本研究目的為探究來臺國際旅客在角色分類下，對旅遊資訊搜尋管道與內容的差異性，以及來旅遊經驗對於國際旅客旅遊資訊搜尋來源與內容之間的差異性。本研究將問卷設計分為旅遊資訊搜尋來源及內容、國際旅客角色、旅遊經驗、人口統計變數與旅遊特性等四個部分。有效問卷240份，有效問卷回收率85.71%。本研究將來臺國際旅客類型分為熟悉追求者、文化差異追求者、目的地新奇追求者、自主新奇追求者等四類，而此四類型旅客其旅遊資訊搜尋來源與內容上的差異如下所示：
(一) 對於曾經造訪過臺灣的文化差異追求者而言，依賴個人旅遊經驗作為旅遊決策的重要性明顯高過第一次造訪臺灣的文化差異追求者；
(二) 對於首次造訪臺灣的熟悉追求者而言，依賴家人與朋友作為旅遊決策的重要性，明顯高於曾經造訪過臺灣的熟悉追求者；
(三) 對於曾經造訪過臺灣的熟悉追求者而言，依賴電視廣播節目作為旅遊決策的重要性明顯高於第一次造訪臺灣的熟悉追求者；且在首次來臺經驗下，文化差異追求者對於電視廣播節目作為旅遊資訊來源的重要性認知顯著高於其他三類型；
(四) 對於曾經造訪過臺灣的熟悉追求者而言，依賴媒體分享作為旅遊決策的重要性明顯高於第一次造訪臺灣的熟悉追求者；且在首次來臺經驗下，文化差異追求者對於以媒體分享作為旅遊資訊來源的重要性認知顯著高於熟悉追求者。
在旅遊目的地行銷上，不僅要考量社會文化、地理特徵，也應該重視旅客的新奇追求偏好與其旅遊資訊搜尋行為，可利用旅客角色特性進行區域的差異行銷。而對於旅遊目的地本身，應該了解自身特性與旅客特性，才能訂製出適合旅客的行程，以滿足不同需求的旅客。

The purposes of this study were to explore the differences of travel information search sources and contents made among the roles of international travelers in Taiwan, and to identify those differences affected by visiting experience of Taiwan. The International Travelers Role Scale (ITR) was applied and the four parts of the questionnaire included the role of international travelers, travel information search sources and contents, travel experiences to Taiwan, and demographic variables and travel characteristics. A total of 240 questionnaires were valid (85.71%). The cluster analysis concluded four international traveler roles among the respondents -- familiarity seekers, destination novelty seekers, autonomous novelty seekers, and culture dissimilarity seekers. The major findings were listed as follows:
1. When choosing information sources to plan this trip, the culture dissimilarity seekers who have visited Taiwan more than once perceived personal experience more important than those first timers;
2. When choosing information sources to plan this trip, the familiarity seekers visited Taiwan the first time replied on the word of mouth of families and friends more significantly higher than those repeaters;
3. In the group of familiarity seekers, the repeaters perceived television/ broadcast programs more important than the first timers when planning this trip; and for all first timers of the respondents planning the trip, the culture dissimilarity seekers relied on television/broadcast programs more significantly than the other three groups;
4. To those familiarity seekers who have visited Taiwan before, the importance of the media sharing sites was significantly higher than the first timers of the same group; and for all first timers of the respondents planning the trip , the culture dissimilarity seekers perceived the media sharing sites more important than the familiarity seekers.
The characteristics among ITRs should be regarded as an effective tool by the tourism destination marketing management. The research analyses revealed that ITRs reflected the travelers’ preferences toward novelty seeking and travel information search behaviors. The ITR investigation provided the professionals and managers valuable evidence when concerning effective destination promotion. The government and local authorities should be aware of their characteristics and properties, in order to customize the fit traveler's itinerary, to meet the different needs of travelers.

