本研究深入探討了參與全程鐵人三項距離 (226公里) 賽事的高階經理人如何透過此類極限耐力運動訓練心理韌性，並對其職場領導能力產生積極影響。研究針對五位完成全程鐵人三項距離賽事的高階經理人進行半結構化訪談，探討他們的動機、面臨的挑戰、克服困難的策略及心理韌性如何影響他們的領導風格和企業文化。

透過質性研究方法，本研究揭示了鐵人三項訓練不僅是一種體能挑戰，更重要的是心理素質上的考驗。參與者通過極限運動中的自我挑戰和持續進步，發展了面對高壓情境和不確定性的心理韌性。研究結果顯示，這種透過全程鐵人距離三鐵賽事獲得的心理韌性能顯著提高領導效能，特別是在高壓和快速變動的商業環境中。

研究還探討了心理韌性如何促進高階經理人在策略制定和團隊管理中的創新和效率。參與者分享了他們如何將在賽事中學到的心理技巧應用於工作場所，以增強決策品質和團隊協作。研究建議，企業可以考慮將耐力運動作為培訓高階經理人的一部分，以培養必要的心理韌性和領導技能。

This study delves into how executives participating in a full Ironman distance triathlon (226 kilometers) develop mental toughness through such extreme endurance sports and its positive impact on their leadership abilities in the workplace. The research involves semi-structured interviews with five executives who have completed the full Ironman distance race, exploring their motivations, the challenges they face, their strategies for overcoming difficulties, and how mental toughness affects their leadership style and corporate culture.

Using qualitative research methods, the study reveals that triathlon training is not only a physical challenge but also a test of psychological qualities. Participants develop mental toughness to handle high pressure situations and uncertainty through self-challenge and continuous improvement in extreme sports. The results show that the mental toughness gained from completing a full Ironman distance race significantly enhances leadership effectiveness, especially in high pressure and rapidly changing business environments.

The study also examines how mental toughness fosters innovation and efficiency in strategic planning and team management among senior managers. Participants shared how they apply psychological techniques learned during the race to enhance decision making quality and team collaboration in the workplace. The research suggests that businesses should consider incorporating endurance sports into executive training programs to develop the necessary mental toughness and leadership skills.

一、 中文期刊
張育愷, & 顏士弦. (2011). 心理韌性在競技運動情境之探討. 中華體育季刊, 25(3), 499-508. https://doi.org/10.6223/qcpe.2503.201109.2012

二、 網路資料
賴曉春&Faith。(2013年3月9日)。鐵人三項的由來。運動筆記。https://tw.running.biji.co/index.php?q=news&act=info&id=5136&_sm_byp=iVVFvH7v5LFfqQ15
Entrepreneurs' Organization. (2015, July 14). Why Ironmen and Ironwomen Make Great CEOs. Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/sites/entrepreneursorganization/2015/07/14/why-ironmen-and-ironwomen-make-great-ceos/?sh=114ebd963e4d
Loehr, J., & Schwartz, T. (2001, January). The making of a corporate athlete. Harvard Business Review. https://hbr.org/2001/01/the-making-of-a-corporate-athlete

