馬來西亞在國際社會上的表現秉持不侵犯自身利益的原則，向來不正面挑戰大國或與其他國家交惡，對外關係採取務實的外交理念。從馬中關係來看，馬來西亞面對崛起的中國，有國際環境和內部政治的考量因素。馬哈迪時期馬來西亞與中國建立穩定的情誼基礎。雖然後續的領導人延續對中政策，但是隨著國際社會環境的變遷、國內政治經濟情勢的發展、還有領導人不同的領導風格，馬中關係也推演至不同的深化階段。
本論文主要探討馬來西亞與中國的外交關係，分別由國際、國家、個人等三個層次分析作為研究途徑。阿都拉與納吉時期的馬中關係產生的延續與變化，是本文分析在後馬哈迪時期馬中關係受影響之因素。最後本文認為後馬哈迪時期的馬來西亞政府未大幅改變馬哈迪之對中政策，僅做出些微調整。本文透過三個層次分析得出馬中關係在阿都拉時期所受到的影響主要體現在個人層次，即阿都拉的性格與政治理念與其前任不同；至於納吉執政時期恰逢國際局勢變遷之際，因此顯示國際層次為馬中關係帶來影響性因素。

When dealing with foreign affairs in international society, Malaysia’s diplomatic policy has always been pragmatic in nature. While upholding its national interests, Malaysian government avoids direct confrontation with major powers and plays a benign role among its counterparts. Malaysia-China relations, to Malaysia, are not just about facing the China’s rise, but also show Malaysia’s consideration of its external conditions and domestic political atmosphere. The foundation of the bilateral ties between these two countries was forged during Mahathir’s administration. Although Mahathir’s successors continued his China policy, Malaysia-China relations have moved to another stage due to the change in international environment, the development of national political economy and the shift in political leadership.
This research aims to examine the diplomatic relations between Malaysia and China through three levels of analysis, i.e., international level, state level and individual level. The author analyzes the shift and continuity in Malaysia-China relations under both Abdullah Badawi’s and Najib’s premierships, in order to understand the factors contributing to the development of the relationship in the post-Mahathir era. The findings of the research conclude that the successive government after Mahathir’s leadership has taken no major shift in Malaysia’s China policy but has made some adjustments. The outcome of three levels of analysis shows that the individual level had significant influence on Malaysia-China relations during Abdullah Badawi’s administration due to his personality and political ideology differing from those of his predecessor. On the contrary, there have been profound changes in international political economy since Najib took the helm, significantly affecting Najib’s China policy.

參考文獻
一、中文
（一）專書
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（二）翻譯書籍
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（三）學位論文
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（四）期刊論文
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（五）政府演講
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（七）報紙
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二、英文
（一）專書
Abdul Razak Baginda (Ed.) (2009). Malaysia’s Defence & Security Since 1957. Malaysia: Malaysia Strategic Research Centre.
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（二）專書論文、學位論文
Abdul Azim Zabidi (2013). “Before Malaysia’s Time”: An Interview with Abdul Azim Zabidi. In Bridget Welsh and Chin, James U.H.（Eds.）, Awakening the Abdullah Badawi Years in Malaysia (pp. 111-126). Malaysia: Strategic Information and Research Development Centre.
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Khalid, K. M. (2013). Malaysian Foreign Relations and Diplomacy under Abdullah Badawi. In Bridget Welsh and Chin, James U.H.（Eds.）, Awakening the Abdullah Badawi Years in Malaysia (pp. 527-550). Malaysia: Strategic Information and Research Development Centre.
Kim, Shee Poon (2008). Malaysia’s Changing Policies toward China: From Non-Recognition to Rapprochement. In Liao, Shaolian (Ed.), Malaysia and Sino-Malaysian Relations in a Changing World (pp. 231-252). Xiamen,China: Xiamen University Press.
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Lee, John (2011). Malaysia “Punching above its Weight”…and Finally Hitting the Target. In Daljit Singh (Ed.), Southeast Asian Affairs (pp.158–170). Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.
Liow, Joseph Chin Yong (2005). Balancing, Bandwagoning, or Hedging: Strategic and Security Patterns in Malaysian’s Relations with China, 1981-2003. In Ho, Khai Leong and Ku, Samuel C Y (Eds.), China and Southeast Asia: Global Changes and Regional Challenges. (pp. 281-306). Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies/ Kaohsiung, Taiwan ROC: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.