交通部觀光局(2013)。觀光局行政資訊系統。民101年9月5日擷取自觀光統計: http://admin.taiwan.net.tw/public/public.aspx?no=315
交通部觀光局(2013)。觀光局行政資訊系統。民102年9月1日下載中華民國101年來臺旅客消費及動向調查。http://admin.taiwan.net.tw/upload/statistic/20130718/ef850682-1714-4f42-9ba7-22dd963ea57c.doc
交通部觀光局(2014)。觀光局行政資訊系統。民103年7月29日下載中華民國102年來臺旅客消費及動向調查。http://admin.taiwan.net.tw/upload/statistic/20140730/8ff4114e-86dd-4ec6-a6c3-c0c13262ca7b.doc
白滌清(譯) (2007)。消費者行為。臺北市：湯姆生出版。(R. D. Blackwell, P. W. Miniard, & J. F. Engel, 2005)
吳明隆 (2003)。SPSS統計應用學習實務-問卷分析與應用設計。臺北市：知城數位科技。
吳慧薏 (2008)。大陸來台旅客對台灣旅遊意象之探討(未出版碩士論文)。國立東華大學，花蓮縣。
吳鴻瑾 (2009)。體驗行銷、意象與行為意圖關係之研究－以國立故宮博物院來台旅客為例(未出版碩士論文)。國立交通大學，新竹市。
邱皓政 (2005)。量化研究法(一)研究設計與資料處理。臺北市：雙葉書廊。
邱皓政 (2010)。量化研究與統計分析。臺北市：五南圖書出版股份有限公司。
洪聖晏 (2008)。來台旅客新奇追求、過去行為與觀光活動關係之研究-以日本旅客為例(未出版碩士論文)。中國文化大學，臺北市。
程泳昌 (2011)。大陸來台旅客之旅遊體驗、滿意度與重遊意願之相關性分析(未出版碩士論文)。中國文化大學，臺北市。
楊世瑩 (2008)。SPSS統計分析實務(第二版)。臺北市：旗標出版股份有限公司。
榮泰生 (2007)。Amos 與研究方法。臺北市：五南圖書出版股份有限公司。
鄧智斌 (2009)。大陸來臺旅客旅遊動機、服務品質滿意度與其意向行為之研究(未出版碩士論文)。國立臺灣師範大學，臺北市。
鄭憶萍 (2009)。日本來臺旅客觀光行為、旅遊滿意度與重遊意願之研究(未出版碩士論文)。國立臺灣師範大學，臺北市。
駱慧菁 (2008)。大陸來台旅客之市場區隔(未出版碩士論文)。國立交通大學，新竹市。
蘇慧捷 (2002)。自助旅遊者資訊尋求與資訊使用行為之探討。圖書館學與資訊科學，28(2)，1-23。
Ajzen, I., & Driver, B. (1992). Application of the theory of planned behaviorvto leisure choice. Journal of Leisure Research, 24 (3), 207-24.
Alvarez, M. & Asugman, G. (2006). Explorers versus planners-a study of Turkish tourists. Journal of Tourism Research, 33(2), 319-338.
Andereck, K. L., & Caldwell, L. L. (1993). The influence of tourists’characteristics on ratings of information sources for an attraction. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 2(2/3), 171-189.
Anwar, S. A., & Sohail, M. S. (2004). Festival tourism in the United ArabEmirates: first-time versus repeat visitor perceptions. Journal of Vacation Marketing, 10(2), 161-170.
Assael, H. (1987). Consumer behavior and marketing action (3d ed.). Boston, MA: Kent Publishing Co.
Assael, H. (2004). Consumer behavior: a strategic approach. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin.
Baker, D. A., & Crompton, J. L. (2000). Quality, satisfaction and behavioral intentions. Annals of Tourism Research, 27(3), 785–804.
Baloglu, S. (1999). A path analytical model of visitation intention involving information sources, socio-psychological motivations and destination images. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 8, 81-90.
Baloglu, S. (2000). A path analytical model of visitation intention involving information sources, socio-psychological motivations and destination images. In A. Woodside, G. Crouch, J. Mazanec, M. Oppermann and M. Sakai (Eds.), Consumer Psychology of Tourism Hospitality and Leisure (pp. 63-90). New York, NY: CABI.
Basala, S. L., & Klenosky, D. B. (2001). Travel style preferences for visiting a novel destination: a conjoint investigation across the novelty-familiarity continuum. Journal of Travel Research, 40(2), 172-182.
Beatty, S. E., & Smith, S. (1987). External information search: an investigation across several product categories. Journal of Consumer Research, 14, 83-95.
Bechen, S., & Gnoth, J. (2004). Tourist consumption systems among overseas visitors: reporting on American, German and Australian visitors to New Zealand. Tourism Management, 25, 375-385.
Bello, D. C., & Etzel, M. J. (1985). The role of novelty in the pleasure vacation. Annuals of Tourism Research, 6, 408-24.
Bettman, J. R. (1979). Information processing theory of consumer choice. Boston, MA: Addison-Wesly.