三、 英文期刊
Adebisi, J. F. (2013). Time management practices and its effect on business performance. Canadian Social Science, 9(1), 165-168. https://doi.org/10.3968/j.css.1923669720130901.2419
Alcorn, J. (2020). From The Race Course To The Boardroom: How Endurance Sports Inspire A Strong Sense Of Leadership And An Unrelenting Pursuit Of Success (Doctoral dissertation, University of Pennsylvania).
Anthony, D. R., Gucciardi, D. F., & Gordon, S. (2016). A meta-study of qualitative research on mental toughness development. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 9(1), 160–190. https://doi.org/10.1080/1750984X.2016.1146787
Ayoko, O. B. (2021). Resiliency and leadership in organizations. Journal of Management & Organization, 27(3), 417-421. https://doi.org/10.1017/jmo.2021.44
Bateman, T. S., & Barry, B. (2012). Masters of the long haul: Pursuing long-term work goals. Journal of Applied Psychology, 97(2), 427-438. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0025378
Brace, A. Y. W., Georg, K., & Lovell, G. P. (2020). Mental toughness and self-efficacy of elite ultra-marathon runners. PLoS ONE, 15(11), Article e0241284. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0241284
Clough, P., & Strycharczyk, D. (2015). Developing mental toughness: Coaching strategies to improve performance, resilience and wellbeing. Kogan Page Publishers.
Clough, P., Earle, K., & Sewell, D. (2002). Mental toughness: The concept and its measurement. Solutions in sport psychology, 1, 32-45.
Gerber, M., Kalak, N., Lemola, S., Clough, P.J., Pühse, U., Elliot, C., Holsboer-Trachsler, E., & Brand, S. (2012). Adolescents' exercise and physical activity are associated with mental toughness. Mental Health and Physical Activity, 5(1), 35-42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mhpa.2012.02.004
Gerber, M., Kalak, N., Lemola, S., Clough, P.J., Pühse, U., Elliot, C., Holsboer-Trachsler, E., & Brand, S. (2012). Adolescents' exercise and physical activity are associated with mental toughness. Mental Health and Physical Activity, 5(1), 35-42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mhpa.2012.02.004
Gucciardi DF, Hanton S, Gordon S, Mallett CJ, Temby P. The concept of mental toughness: tests of dimensionality, nomological network, and traitness. J Pers. 2015 Feb;83(1):26-44. doi: 10.1111/jopy.12079. Epub 2014 Feb 27. PMID: 24428736.
Gucciardi, D. F., Gordon, S., & Dimmock, J. A. (2008). Toward an understanding of mental toughness in Australian football. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 20(3), 261-281.
Hadjielias, E., Christofi, M. & Tarba, S. Contextualizing small business resilience during the COVID-19 pandemic: evidence from small business owner-managers. Small Bus Econ 59, 1351–1380 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-021-00588-0
Horsburgh, V. A., Schermer, J. A., Veselka, L., & Vernon, P. A. (2009). A behavioural genetic study of mental toughness and personality. Personality and Individual Differences, 46(2), 100–105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2008.09.009
Jones, G., Hanton, S., & Connaughton, D. (2002). What Is This Thing Called Mental Toughness? An Investigation of Elite Sport Performers. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 14, 205-218.http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10413200290103509
Lee, M., & Kim, B. (2023). Effect of the employees' mental toughness on organizational commitment and job satisfaction: Mediating psychological well-being. Administrative Sciences, 13(133), 1-18. https://doi.org/10.3390/admsci13050133
Lin, Y., Clough, P. J., Welch, J., & Papageorgiou, K. A. (2017). Individual differences in mental toughness associate with academic performance and income. Personality and Individual Differences, 113(113), 178-183. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2017.03.039
Lin, Y., Mutz, J., Clough, P. J., & Papageorgiou, K. A. (2017). Mental toughness and individual differences in learning, educational and work performance, psychological well-being, and personality: A systematic review. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, 1345. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01345
Luthans, Fred, Carolyn M. Youssef, and Bruce J. Avolio, Psychological Capital: Developing the Human Competitive Edge (New York, 2006; online edn, Oxford Academic, 1 Sept. 2007), https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195187526.001.0001
Marchant, D. C., Polman, R. C. J., Clough, P. J., Jackson, J. G., Levy, A. R., & Nicholls, A. R. (2009). Mental toughness: Managerial and age differences. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 24(5), 428-437. https://doi.org/10.1108/02683940910959753
Matsui, K., Harada, M., & Otsuka, S. (2012). The lifestyles of new endurance sports participants: Focusing on triathlon participants. Asian Sport Management Review, 5, 128-154.
McCormick, A., Meijen, C., & Marcora, S. (2016). Psychological demands experienced by recreational endurance athletes. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1080/1612197X.2016.1256341
Mojtahedi, D., Dagnall, N., Denovan, A., Clough, P., Hull, S., Canning, D., Lilley, C., & Papageorgiou, K. A. (2021). The relationship between mental toughness, job loss, and mental health issues during the COVID-19 pandemic. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 11, 607246. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.607246
Perry, J. L., Strycharczyk, D., Dagnall, N., Denovan, A., Papageorgiou, K. A., & Clough, P. J. (2021). Dimensionality of the Mental Toughness Questionnaire (MTQ48). Frontiers in Psychology, 12, Article 654836. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.654836
Ruparel, N., & Topa, G. (2020). Mental toughness: Promising new paradigms for the workplace. Cogent Psychology, 7(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/23311908.2020.1722354
Sidwell, A. J. (2018). The Self Leadership Habits of Ultra-endurance, Executive Leaders: An Exploratory Case Study (Publication No. 10931152) [Doctoral dissertation, University of Charleston - Beckley]. ProQuest Dissertations Publishing.
Smith, E. N., Young, M. D., & Crum, A. J. (2020). Stress, Mindsets, and Success in Navy SEALs Special Warfare Training. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 2962. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02962
Smolska, M. (2021). Application of the Mental Toughness Questionnaire in business practice: Case study based on post-pandemic experiences. Procedia Computer Science, 192(2021), 4513–4521. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2021.09.229
Stamatis A, Grandjean P, Morgan G, et al Developing and training mental toughness in sport: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies and pre-test and post-test experiments BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine 2020;6:e000747. doi: 10.1136/bmjsem-2020-000747
Wadey, R., Hanton, S., Mellalieu, S., & Neil, R. (2008). Mental toughness research: Key issues in this area. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 39(3), 234-250. https://doi.org/10.1080/1612197X.2008.9671863
Weinberg, R., Freysinger, V., Mellano, K., & Brookhouse, E. (2016). Building Mental Toughness: Perceptions of Sport Psychologists. The Sport Psychologist, 30(3), 231–241. https://doi.org/10.1123/tsp.2015-0090
Zeiger, J. S., & Zeiger, R. S. (2018). Mental toughness latent profiles in endurance athletes. PLOS ONE, 13(2), e0193071. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0193071