本研究旨在探討「理情U型自尊模式」親職團體方案的效果，以台北市金華國中、塯公國中共四十名家長（母親）為研究對象，隨機分派為實驗組與控制組，實驗組接受為期十週、每週兩小時半的親職團體方案，控制組在研究期間暫不接受任何處理，而於研究結束後，再由研究者實施相同的十週團體。
本研究之資料包含量化資料與主觀性回饋資料兩部分。量化資料方面係以母親所填之「母親自陳管教行為量表」、「父母教養態度量表」、「親職教育問卷」，及其青少年子女所填之「自我態度量表」、「母親教養方式問卷」、「親子關係量表」為評量工具，以前、後測的測量方式來瞭解本方案在改善母親管教行為、母親教養態度、教養知識、子女自尊與子女所知覺的母親教養方式、親子關係的效果。本研究分別以量表前測分數為共變項，以獨立樣本單因子共變數分析的統計方法，排除因前測得分不同而影響研究結果的差異，來驗證研究假設。主觀性回饋資料包括成員填寫之回饋表、成員接受電話訪談的內容，作為輔助討論本親職團體方案效果之資料。本研究的主要發現如下：
一、「理情U型自尊模式」親職團體方案對改善母親管教行為之效果
1. 本團體方案對於提昇母親「平權獨立」管教行為並無效果。
2. 本團體方案對於減少母親「權威依賴」管教行為並無效果。
二、「理情U型自尊模式」親職團體方案對改善母親教養態度之效果
1. 本團體方案對於提昇母親的教養自信心有顯著效果。
2. 本團體方案對於改善母親對子女行為的歸因並無效果。
3. 本團體方案對於增進母親接納子女行為的態度並無效果。
4. 本團體方案對於增進母親瞭解子女行為的態度並無效果。
三、「理情U型自尊模式」親職團體方案對增進母親教養知識之效果
1.本團體方案對於增進母親的教養知識有顯著效果。
四、「理情U型自尊模式」親職團體方案對提昇子女自尊之效果
1. 本團體方案對於子女自尊有顯著的正面效果。
五、「理情U型自尊模式」親職團體方案對改善子女知覺的母親教養方式之效果
1. 本團體方案對於減少青少年子女所知覺的母親權威教養方式並無效果。
2. 本團體方案對於增進青少年子女所知覺的母親關懷教養方式並無效果。
六、「理情U型自尊模式」親職團體方案對改善子女知覺的親子關係之效果
1. 本團體方案對於提昇青少年子女所知覺母親的「知心感」並無效果。
2. 本團體方案對於減少青少年子女所知覺母親的「負向情感」並無效果。
七、從成員訪談結果發現，成員認為本團體方案切合其需求，在改善教養方式、改善親子關係、改變教養觀念上有所幫助。成員亦能將在團體中所學之教養方式運用在生活中，但在實行上仍然會有所困難。
八、從各種評估角度分析，成員感到「背孩子同行」、「親子尊嚴保衛戰」、「情緒接納與同理心」等單元印象最深刻、最有收穫、最受用，獲益最多。
九、根據成員、觀察員的回饋，其表示本團體氣氛良好、團體互動頻繁、團體凝聚力強、領導員適時有效的介入皆對提高本團體效果有所幫助。
最後，研究者根據研究結果加以討論，並且進一步提出本「理情U型自尊模式」親職團體方案在應用上、未來推廣親職教育上，以及未來研究上的建議。

There are two major purposes of this study: (1) developing and
applying Wu's Parenting Courses to a small group, (2) assessing effectiveness of Wu's Parenting Course with small groups with junior high school parents in the areas of parenting behaviors, parenting attitudes, parenting knowledge and with adolescent children in the areas of perception of parent-child relationship, and self-esteem..