Liow, Joseph Chin Yong (2009). Malaysia's Post-Cold War China Policy: A Reassessment. In Jun Tsunekawa (Ed.), The Rise of China: Responses from Southeast Asia and Japan. (pp. 47-79). Tokyo, Japan: The National Institute for Defense Studies.
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Nathan, K. S. (2013) National Security Conceptions and Foreign Policy Behaviour: Transcending the Dominant Race Paradigm? In Anthony Milner, Abdul Rahman Embong and Tham Siew Yean (Eds.), Transforming Malaysia: Dominant and Competing Paradigms. (pp. 202). Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.
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（三）期刊論文
Apdal, M. S. and Thayer, C. A. (2003). Security, Political Terrorism and Militant Islam in Southeast Asia. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 1-36.
Astarita, C. (2008). China's Role in the Evolution of Southeast Asian Regional Organizations. China Perspectives, 3(75):78-86.
Dalpino, C. E. (2005). China’s Emergence in Asia and Implications for U.S. Relations with Southeast Asia. Statement before the United States Senate Foreign Relations Committee, 1-10.
Gatsiounis, I. (2006). Islam Hadhari in Malaysia. Hudson Institute, 78-88.
Bakar, I. A. (2005). Malaysian Perceptions of China. Historia Actual Online, (7): 93-105.
Johnson, J. R. (2010). Cooperation and Pragmatism: Malaysian Foreign Policy under Najib. Asia Pacific Bulletin, 63: 1-2.
Khalid, K. M. (2011). Malaysia's Foreign Policy under Najib. University of California Press, 51(3): 429-452.
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Mauzy, D. K. and Job, B. L. (2007). U.S. Policy in Southeast Asia: Limited Re-engagement after Years of Benign Neglect. Asian Survey, 47(4): 622-641.
McDevitt, M. (2007). The 2006 Quadrennial Defense Review and National Security Strategy: Is There an American Strategic Vision for East Asia? Issues and Insights, 7(1): 1-3.
Ott, M. C.（1972）Foreign Policy Formulation in Malaysia. Asian Survey, 12(3): 225-241.
Pandian, S., Omar, R. and Sani M. A.M. (2010). “Work with me, not for me”: Malaysia under Abdullah Ahmad Badawi (2003-2009). Asian Culture History, 2(1): 97-107.
Singer, J. D. (1961). The Level-of-Analysis Problem in International Relations Cambridge University Press, 14(1): 77-92.
Sodhy, P. (2003). US-Malaysian Relations during the Bush Administration: The Political, Economic, and Security Aspect. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies 25(3): 363-386.
Tay, S. C. S. (2004). Asia and the United States after 9/11: Primacy and Partnership in the Pacific. The Fletcher Forum of World Affairs, 28(1): 622-641.
Welsh, B. (2005). Malaysia in 2004: Out of Mahathir’s Shadow? Asian Survey, 45(1): 153-160. doi: 10.1525/as.2005.45.1.153.
Welsh, B. (2013). Malaysia’s Election and Najib’s Challenged Mandate. Asia Pacific Bulletin, 216: 1-2.
Yurdusev, A. N. (1993). “Level of Analysis” and “Unit of Analysis”: a Case for Distinction. Millennium - Journal of International Studies, 22(1): 77-88. doi: 10.1177/03058298930220010601
（四）官方資訊
１、政府演講、官方文件
Abdullah Ahmad Badawi, (2005, Mar. 31). Victoria University, Wellington, New Zealand,Abdullah Haji Ahmad Badawi, China-Malaysia Economic Conference, Bandar Sunway. (2004, Feb.24)
Chairman’s Statement of the 27th ASEAN Summit Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia: Our People, Our Community, Our Vision. (2015, Nov. 18- 22). Retrieved from http://asean.org/asean/asean-structure/asean-summit/27th-asean-summit-kuala-lumpur-malaysia-18-22-november-2015/
Najib Razak (2016, May 17). Global Competitiveness: Malaysia's Aspirations. [NajibRazak.com]. Retrieved from https://www.najibrazak.com/bm/blog/global-competitiveness-malaysias-aspirations/
Najib Razak (2015, Nov. 21-22).Opening Address By Datuk Seri Mohd Najib Tun Abdul Razak, Prime Minister Of Malaysia Opening Ceremony of the 27th ASEAN Summit and Related Summit. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. [Bernama]. Retrieved from http://www.bernama.com/bernama/v8/bu/newsbusiness.php?id=1192001
Najib Razak (2013, June 13). Keynote Address By YAB Dato’ Sri Mohd Najib Bin Tun Haji Abdul Razak Prime Minister Of Malaysia At Invest Malaysia 2013. [NajibRazak.com], Retrieved from https://www.najibrazak.com/bm/speeches/keynote-address-by-yab-dato-sri-mohd-najib-bin-tun-haji-abdul-razak-prime-minister-of-malaysia-at-invest-malaysia-2013/.