Bieger, T., & Laesser, C. (2001). Segmenting travel on the sourcing of information. In Woodside, A., Crouch,G., Manzanec, J., Oppermann, M., & Sakai, M.(Eds.), Consumer Psychology of Tourism, Hospitality and Leisure (Vol. 2). Wallingford, PA: CABI.
Bieger, T., & Laesser, C. (2004). Information sources for travel decisions: toward a source process model. Journal of Travel Research, 42(4), 357-371.
Blackwell, R. D., Miniard, P. W., & Engel, J. F. (2006). Consumer Behavior(10 th). Mason, OH：Thomson/South-Western.
Buhalis, D., & Laws, R. (2008). Progress in information technology and tourism management: 20 years on and 10 years after the Internet e the state of eTourism research. Tourism Management, 29, 609-623.
Capella, L., & Greco, A. (1987). Information sources of elderly for vacation decisions. Annals of Tourism Research, 14, 148-151.
Chen, J. S., & Gursoy, D. (2000). Cross-cultural comparison of the information sources used by first-time and repeat travelers. Hospitality Management, 19(2), 191-203.
Churchill, G. A. (1979). A paradigm for developing better measures of marketing constructs. Journal of Marketing Research, 16, 64-73.
Cohen, E. (1972). Toward a sociology of international tourism. Social Research, 39, 164-182.
Cohen, E. (1974). Who is a tourist? a conceptual clarification. Sociological Review, 22, 527-555.
Cohen, E. (1979). A phenomenology of tourist experiences. Sociology, 13, 179-201.
Court, B., & Lupton, R. (1997). Customer portfolio development: modeling destination adopters, inactives and rejecters. Journal of Travel Research, 36(1), 35-43.
Crompton, J. (1979). Motivations for pleasure vacations. Annals of Tourism Research, 6, 408-424.
Cronin, J. J., Jr., Brady, M. K., & Hult, G. T. M. (2000). Assessing the effects of quality, value, and customer satisfaction on consumer behavioral intentions in service environments. Journal of Retailing, 76(2), 193-216.
Crotts, J. C., & Reid, L. J. (1993). Segmenting the visitor market by the timing of their activity decisions. Visions in Leisure and Business, 12 (3), 4-7.
Dawis, R. V. (1987). Scale construction. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 34, 481-489.
Decrop, A. (1999). Tourists’decision-making and behavior processes. In A. Pizam, & Y. Mansfeld (Eds.), Consumer behavior in travel and tourism (pp.103-133). Binghamton, NY: The Haworth Hospitality Press.
Decrop, A., & Snelders, D. (2005). A grounded typology of vacation decision-making. Tourism Management, 26, 121-132.
Duhachek, A. (2005). Coping: A multidimensional hieracrchical framework of responses to stressful consumption episodes. Journal of Consumer Research, 32(1), 45-53.
Engel, J. F., Blackwell, R. D., & Miniard, P. W. (1990). Consumer behavior. Orlando, FL: The Dryden Press.
Etzel, M. J., & Wahlers, R. G. (1985). The use of requested promotional material by pleasure travellers. Journal of Travel Research, 23(4), 2-6.
Fallon, P., & Schofield, P. (2004). First-time and repeat visitors to Orlando, Florida: A comparative analysis of destination satisfaction. In G. I. Crouch, R. R. Perdue, H. J. P. Timmermans, & M. Uysal (Eds.), Consumer psychology of tourism, hospitality and leisure (203-214). Wallingford, UK: CABI.
Fesenmaier, D. R., & Jeng, J. (2000). Assessing structure in the pleasure trip planning process. Tourism Analysis, 5, 13-27.
Fodness, D., & Murray, B. (1997). Tourist information search. Annals of Tourism Research, 3, 503-523.
Fodness, D., & Murray, B. (1998). A typology of tourist information search strategies. Journal of Travel Research, 2, 108-119.
Fodness, D., & Murray, B. (1999). A model of tourist information search behavior. Journal of Travel Research, 37(3), 220-230.
Foo, J., McGuiggan, R.& Yiannakis, A. (2004).Roles tourists play an Australian perspective. Annals of Tourism Research, 31(2), 408–427.
Formica, S., & Uysal, M. (1998). Market segmentation of an international cultural-historical event in Italy. Journal of Travel Research, 36(4), 16-24.
Getz, D., & Sailor, L. (1993). Design of destination and attraction-specific brochures. Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing, 2(2/3), 111-131.