The Wu's Parenting Course, which is designed to accord with typical Taiwanese parenting problems, was developed by a professor and therapist in Taiwan. It is theoretically based on Rational-Emotive-Behavioral therapy,Personal-Centered therapy, and Interpersonal Process in Psychotherapy. Specifically, it contains (1) the "Rational- Emotive- Behavioral Model" that emphasizes the ways to change parents' emotion by changing their points of view of children's misbehaviors, (2) the "U Model" that emphasizes the importance of solving children's problem by accepting their emotion first , (3) the "Self- Esteem Model" that emphasizes the basic parenting principle that children need to learn how to like themselves. Wu's Parenting Course points out four main factors which stops parents respecting their children and she also shows parents how to work through these difficulties.
Subjects were 40 mothers with junior high school adolescents. The subjects were assigned randomly to the treatment group and control group. The treatment group (N=20) participated in the Wu's Parenting Group Program, which was held two and half an hour a week for ten continuous weeks. The control group (N=20) did not receive any treatment during the research period, but they received the same treatment after the study.
The "Mother's Scale of Parenting Behavior", "Parent Attitude Scale", and "Parenting Knowledge Test" were administered before (pretest) and after treatment (posttest). Subjects in the treatment group also completed feedback sheets after each session and participated in a telephone interview after the group ended. The identified adolescent child completed the "Self- Esteem Scale", "Adolescents' Reports of Parental Nurturing Style Questionnaire", and " Adolescents' Reports of
Parent-Child Relationship Scale" pre and posttest. One - Way Analyses of covariance (ANCOVA), with the pretest used as a covariance, were used to test the hypotheses.
The results are as follows:
1.The treatment group showed greater confidence and parenting knowledge than did the control group.
2.There were no significant differences between the treatment group and the control group in the areas of parenting behaviors, attribution, acceptance, and understanding of children.
3.Adolescent children whose mother was in the treatment group had significantly higher self-esteem scores than the identified adolescent children whose mother was in the control group.