Najib Razak (2012, May 28). 26th Asia-Pacific Roundtable –ISIS. [NajibRazak.com]. Retrieved from https://www.najibrazak.com/en/speeches/26th-asia-pacific-roundtable-isis/.
Najib Razak (2009, June 22). Datuk Seri Najib, Speech at, “Malaysia Foreign Policy: Future Direction for 2009-2015”, in Heads of Mission Conference, Putrajaya Kuala Lumpur,
Najib Razak (2009, June 22). Keynote Address at the 7th Heads if Mission Conference – “Malaysian Foreign Policy: Future Direction for 2009-2015”. [NajibRazak.com]. Retrieved from https://www.najibrazak.com/en/speeches/keynote-address-at-the-7th-heads-of-mission-conference-malaysian-foreign-policyfuture-direction-for-2009-2015/
Najib Razak (2006, Mar. 9). Mohd Najib Tun Abdul Razak, Deputy Prime Minister of Malaysia, “Strategic Outlook for East Asia: A Malaysian Perspective”, Keynote Address to the Malaysia and East Asia International Conference, Kuala Lumpur,
Statement by Christopher J. LaFleur, Ambassador-Designate to Malaysia, U.S.-Malaysian Relations on “a Positive Path”. (2004, Sep. 10). [U.S Department of State]. Retrieved from http://2001-2009.state.gov/p/eap/rls/rm/2004/37271.htm
“Agreement Between the Government Of Malaysia And The Communist Party Of Malaya To Terminate Hostilities” 1989 [Their Word]
“Malaysia International Trade and Industry Report 2015＂“U.S. Accession to ASEAN's Treaty of Amity and Cooperation (TAC)” [Association of Southeast Asian Nations]
“Rethinking the Zone of Peace, Freedom and Neutrality (ZOPFAN) in the Post-Cold War Era” (2011, May 31) 25TH Asia-Pacific Roundtable” [Institute of Strategic & International Studies (ISIS) Malaysia.]

（五）官方網站
[Association of Southeast Asian Nation]. Retrieved from http://www.asean.org/Biography Najib Razak.
[NajibRazak.com]. Retrieved from https://www.najibrazak.com/en/about/
[Department of Statistics Malaysia, Official Portal]. Retrieved from https://www.statistics.gov.my/.
Five Power Defense Arrangements (FPDA). [Global Security]. Retrieved from http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/int/fpda.htm
Malaysia’s Foreign Policy. [Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Malaysia]. Retrieved from http://www.kln.gov.my/web/guest/foreign_policy
[Maritime Security Coast Surveillance]. Retrieved from http://www.coastalsurveillancemda.com/
[Muslim Population]. Retrieved from http://www.muslimpopulation.com/asia/
[Malaysia’s Free Trade Agreements]. Retrieved from http://fta.miti.gov.my/index.php/pages/view/60?mid=39
[The World Bank]. Retrieved from http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.KD.ZG?end=2015&locations=MY&start=1961&view=chart
[U.S. Department of State]. Retrieved from http://www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2013/10/215235.htm
（六）研討會、書評
Dalpino, C. E. (2005, June). China’s Emergence in Asia and Implications for U.S. Relations with Southeast Asia. The Emergence of China Throughout Asia: Security and Economic Consequences for the U.S. Symposium conducted at United States Senate Foreign Relations Committee.
Gibbons, D. S. (1969). Political Ideology in Malaysia: Reality and the Beliefs of an Elite. By James C. Scott. New Haven: Yale University Press [Review of Political Ideology in Malaysia: Reality and the Beliefs of an Elite. by James C. Scott]. The Journal of Asian Studies. 29(1): 203-205. doi: 10.2307/2942581.
Khalid, K. M. (conference) (2009, Set. ). Malaysian Foreign Policy Orientation and Relations in the Post-Mahathir Years. (pp. 306-336). University of Malaya in International Conference on Malaysia: Malaysia in Global Perspective, Cairo University, Egypt.