Gibson, H. (1994). Some Predictors of Tourist Role Preference for Men and Women over the Adult Life Course. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation) University of Connecticut, Hartford, CT.
Gitelson, R. J., & Crompton, J. L. (1983). The planning horizons and sources of information used by pleasure vacationers. Journal of Travel Research, 21(3), 2-7.
Gitelson, R. J., & Crompton, J. L. (1984). Insights into the repeat vacation phenomenon. Annals of Tourism Research, 11(2), 199-217.
Goodall, B.(1990). How tourists choose their holidays: an analytical framework. In B. Goodall and G. Ashworth (Eds.), marketing in the tourism industry: the promotion of destination regions ( pp. 1-17). London, UK: Routledge.
Goodrich, J.(1978). The relationship between preferences for and perceptions of vacation destinations: application of a choice model. Journal of Travel Research, 17(2), 8-13.
Goossens, C. (1994). External information search: effects of tour brochures with experimental information. Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing, 3(3), 89-107.
Gursoy, D., & Chen, J. S. (2000). Competitive analysis of cross cultural information search behavior. Tourism Management, 21, 583-590.
Gursoy, D. (2003). Prior product knowledge and its influence on the traveler’s information search behavior. Journal of Hospitality & Leisure Marketing, 10(3/4), 113-130.
Gursoy, D., & McCleary, K. W. (2004a). Travelers' prior knowledge and its impact on their information search behavior. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research, 28(1), 66-94.
Gursoy, D., & McCleary, K. W. (2004b). An integrative model of tourists’ information search behaviour. Annals of Tourism Research, 31(2), 353-373.
Hakam, A. N., Wee, C. H. & Yang, C. (1988). Lifestyle segmentation of the international tourists: the case of Singapore. In Kenneth B. Bahn (Eds.), Development in Marketing Science, 11(pp.142-146.) Blacksburg, VA: Academy of Marketing Science.
Hassan, S. S., & Katsanis, L. P. (1991). Identification of global consumer segments: a behavioural framework. Journal of International Consumer Marketing, 3 (2), 11-28.
Havitz, M., & Dimanche, F. (1999). Leisure involvement revisited: drive properties and paradoxes. Journal of Leisure Research, 31(2), 122–149.
Hawkins, D. I., Best, R. J., & Coney, K. A. (2001). Consumer behavior: building marketing strategy. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
Ho, C. I., Lin, M. H., & Chen, H. M. (2012). Web users' behavioural patterns of tourism information search: form online to offline. Tourism Management, 33(6), 1-15.
Hughes, M., & Morrison-Saunders, A. (2002). Repeat and first time visitation in an experience specific context: the valley of the giants tree top walk. Journal of Tourism Studies, 13(1), 20-25.
Hyde, K. F., & Lawson, R. (2003). The nature of independent travel. Journal of Travel Research, 42(1), 13-23.
Hyde, K. F. (2008). Information processing and touring planning theory. Annals of Tourism Research, 35(3), 712-731.
Jeng, J., & Fesenmaier, D. ( 2002). Conceptualizing the travel decision-making hierarchy: a review of recent developments. Tourism Analysis, 7, 15-32.
Jiang, J., Havitz, M. & O'Brien, R. (2000). Validating the international tourist role scale. Annals of Tourism Research, 27(4), 964-981.
Juaneda, C. (1996). Estimating the probability of return visits using a survey of tourist expenditure in the Balearic Islands. Tourism Economics, 2(4), 339-352.
Jun, S. H., Vogt, C. A., & MacKay, K. J. (2007). Relationships between travel information search and travel product purchase in pretrip contexts. Journal of Travel Research, 45(3), 266-274.
Kaiser, H. F. (1974). An index of factorial simplicity. Psychometrika, 39(1), 31-36.
Keng, K. A., & Cheng, J. L. L. (1999). Determining tourist role typologies: an exploratory study of Singapore vacationers. Journal of Travel Research, 37(4), 382-390.
Kemperman, A. D. A. M., Joh, C., & Timmermans, H. J. P. (2003). Comparing first-time and repeat visitors’activity patterns. Tourism Analysis, 8(2), 159-164.
Kerstetter, D., & Cho, M. H. (2004). Prior knowledge, credibility and information search. Annals of Tourism Research, 31(4), 961-985.