4.The adolescents whose mother was in the treatment group did not score significantly better in the areas of perception of their mother's parental nurturing style and their relationship than the identified adolescent children whose mother in the control group.
5.Material from the interview and feedback sheets suggested that subjects intreatment group did improve on parenting behaviors, parenting attitudes, and the relationship with their adolescent. They felt more confident and improved in parenting. However, sometimes they could use new parenting skills and new points of view in their daily life, but sometimes they still had difficulties.
The results of the study and application of the program were discussed, and suggestions for future research were proposed at the final.

一、 中文部分
王佩玲（民81）：兒童氣質、父母教養方式與兒童社會能力關係之研究。國立政治大學教育研究所博士論文。
王淑如（民83）：國民中學實施親職教育之研究。國立台灣師範大學教育研究所碩士論文。
王淑娟（民83）：青少年氣質與親子關係之研究。私立中國文化大學兒童福利研究所碩士論文。
王鍾和（民82）：家庭結構、父母管教方式與子女行為表現。國立政治大學教育研究所博士論文。
王鍾和（民84）：家庭結構、父母管教方式、子女滿意度與青少年行為表現。教育部訓育委員會八十三年度專案研究計劃。
文林譯（民81）：自信自尊。台北：麥田。
余德慧等（民81）：中國人的父母經—黏結與親情。台北市：張老師出版社。
吳金香（民67）：父母教養方式與國中學生自我概念的關係。國立台灣師範大學教育研究所碩士論文。
吳佳玲（民84）：家庭結構、親子互動關係與青少年子女行為表現之研究--繼親家庭與生親家庭之比較。私立中國文化大學家政研究所碩士論文。
吳竺穎（民87）：家庭因素，父母教養方式與內外控信念對國小學童自我觀念影響之研究。國立嘉義師範學院商學研究所碩士論文。
吳怡欣（民88）：青少年自我尊重模式之驗證。國立台灣師範大學教育心理與輔導研究所碩士論文。
吳秀惠（民85）：親子溝通、父母管教方式與青少年性知識、性態度及行為之研究。私立文化大學生活應用科學研究所碩士論文。
吳秀櫻（民76）：一般青少年與偏差行為青少年親子關係相關因素之比較研究。東海大學社會工作研究所碩士論文。
吳麗娟（民74）：理情教育課程對國中學生理性思考、情緒穩定與自我尊重之影響。國立台灣師範大學教育心理與輔導研究所碩士論文。
吳麗娟（民86a）：青少年心理發展與適應之整合性研究--父母自我分化、教養態度對青少年子女自我分化、因應方式及適應影響之研究暨親職教育課程效果之實驗研究（I）。行政院國家科學委員會專題研究成果報告。NSC86-2413-H003-011G10
吳麗娟（民86b）：「個體化」、「自我分化」的另一端—談「共依附」的意義與內涵。諮商與輔導，144期，33-37頁。
吳麗娟（民87a）：父母自我分化、教養態度對青少年子女自我分化、因應策略及適應影響之研究。國立台灣師範大學教育心理學報，30（1），91-123頁。
吳麗娟（民87b）：父母自我分化、教養態度對青少年子女自我分化、因應策略及適應影響之研究暨親職教育課程效果之實驗研究（II）：「理情U型自尊模式」之家庭系統取向親職教育課程效果之實驗研究。行政院國家科學委員會專題研究計劃。
吳麗娟（民87c）：「共依附」父母的特質與其對孩子的影響。諮商與輔導，154期，12-19頁。
吳麗娟（民88）：「共依附」父母的親職教育：放下孩子，釋放自己。諮商與輔導，157期，17-23頁。
吳麗娟（民82）：讓我們更快樂--理性情緒教育課程。台北：心理。
吳麗娟（民89a）:輔導員個人諮商理論在親職教育上之應用--「理情U型自尊輔導模式」親職教育課程的內涵及其發展之研究。（撰稿中）
吳麗娟（民89b）：「理情U型自尊輔導模式」親職教育課程對改善國中家長教養態度、親子關係及其子女自我態度、所知覺母親教養方式之效果研究。（撰稿中）
呂建政譯（民75）：兒童時期與青少年期之間親子、同儕關係之變化。資優教育季刊，二十期，19-25頁。
李月櫻（民83）：親子關係與青少年竊盜行為之研究。私立東海大學社會工作學系碩士論文。
李玉嬋（民85）：人際歷程心理治療。中等教育，47卷(4)，28-32頁。
李盈萱（民84）：父母管教態度與青少年自我概念—以台北市國、高中生為例。國立台灣大學社會學研究所碩士論文。
李雪禎（民85）：青少年的情緒經驗與父母教養方式之分析。國立高雄師範大學輔導研究所碩士論文。
林妙娟（民78）：鄉村家庭親職角色與親子關係之研究。私立中國文化大學家政研究所碩士論文。