Lim, T. S. (2009). Renewing 35 Years of Malaysia-China Relations: Najib’s Visit to China. Singapore: East Asia Institute, 1-14.
Roff, William R. (1971, Jun.). Review. [Review of Political Ideology in Malaysia: Reality and the Beliefs of an Elite. by James C. Scott]. the Academy of Political Science. 356-358. doi: 10.2307/2148057.
Shee, P. K. (2004) .The Political Economy of Mahathir’s China Policy: Economic Cooperation, Political and Strategic Ambivalence. The International Studies Association of Ritsumeikan University: Ritsumeikan Annual Review of International Studies. at International Studies Association of Ritsumeikan University, Japan.
Sodhy, P. (2012). Malaysia-US Relations 2000-2011. Malaysia: Institute of Strategic and International Studies,1-134

（七）網路資訊
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Clinton, H. (2011, Oct. 11). America's Pacific Century. [Foreign Policy]. Retrieved from http://foreignpolicy.com/2011/10/11/americas-pacific-century/
Das, Sanchita Basu and Iseas-Yii (2015, Dec. 5). Evaluating Malaysia’s ASEAN Chairmanship. [Esat. Asia Forum]. Retrieved from http://www.eastasiaforum.org/2015/12/05/evaluating-malaysias-asean-chairmanship/
Graham, Euan (2014, Oct. 21). FPDA—not Fade Away. [Australian Strategic Policy Institute]. Retrieved from http://www.aspistrategist.org.au/fpda-not-fade-away/
Grudgings, Stuart (2014, Feb. 26). Insight – China's Assertiveness Hardens Malaysian Stance in Sea Dispute. [Reuters]. Retrieved from http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-malaysia-china-maritime-insight-idUKBREA1P1Z020140226
Huxley, Tim (2012, Nov. 8,). The future of the Five Power Defence Arrangements. [Australian Strategic Policy Institute]. Retrieved from http://www.aspistrategist.org.au/the-future-of-the-five-power-defence-arrangements
Keck, Zachary (2013, Oct. 19). Malaysia to Establish Marine Corps and South China Sea Naval Base. [The Diplomat]. Retrieved from http://thediplomat.com/2013/10/malaysia-to-establish-marine-corps-and-south-china-sea-naval-base/ Zachary Keck
Kuik, C. C. (2014a, Oct. 28). Malaysia-China Relations after MH370: Policy Change or Business as Usual? [The Asan Forum]. Retrieved from http://www.theasanforum.org/malaysia-china-relations-after-mh370-policy-change-or-business-as-usual/
Kuik, C. C. (2015, Dec. 6). Malaysia’s Balancing Act. [The New York Times]. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com/2015/12/07/opinion/malaysias-balancing-act.html?_r=2
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Mergawati Zulfakar (2013, Feb. 20). Najib Hopes Wen Will Continue to Promote Malaysia-China Relations. [The Star Online]. Retrieved from http://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2012/11/20/najib-hopes-wen-will-continue-to-promote-malaysiachina-relations/
Nguyen, Huu Tuc (2015, Jan.20). Malaysia Likely to Keep China "Hedging" Policy, [Asia Cargo News]. Retrieved from: http://www.asiacargonews.com/en/news/detail?id=96
Parameswaran, Prashanth (2015a, Dec. 4). Malaysia Wants Expanded Naval Protocol Amid South China Sea Disputes. [The Diplomat]. Retrieved from http://thediplomat.com/2015/12/malaysia-wants-expanded-naval-protocol-amid-south-china-sea-disputes/
Parameswaran Prashanth (2015b, Mar. 6) Malaysia's South China Sea Policy: Playing It Safe.. [The Diplomat]. Retrieved from http://thediplomat.com/2015/03/malaysias-south-china-sea-policy-playing-it-saf
Parameswaran, Prashanth (2015c, Jun. 9). Malaysia Responds to China’s South China Sea Intrusion. [The Diplomat]. Retrieved from http://thediplomat.com/2015/06/malaysia-responds-to-chinas-south-china-sea-intrusion/e/
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Permal, Sumathy (2015a, Sep. 28). China and Malaysia’s First-Ever Joint Military Exercise is an Important Strategic Move. [The Star Online]. Retrieved from http://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2015/09/28/friendship-and-peace-on-the-waterway/
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