hall), pp. 3-13.
Dickson, W. P. (1982). "Two decades of referential communication research: A review and meta-analysis." Verbal Processes in Children, eds. Charles J. Brainerd and Michael Pressley (New York: Spring-Verlag), pp. 1-33.
Ellis, R. (1985). Understanding Second Language Acquisition. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Ely, Christopher M. (1986). "An analysis of discomfort, risktaking, sociability, and motivation in the L2 classroom." Language Learning, 36/1, pp. 1-25.
_________ (1995). "Tolerance of ambiguity and the teaching of ESL." Learning Styles in the ESL/EFL Classroom, ed. J. M. Reid (Boston, MA: Heinle and Heinle), pp. 87-95.
Faerch, Claus and Gabriele Kasper (1983a). "Plans and strategies in foreign language communication." Strategies in Interlanguage Communication, eds. C. Faerch and G. Kasper (London: Longman), pp. 20-60.
________ (1983b). "On identifying communication strategies in interlanguage production." Strategies in Interlanguage Communication, eds. C. Faerch and G. Kasper (London: Longman), pp. 210-38.
Glucksberg, S. and R. Krauss (1975). "The development of referential communication skills." Review of Child Development Research 4, ed. F. Horwoitz, pp. 305-45.
Grove, Theodore G. (1991). Dyadic Interaction: Choice and Change in Conversations and Relationships. IA, US: Wm. C. Brown.
Hadley, Alice O. (1993). Teaching Language in Context. Boston, MA: Heinle and Heinle.
Heaton, J. B. (1988). Writing English language tests. NY: Longman.
Horwitz, E. K., M. B. Horwitz, and J. Cope (1986). "Foreign language classroom anxiety." Modern Language Journal, 70:2, pp. 125-32.
Hymes, D. H. (1972). "On communication competence." Sociolinguistics, eds. J. B. Pride and J. Holmes (Harmondsworth, England: Penguin Books).
Isaacs, E. A. and H. H. Clark (1987). "References in conversation between experts and novices." Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 116/1, pp. 26-37.
Kahan, Lisa D. and D. Dean Richards (1986). "The effects of context on referential communication strategies." Child Development, 57, pp. 1130-41.
Kasper, Gabriele. and Eric. Kellerman (1997). "Introduction: Approaches to communication strategies." Communication Strategies: Psycholinguistic and Sociolinguistic Perspectives, eds. G. Kasper and E. Kellerman (London/NY: Longman), pp. 1-13.
Kellerman, E. and Ellen. Bialystok (1997). "On psychological plausibility in the study of communication strategies." Communication Strategies: Psycholinguistic and Sociolinguistic Perspectives, eds. G. Kasper and E. Kellerman (London/NY: Longman), pp. 31-48.
Kellerman, E., T. Ammerlaan, T. Bongaerts, and N. Poulisse (1990). "System and hierarchy in L2 compensatory strategies." Developing Communication Competence in a Second Language, eds. R. Scarcella, E. Andersen and S. Krashen (NY: Newbury House), pp. 163-78.
Krashen, S. D. (1982). Principles and Practice in Second Language Acquisition. NY: Pergamon Press.
________ (1988). Second Language Acquisition and Second Language Learning. NJ: Prentice Hall.
MacIntyre, P. D. and C. Charos (1996). "Personality, attitudes, and affect as predictors of second language communication." Journal of Language and Social psychology, 15:1, pp. 3-26.
MacIntyre, P. D. and R. C. Gardner (1989). "Anxiety and second language learning: Toward a theoretical clarification." Language Learning, 39:2, pp. 251-75.
________ (1991a). "Investigating language class anxiety: Using the focused essay technique." Modern Language Journal, 75:3, pp. 296-304.
________ (1991b). "Methods and results in the study of anxiety and language learning: A review of the literature." Language Learning, 41:1, pp. 85-117.
________ (1991c). "Language anxiety: Its relationship to other anxieties and to processing in native and second languages." Language Learning, 41:4, pp. 513-34.
McCroskey, James C. (1977). "Oral communication apprehension: A summary of recent theory and research." Human Communication Research, 4:1, pp. 78-96.
Oxford, Rebecca L. (1990). Language Learning Strategies: What Every Teacher Should Know. Boston, MA: Heinle and Heinle.
Paribakht, T. (1985). "Strategic competence and language proficiency." Applied Linguistics, 6/2, pp. 132-46.
Ricciardelli, Lina A. (1993). "Two components of metalinguistic awareness: Control of linguistic processing and analysis of linguistic knowledge." Applied psycholinguistics, 14, pp. 349-67.
Rubin, Rebecca B., Philip Palmgreen, and Howard E. Sypher, eds. (1994). Communication Research Measures: A Source. NY: Guildford.
Ruebush, Britton K. (1960). "Interfering and facilitating effects of test anxiety." Journal of Abnormal and Social psychology, 60:2, pp. 205-12.
Russell, George (1997). "Preference and order in first and second language referential strategies." Communication Strategies: Psycholinguistic and Sociolinguistic Perspectives, eds. G. Kasper and E. Kellerman (London/NY: Longman), pp.65-95.
Saito, Y. and K. K. Samimy (1996). "Foreign language anxiety and language performance: a study of learner anxiety in beginning, intermediate, and advanced-level college students of Japanese." Foreign Language Annals, 29:2, pp. 239-51.
Sarason, Irwin G. (1980). "Introduction to the study of test anxiety." Test Anxiety: Theory, Research, and Application, ed. Irwin G. Sarason (NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates), pp.3-14.
Scovel, T. (1978). "The effect of affect on foreign language learning: A review of the anxiety research." Language Learning, 28:1, pp. 129-142.
Sieber, John E. (1980). "Defining test anxiety: Problems and approaches." Test Anxiety: Theory, Research, and Application, ed. Irwin G. Sarason (NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates), pp. 15-42.
Sonnenschein, S. and G. J. Whitehurst (1984). "Developing referential communication: A hierarchy of skills." Child Development, 55, pp. 1936-45.
Spielberger, Charles D. (1966a). "Theory and research on anxiety." Anxiety and Behavior, ed. Charles D. Speilberger (NY/London: Academic Press), pp.3-20.
________ (1966b). "The effects of anxiety on complex learning and academic achievement." Anxiety and Behavior, ed. Charles D. Speilberger (NY/London: Academic Press), pp. 361-98.
Steinberg, F. S. and E. K. Horwitz (1986). "The effects of induced anxiety on the denotative and interpretive content of second language speech." TESOL, 20, pp. 131-136.
Tarone, E. (1981). "Some thoughts on the notion of communication strategies." TESOL Quarterly, 15:3, pp. 285-95.
Varadi, T. (1980). "Notes and discussion: Strategies of target language learner communication: Message adjustment." IRAL, 18/1, pp. 59-72.
Ying, Hui-Hui (1983). The Effects of Anxiety on English Learning of the Senior High School Students in Taiwan. Unpublished M. A. Thesis, National Taiwan Normal University, 1983.
Young, Dolly J. (1991). "The relationship between anxiety and foreign language oral proficiency ratings." Language Anxiety: From Theory and Research to Classroom Implications, eds. Elaine. K. Horwitz and Dolly J. Young (NJ: Prentice Hall), pp. 57-66.
Yule, George and Elaine Tarone (1997). "Investigating communication strategies in L2 reference: Pros and cons." Communication Strategies: Psycholinguistic and Sociolinguistic Perspectives, eds. Gabriele Kasper and Eric Kellerman (London/NY: Longman), pp. 17-30.

簡易檢索 / 詳目顯示

相關論文