林秀玲（民83）：國小低年級學童母親的社會化價值、教養信念與自陳管教行為之相關研究。國立台灣師範大學家政教育研究所碩士論文。
侯碧慧（民72）：嬰兒與母親間親子之觀察研究。私立中國文化大學家政研究所碩士論文。
胡美齡（民87）：婚姻暴力受虐婦女主觀知覺其親子關係之分析研究。國立彰化師範大學輔導研究所碩士論文。
范美珍（民85）：原生家庭組型與氣氛對父母管教方式之相關研究。國立高雄師範大學輔導研究所碩士論文。
紀美瑛、紀文祥譯（民84）：父母親自我訓練手冊。台北：遠流。
高慧中（民73）：影響國中學生自我概念的家庭因素。測驗與輔導，63卷，1121-1124。
孫世維（民83）：青少年與父母的情感關係：依附的性質與重要性。法商學報，二十九期，259-304頁。
孫世維（民86）：親子依附與分離--個體化：大學時期的發展。政大教育與心理研究，二十期（下冊），271-294頁。
孫允寬譯（民85）：自尊心。台北：遠流。
翁淑緣（民74）：青少年的自尊與相關變項之研究。教育與心理研究，八期，79-114頁。
翁毓秀（民87）：單親母親親職壓力團體諮商方案效果研究--Meichenbaum理論的應用。國立彰化師範大學輔導研究所博士論文。
翁樹澍（民79）：親子互動關係對青少年心理社會福利感之影響研究。私立中國文化大學兒童福利研究所碩士論文。
許月雲（民79）：反映式溝通親職教育方案之效果研究。國立台灣師範大學家政教育研究所碩士論文。
許筱梅（民84）：青少年知覺父母教養方式與其情緒穩定之相關研究。國立彰化師範大學輔導研究所碩士論文。
陳三興（民78）：同理心訓練對親子關係效果之研究。國立高雄師範大學教育研究所碩士論文。
程秀蘭（民88）：大學生知覺父母權威性與其生氣歷程、憂鬱傾向之相關研究。國立台灣師範大學教育心理與輔導研究所碩士論文。
黃拓榮（民86）：國中生父母管教方式、自我概念、失敗容忍力與偏差行為關係之研究。教育資料文摘，40（3），114-134頁。
黃春枝（民75）：青少年親子關係適應與父母管教態度之研究。教育心理與研究，9期，83-96頁。
黃琴雅（民81）：不同產序子女之生活適應、學業成就及對父母管教態度知覺差異之比較研究。私立文化大學家政研究所碩士論文。
張子正（民87）：統整式親職訓練團體方案效果之研究。國立彰化師範大學輔導研究所碩士論文。
張春興（民81）：普通心理學。台北：東華。
張娟鳳（民74）：母親教養方式與兒童勝任動機及自我能力評估。國立台灣師範大學教育心理與輔導研究所碩士論文。
張惠卿譯（民82）：面對孩子就是挑戰。台北：遠流。
張愛華（民75）：父母效能系統訓練對母親教養態度與教養行為之影響。私立中國文化大學兒童福利研究所碩士論文。
曾端真（民82）：親職教育模式與方案。台北：天馬。
傅橋譯（Thomas Gordon著）（民81）：讓你和孩子更貼心。台北：生命潛能。
賈紅鶯（民80）：父母自我分化、子女自我分化與子女適應水準關係之研究：Bowen家庭系統理論之驗證。國立台灣師範大學教育心理與輔導研究所碩士論文。
詹美涓（民81）：青少年知覺之父母支持與青少年自我價值之相關研究。國立台灣師範大學家政研究所碩士論文。
楊秋燕（民82）：青少年親子衝突來源、親子衝突情感經驗與親子衝突解決策略之研究。國立台灣師範大學公民訓育研究所碩士論文。
楊國樞（民70）：中國人的性格與行為：形成與蛻變。中華心理期刊，23卷，1期，39-55頁。
楊國樞（民75）：家庭因素與子女行為：台灣研究的評析。中華心理學刊，28卷，第一期，7-28頁。
楊淑萍（民84）：青少年依附關係、自我尊重與生涯發展之相關研究。國立台灣師範大學教育心理與輔導研究所碩士論文。
劉姿吟（民81）：父母效能訓練方案之效果研究。國立彰化師範大學輔導研究所碩士論文。
劉修全（民86）：青少年的父母教養方式、依附--個體化、與自我統合之相關研究。國立高雄師範大學輔導研究所碩士論文。
鄭玉英（民72）：操作性制約論導向親職訓練方案之效果研究。國立台灣師範大學教育心理與輔導研究所碩士論文。
鄭秋紅（民82）：單親家庭國中生親子互動關係、自我尊重、社會支持與寂寞感之研究。私立中國文化大學家政研究所碩士論文。
賴保禎（民61）：父母管教態度測驗。台北：中國行為科學社。
賴嘉凰（民88）：青少年氣質與父母管教態度對親子關係之影響。國立政治大學心理研究所碩士論文。
簡志娟（民85）：影響父母教養方式之因素--生態系統理論之研究。國立台灣師範大學家政教育研究所碩士論文。
歐陽儀（民87）：教養方式與依附關係代間傳遞模式之研究。國立台灣師範大學教育心理與輔導研究所碩士論文。
賴朝暉（民87）：國中學生自我概念、行為困擾與校園暴力行為之相關研究。國立台中師範學院國民教育研究所碩士論文。
謝秀芬（民85）：從家庭觀點探討青少年問題的預防措施與福利服務。東吳社會工作學報，第二期，1-22頁。
魏清蓮（民76）：整合式親職訓練方案之效果研究。國立台灣師範大學教育心理與輔導研究所碩士論文。
魏渭堂（民88）：親子遊戲治療團體方案設計與效果之分析研究。國立彰化師範大學輔導研究所博士論文。
顏碧慧（民83）：家庭系統取向訓練方案對單親母親親職效能影響之研究。私立中國文化大學兒童福利研究所碩士論文。
羅國英（民86）：青少年至成年前期之親子關係的測量。國科會專題研究。NSC-86-2413-H-031-004-G11。
羅國英（民87）：青少年前期的同儕關係：與親子關係的延續、競爭、或彌補？東吳大學社會工作學報，第四期，35-78頁。
蘇建文等人（民87）：發展心理學。台北：心理出版社。
二、 英文部分
