約瑟芬‧朗(Josephine Lang, 1815-1880)為十九世紀的德國女性作曲家之一，她創作的作品數量近千首，其作品又以德文藝術歌曲為多，超過一百五十首。她以她丈夫柯斯林(Reinhold Köstlin, 1813-1856)的詩作所譜的近四十首藝術歌曲，情意真切，是她藝術歌曲中的經典之作。
本篇研究從十八世紀末的法國大革命對德國在文學、教育、民族主義及女性主義的影響開始探討。在十九世紀的音樂上，男性作曲家的光芒畢露，與女性作曲家的保守隱匿有顯著的差別。本篇研究也從社會改革的角度出發，探討女性作曲家在十九世紀的德國社會中所受到的束縛。
藉由筆者上述的研究方向，本篇研究的主要內容分別以「十九世紀德國社會背景及女性作曲家的地位發展」、「約瑟芬‧朗與詩人柯斯林的生平概述」及「十一首德文藝術歌曲之樂曲分析與演唱詮釋」作呈現。
筆者希望藉由對於十九世紀德國女性作曲家的探討，及對於約瑟芬‧朗的作品分析與詮釋，來加深筆者對於當時德文藝術歌曲的理解，且深化於演唱詮釋之中。另一方面，也希望在本篇研究後，能為歌者們在演唱上提供更多的曲目，創造聽眾們更多的聆賞空間。

Josephine Lang (1815-1880) was a nineteenth century women composers, composed nearly one thousand musical works in various forms. Most of Josephine Lang’s compositons were songs, which were over one hundred and fifty in number. She wrote forty songs using her husband Reinhold Köstlin’s (1813-1856) poetry. These songs, reflected the loving couple’s affection, were her best-known works.
This study discusses aspects of impact of the French Revolution in the late eighteenth century on German literature, education, nationalism and feminism. The male composers’ active domination of the nineteenth century musical world is in huge contrast to the female composers’ passive attitude. This study also provides a discussion on the restrained female composers’ status in the nineteenth century from the social context.
This study contains the following sections in order: the social background and the status of the women composers in the nineteenth century, short biography of Josephine Lang and Reinhold Köstlin, and the performance analysis of Josephine Lang’s eleven selected songs based on Reinhold Köstlin poetry.
This study intends to get the further understanding of the German songs and deepen the interpretation while singing by analyzing Josephine Lang’s songs. Besides, this study also expects to widen singers’ repertoire and create more chance for listeners to appreciate these outstanding works.

一、中文
Miles, Rosalind. 《女人的世界史》(The Women’s History of the World)。刁筱華 譯。台北：麥田出版，2006。

Vogt, Martin.《德國史上冊》(Deutsche Geschichte)。辛達謨 譯。台北：國立編譯館，2000。

王美珠。〈掙扎於十九世紀德國傳統婦女角色的女性作曲家芳妮‧亨賽爾〉。《解讀百年的伊》卷117 (九月一日，2000) : 30-39。

杜美。《德國文化史》。台北：揚智文化，1993。

林怡嘉。〈布拉姆斯藝術歌曲中寄語大自然的浪漫情懷〉。國立臺灣師範大學碩士論文，2007。

林培琦。〈孟德爾頌十二首二重唱歌曲之研究與應用〉。國立中山大學碩士論文，2006。

賴麗琇。《德國文化史》。台北：中央圖書館，2002。

闕欣怡。〈傾聽女性的聲音－探討以「女性」為主題之德國藝術歌曲〉。國立臺灣師範大學碩士論文，2009。

蘇金輝。〈音樂發展中女性主義隱含之研究〉。《國立臺灣科技大學人文社會學報》No.10(二月號，2014): 157-174。

二、外文
Citron, Marcia J.. Gender and the Musical Canon. New York: Syndicate of the University of Cambridge, 1993.

Dahn, Yu Jueng. “Josephine Lang: Her Life and Songs.” Journal of Musicological Research,
no.27(2008): 291-295.

Gates, Eugene. “The Woman Composer Question: Philosophical and Historical Perspectives”
The Kapralova Society Journal, Vol. 4, Issue2 (Fall 2006): 1-9.
http://www.kapralova.org/journal7.pdf. (September 22, 2014.)

Gorrell, Lorraine. The Nineteenth Century German Lied. Oregon: Amadeus press, 1993.

Jezic, Diane. Women Composers: the Lost Tradition Found. New York: Feminist Press, 1988.

Krebs, Harald, and Sharon Krebs, Josephine Lang: Her Life and Song. New York: Oxford
University Press, 2007.

Köstlin, Heinrich A.. Josefine Lang: Lebensabriss. Wiesbaden: Leipzig Breitkopf & Härtel,
1881.

Porter, Cecelia H.. Five Lives in Music: Women Performer, Composers, and Impresarios
from the Baroque to the Present. Chicago: University of Illinois, 2012.

Pendle, Karin. Women and Music: A History. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1991.

Krebs, Sharon D.. “My Songs are My Diary”: An Investigation of Biographical Content in the
Köstlin Settings of Josephine Lang. University of Victoria, 2001.

Smith, Gordon E. and Karen Frederickson. “Hidden Musicians: Songs by Cecile Chaminade,
Josephine Lang, and Clara Schumann”. The Phenomenon of Singing, Vol. 4(2003):
163-171. Accessed September22, 2014. http://journals.library.mun.ca/ojs/index.php/singing/article/view/575.

三、網路
Citron, Marcia J.. “Lang, Josephine.” Grove Music Online. Oxford Music Online Oxford
University Press. http://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/subscriber/article/grove/music/15965 (September 22, 2014.)

Hibberd, Sarah. “Lang, Josephine (Caroline).” The Oxford Companion to Music. Oxford
Music Online. Oxford University Press. http://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/subscriber/article/opr/t114/e3841 (September 22, 2014.)

Kenny, Aisling. “Integration or isolation? Considering implications of the designation
‘woman composer’.” https://www.academia.edu/803503/Integration_or_isolation_Considering_implications_of_the_designation_woman_composer (September 22, 2014.)

Lewis, Jone Johnson. “Rousseau:On the Education and Duties of Women.” Women’s History.
http://womenshistory.about.com/blrous1.htm (November 25, 2014.)

Meyer, Joseph. “Kostgeld-Köstlin.” Meyers Konversations-Lexikon.
http://www.zeno.org/Meyers-1905/K/meyers-1905-011-0535 (September 22, 2014.)

Naucke, Wolfgang. “ Köstlin, Reinhold.” Neue Deutsche Biographie.
http://www.deutsche-biographie.de/sfz45897.html (October13, 2014.)

四、影音
Josephine Lang/Johanna Kinkel‧Lieder. CD-ROM. Bietigheim- Bissingen: Bayer Record Press, 1995.

Naxos Music Library. Josephine Lang‧Lieder. CD-ROM.
http://ntnu.naxosmusiclibrary.com/catalogue/item.asp?cid=Audite97.472

五、樂譜
Josephine Lang. Selected Songs. Ed. Judith Tick. New York: Da Capo Press, 1982.