波希（Hieronymus BOSCH,ca.1450-1516）
繪畫的超現實特質研究
朱 素 貞
國立台灣師範大學美術學系博士論文
摘 要
本論文在探討波希繪畫的超現實特質。「超現實」（surreal）一詞，意指「極端無理性的現實」（intense irrational reality），常見非邏輯的事物組合，通常也帶有奇異夢境之性質；故現代人常比喻波希為「原始超現實主義者」。在波希的神秘魔域之中，擠滿了極盡想像的怪誕生物與不合邏輯的情節，到處充滿了象徵與暗喻；然其涵義卻往往曖昧隱晦、難以解讀。
事實上，波希繪畫的象徵符號指涉範圍極廣，至少涵蓋中世晚期到十五世紀初期的文化範疇－從民間諺語、聖經故事，甚至於煉金術，以及包括傳統基督教與異教神秘思維的複雜層面。因其生平資料極度缺乏，故本論文自中世紀開始，回溯北方藝術發展根源、當代繪畫、社經與宗教背景；以及歸納歷代對波希評論與學術研究之各種不同面向，以為詮釋之基礎。
在圖像解析方面，主要運用修辭學研究法，描述波希富含寓意的修辭化圖像；進而利用「群組分析法」解讀《人間樂園》三聯畫的意義。經分析證實其繪畫動機與目的，確實在道德訓誡或譴責之層面，但同時也摻雜大量的當代議題－因對教會貪腐及社會敗德現象不滿，波希便針砭時弊，對各階層展開抨擊與嘲諷。波希最惱恨的罪惡便是淫慾、酗酒、暴食與愚行；表現色情的場面與人們遭受痛苦的殘酷時刻，則是他最喜愛的主題。
此外，波希繪畫顯見的煉金術意象也反映當代之人文觀。本論文透過對煉金術議題的闡述，以鑑界煉金術在超現實繪畫的定位。結論舉出超現實主義者師法波希的精神特質，與波希對後現代藝術的啟示；其比較研究之結果則在揭示波希對現代藝術的深遠影響。

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二、期刊資料
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朱素貞：《怪誕形象的創造者－波希對超現實主義繪畫的影響》, 台北, 藝術家, 第322期, 2002/3, p.462-469.
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朱素貞：《魔法與煉金術：超現實的女性藝術家－瑞梅迪歐絲‧法蘿》, 台北, 藝術家, 第335期, 2003/4, p.426-433.