Afcio, A. & Batistuta, M.(1998). Latins, Catholics and from the far south: Argentinean adolescents and their parents. Journal of Adolescence, 21, 49-67.
Barletta, J. (1995). Parent education: Issue for counselors. ERIC Document Reproduction Service NO. ED 379548.
Becker, W. C. (1964). Consequences of different kinds of parental disciplines. Review of Children Development Research (vol. 1). New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
Belsky, J.(1980). Child maltreatment: An ecological integration. American Psychologist, 35, 320-335.
Belsky, J. (1984). The determinants of parenting: A process model. Child Development, 55, 83-96.
Blake, P. C. & Slate, J. R.(1993). A preliminary investigation into the relationship between adolescent self-esteem and parental verbal interaction. School Counselor,14(2),81-85.
Blos, P.(1967). The second individuation process of adolescence. Psychoanalytic Study of the Child, 72, 162-186.
Bolognini, M., Plancherel, B., & Halfon, O.(1996). Self-esteem and mental health in early adolescence: Development and gender differences. Journal of Adolescence, 19, 233-245.
Bowen, M. (1978). Family therapy in clinical practice. New York: Jason Aronson.
Brody,G. H. & Forehand, R.(1993). Prospective associations among family form, family processes, and adolescents’ alcohol and drug use. Behavior Research & Therapy, 31(6), 587-593.
Burnett, P. C. (1988). Evaluation of Adlerian parent programs. Individual Psychology, 44(1), 63-76.
Bush, S. I., Ballard, M. E., & Fremouw, W.(1995). Attributional style, depressive features, and self-esteem: Adult children of alcoholic and nonalcoholic parents. Journal of Youth and Adolescence,2(2),177-185.
Campbell, S.(1978). Mother-infant interaction as a function of maternal ratings of temperament. Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 10, 67-76.
Cedar, B., & Levaet, R. F. (1990). A meta-analysis of the effects of parent effectiveness training. The American Journal of Family Therapy, 18(4), 373-384.
Christensen, D.C. & Thomas, C.R.(1980). Dreikurs and the search for equality. In M. J. Fine(Ed.), Handbook on parent education(pp. 55-70). New York: Academic Press.
Collins, N. L. & Read, S. J. (1994). Cognitive representations of attachment: The structure and function of working models. In K. Bartholomew & D. Perlman(Eds.), Attachment processes in adulthood, Vol5. Jessica Kingsley Publishers: London and Bristol, Pennsylvania.
Collins, N. L.(1996). Working models of attachment: Implications for explanation, emotion, and behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71(4), 810-832.
Cooney, J. (1981). Parent education: A focus on the issues. The School Counselor, 29, 97-102.
Coopersmith, S.(1967). The antecedents of self-esteem. San Francisco: W. H. Freeman.
Corey, G. (1994). Group counseling.(4th ed.) Brooks/Cole Publishing Company.
Corey, G, (1995). Theory and practice of counseling and psychotherapy.(5th ed.) Pacific Grove, CA: Brook/Cole.
Crase, S. J., Foss, C. J., & Colbert, K. K. (1981). Children's self-concept and perception of parents' behaviors. The Journal of Psychology, 108, 297-303.
Croake, J. W. & Glover, K. E.(1977). A history and evaluation of parent education. Family Coordinator, 26, 151-158.
Darling, N. & Steinberg, L.(1993). Parenting style as context: An integrative model. Psychological Bulletin, 113, 487-496.
Dekovic, M., Noom, M. J. & Meeus, W. (1997).Expectations regarding development during adolescence: Parental and adolescent perceptions. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 26(3), 253-272.
Dekovic, M.& Meeus, W. (1997). Peer relation in adolescence: Effects of parenting and adolescents' self-concept. Journal of Adolescence, 20, 163-176.
Dembo, M. H., Sweitzar, M., & Lauritzn, P. (1985). An evaluation of group parent education: Behavioral, PET, and Adlerian programs. Review of Educational Research, 55(2), 155-200.
Demo, D. H., Small, S. A., & Savin-williams, R. C. (1987). Family relations and self-esteem of adolescents and their parents. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 49(74), 705-715.
DeVet, K. A. (1997). Parent-adolescent relationships, physical disciplinary history, and adjustment in adolescents. Family process, 36, 311-322.
Dinkmeyer, D. & McKay, G. (1976). Systematic training for effective parenting. Circle Pines, Mn.: American Guidance Service, Inc.
Dreikurs, R. (1989). Children: The challenge. New York: Hawthorn.Books.
Dumas, J. E. (1996). The effectiveness of behavioral parent training to modify antisocial behavior in children: A meta-analysis. Behavior Therapy, 27, 171-186.
Elder, G.H. (1962). Structual variation in the childrearing practice. Sociometry, 25, 241-262.
Fine, M. J. (1980). The parent education movement: An introduction. In M. J. Fine(Ed.), Handbook on parent education(pp. 3-26). New York: Academic Press.
Fine, M.J. & Henry, S.A. (1989). Professional issues in parent education. In M.J. Fine (Ed.), The second handbook on parent education (pp.1-20). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
Garner,S. Y.(1995). Self-esteem of elementary and middle school children. ERIC Document Reproduction Service NO. ED 397347.
Gecas, V. & Schwalbe, M. L. (1986). Parental behavior and adolescent self-esteem. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 48, 37-46.
Gecas, V. & Seff, M, A. (1990). Families and adolescents: A review of the 1980s. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 52, 941-958.
Giannotti, T. J., & Doyle, R.E. (1982). The effectiveness of parent training on learning disable children and their parents. Elementary Schoo; Guidence and Counseling, 17, 131-136.
Gibson, D.G. (1993). A meta-analytical review of the literature on the efficacy of the systematic training for effective parenting(STEP)program. ProQuest-Dissertation Abstracts: AAC 9415192.
Goddard,H. W. & Miller, B. C. (1990). A parenting program with attributional insight and its effects on parent-adolescent relationship. ERIC Document Reproduction Service NO. ED 332 787.
Gordon, T. (1980). Parent effectiveness training: A preventive program and its effects on families. In M. J. Fine(Ed.), Handbook on parent education(pp. 101-121). New York: Academic Press.
Graybill D. (1986). A multiple-outcome evaluation of training parents in active listening. Psychological Reports, 59, 1171-1185.
Grusec, J.E. & Goodman, J. J.(1994). Impact of parental discipline methods on the child's internalization of values: A reconceptualization of current points of view. Developmental Psychology, 30(1), 4-19.
Hamner, T. J. & Turner, P. H. (1996). Parenting in contemporary society(3rd ed.). Boston:Allyn & Bacon.
Har, J.F., & Marshall, E. (1991). Adolescents' problems and their relationship to self-teem. Adolescence, 26(104), 799-808.
Harter, S.(1983). Developmental perspective on the self-esteem. In Mussen, P. H. (Eds.), Handbook of child psychology (pp275-385). New York: Wiley.
Herry, S. (1981). Current dimensions of parent training. School Psychology Review, 10, 4-14.
Hines, A.M. (1997). Divorce-related transitions, adolescent development, and the role of the parent-child relationship: A review of the literature. Journal of the Marriage and the Family, 59(2), 375-388.
Hinkle, D. E.,, Arnold, C. F., Croake, J. W., & Keller, J. F. (1980). Adlerian parent education: Changes in parent's attitudes and behaviors, and children's self-esteem. American Journal of Family Therapy, 8, 32-43.
Ho, C. S., Lempers, J. D., & Clark-Lempers,D. S.(1995). Effects of economic hardship on adolescent self-esteem: A family mediation model. Adolescence, 30(117),117-130.
Holden, G. W. & others (1986).Effectiveness in parent training: Characteristics of parent and children. ERIC Document Reproduction Service NO. ED 284 671.
Jackson, S., Bijstra, J., Oostra, L, & Bosma, H.(1998). Adolescents' perception of communication with parents relative to specific aspects of relationship with parents and personal development. Journal of Adolescence, 21, 305-322.
Josselson, R.(1980). Ego development in adolescence. In J. Adelson (Ed.), Handbook of adolescent psychology (pp. 188-210). New York: John Wiley.
Kernis, M. H., & Waschull, S. B. (1996). Level and stability of self-esteem as predictors of children's intrinsic motivation and reasons for anger. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 22(1),4-13.
Kerr, M. E. & Bowen, M. (1988). Family evaluation. New York: W. W. Norton.
Lackovic-Grgin, K., Dekovic, M., & Opacic, G.(1994). Pubertal status, interaction with significant other, and self-esteem on adolescent girls. Adolescence, 29(115),691-700.
Lamb, J. & Lamb, W.A. (1978). Parent education and elementary counseling. New York: Human Sciences Press.
Lamborn, S. D., Mounts, N. S., Steinberg, L., & Dornbusch, S. M.(1991). Patterns of competence and adjustment among adolescence from authoritative, authoritarian indulgent, and neglectful families. Child Development, 62, 1049-1065.
Lee, P.A. & Brage, D.G. (1989) Family life education and research: a more positive approach. In M.J. Fine (Ed.), The second handbook on parent education (pp. 350-358). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
Lester, B., M., Hoffman, J. & Brozelton, T. B.(1985). The rhythmic structure of mother infant interaction in term and preterm infants. Child Development, 56, 15-27.
Levant, R. F. (1983). Client-centered skills-training programs for the family: A review of the literature. The Counseling Psychologist, 11(3), 29-46.
Maccoby, E. E.,& Martin, J. (1983). Socialization in the context of the family: Parent-child interaction. In P,H, Mussen & M. E. Heatherington (Eds.),Handbook of child psychology. John Wiley & Sons: New York.
Medway, F.J.(1989). Measuring the effectiveness of parent education. In M.J. Fine (Ed.), The second handbook on parent education (pp. 237-256). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
Mihaloew, D.M.(1991).A parent education program for family with adolescents. Dissertation of University of Oregon.
Montemayor, R. (1982). The relationship between parent-adolescent conflict and the amount of time adolescents spend alone and with parents and peers. Child Development, 53, 1512-1519.
Newman, B. M. (1989). The changing nature of the parent-adolescent relationship from early to late adolescence. Adolescence, 24(96), 915-924.
Orgal, A. R. (1980). Haim Ginott's approach to parent education. In M. J. Fine(Ed.), Handbook on parent education(pp. 75-100). New York: Academic Press.
Paterson, J., Pryor, J., & Field, J.(1995). Adolescent attachment to parents and friends in relation to aspects of self-esteem. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 24(3), 365-376.
Peiser, N. C. & Heaven, P.C.L. (1996). Family influences on self-reported delinquency among high school students. Journal of Adolescence. 19, 557-568.
Pervin, L. A., & John, O. P(1996).Personality theory and research 7th ed.
Peterson, G. W., Boyd, C. R. & Darwin,L.T.(1985). Parental influence and adolescent conformity: Compliance and internalization. Youth and Society, 16, 397-420.
Pinsker, M., & Geoffroy, K. (1981). A comparison of parent effectiveness training and behavior modification parent training. Family Relationship,30,61-68.
Pope, A. W., McHale, S. M. & Craighead, W.E.(1988). Self-esteem enhancement with children and adolescents. Needham Heughts, MA:Allyn & Bacon.
Proteous, M. A. (1981). Personal beliefs and the experience of problem: A study in adolescence. British Journal of Social Work, 11,43-60.
Quici, F. L., Wheeler, S. R., & Bolle, J. (1996). Does training parents with defiant children really work? Seven years data. ERIC Document Reproduction Service NO. ED 397 372.
Rasmussen, J. C. (1987). The custodial parent-child relationship as a mediating factor in the effects of divorce on children. ERIC Document Reproduction Service NO. ED 284 146.
Rosenberg, M.(1965). Society and the adolescent self-image. Princeton, NJ: Princeton.
Sacco, W. P., Johnson, S. A., & Tenzer, S. A.(1993). Parent perceptions, affective reactions, and depression in children. ERIC Document Reproduction Service NO. ED 377 424
Schaefer, E. (1965). Children reports of parental behavior: An inventory. Child Development. 36, 413-424.
Shelton, M. M. (1990).The impact of others on a child's self-esteem. Eric Document Reproduction Service NO. ED 324 567
Silverberg, S. B, & Steinberg, L.(1987).Adolescent autonomy, parent-adolescent conflict, and parent well-being. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 16, 293-312.
Swann, W. B. (1983). Self- verification: Bringing social reality into harmony with the self. In J. Suls & A. G. Greenwald (Eds.). Psychological perspectives on the self Vol. 2 (pp33-66). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Taylor, B. L.(1994). Successful parenting: Self-esteem communication and discipline. Eric Document Reproduction Service NO. ED 390 006.
Teyber, E. (2000). Interpersonal process in psychotherapy.(4th ed.).CA:Brooks/Cole.
Thompson,R. W. & others. (1992). Multiple effects of Boys Town's parent training program: Initial results. Eric Document Reproduction Service NO. ED 352 572.
Trute, B. (1990). Child and parent predictors of family adjustment in households containing young developmentally disabled children. Family Relations, 39, 292-297.
Weaver, M. D., & Matthews, D. B.(1993). The effects of a program to build the self-esteem of at-risk students. Journal of Humanistic Education and Development,31(4),181-188.
Wiese, M. J.(1989). Evaluation of an Adlerian parent training program with multiple outcome measures. ProQuest-Dissertaation Abstracts: AAC 8925263.
Williams, W. C. (1958). The PALS test: A technique for children to evaluate both parents. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 22, 478-495.
Wolchik, S. A., & others. (1990). Evaluating an empirically based parent training program for divorced families. Eric Document Reproduction Service NO. ED 326 823.