Kim, D. Y., Lehto, X. Y., & Morrison, A. M. (2007). Gender differences in online travel information search: implications for marketing communications on the internet. Tourism Management, 28(2), 423-433.
Lau, A. L., & McKercher, B. (2004). Exploration versus acquisition: a comparison of first-time and repeat visitors. Journal of Travel Research, 42(3), 279-285.
Lee, T., & Crompton, J. L. (1992). Measuring novelty seeking in tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 19, 732-51.
Lehto, X. Y., O’Leary, J. T., & Morrison, A. M. (2004). The effect of prior experience onvacation behavior. Annals of Tourism Research, 31, 801-818.
Lepp, A. & Gibson, H. (2008). Sensation seeking and tourism: tourist role, perception of risk and destination choice. Tourism Management, 29, 740-750
Li, X. R., Cheng, C. K., Kim, H., & Petrick, J. F. (2008). A systematic comparison of first-time and repeat visitors via a two-phase online survey. Tourism Management, 29(2), 278-293.
Luo, M., Feng, R., & Cai, L. A. (2004). Information search behavior and tourist characteristics. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 17(2-3), 15-25.
Madrid. (2013, 1 28). International tourism to continue robust growth in 2013. Retrieved 3 8, 2013, from World Tourism Organization UNWTO: http://media.unwto.org/en/press-release/2013-01-28/international-tourism-continue-robust-growth-2013
Mathieson, A., & Wall, G. (1982). Tourism: economic, physical and social impacts. London, UK: Longman.
Mayo, E. (1973). Regional images and regional travel destination in proceedings of the fourth. Annual conference of TTRA, pp. 211–217. Salt Lake City, UT: Travel and Tourism Research Association.
Mazursky, D. (1989). Past experience and future tourism decisions. Annals of Tourism Research, 16, 333-344.
McGorry, S. Y. (2000). Measurement in a cross-cultural environment: survey translation issues. Qualitative Market Research: An International Journal, 3(2), 74-81.
McIntosh, R. W. & Goeldner, C. R. (1986). Tourism principles, practices, philosophies. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
McIntosh, R. W., &Goeldner, C. R. (1990). Tourism: principles, pratt ices, philosophies. New York, NY: Wiley.
McKercher, B., & Wong, D. Y. (2004). Understanding tourism behavior: examining the combined effects of priorvisitation history and destination status. Journal of Travel Research, 43(2), 171-179.
McMinn, S., & Cater, E. (1998). Tourist typology: observations from Belize. Annals of Tourism Research, 25, 675-699.
Milman, A., & Pizam, A. (1995). The role of awareness and familiarity with destination: the central Florida case. Journal of Travel Research, 33(3), 21–27.
Molina, A. & Esteban, A. (2006).Tourism brochures-usefulness and image. Annals of Tourism research, 33(4), 1036-1056
Mohr, K., Backman,K.F., Gahan,L.W., &Backman, S.J. (1993). An investigation of festival motivations and event satisfaction by visitor type. Festival Management and Event Tourism, 1(3), 89-97.
Money, R. B., & Crotts, J. C. (2003). The effect of uncertainty avoidance on information search, planning, and purchases of international travel vacations. Tourism Management, 24(2), 191-202.
Moutinho, L. (1987). Consumer behavior in tourism. European Journal of Marketing, 21, 5-44.
Mo, C. M. , Howard, D., & Havitz, M. (1993). Testing an international tourist role typology. Annals of tourism research, 20, 319-335
Mullen, B., & Johnson, C. (1990). The psychology of consumer behavior. Hillsdale, MI: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Nolan, S. D. (1976). Tourists’use and evaluation of travel information sources: summary and conclusions. Journal of Travel Research, 14(3), 6-8.
Nunnally, J. C., & Bernstein, I. H. (1994). Psychometric Theory (3rd ed.). New York, NY: McGrawHill.
Okazaki, S., & Hirose, M. (2009). Does gender affect media choice in travel information search? on the use of mobile internet. Tourism Management, 30(6), 794-804.
Oppermann, M. (1997). First-time and repeat visitors to New Zealand. Tourism Management, 18(3), 177-181.
Oppermann, M. (1998). Destination threshold potential and the law of repeat visitation. Journal of Travel Research, 37, 131-137.
Pearce, P. (1982). The Social Psychology of Tourist Behaviour. Oxford, UK: Pergamon Press.
Pearce, P. (1985). A systematic comparison of travel-related roles. Human Relations, 38, 1001-1010.
Pearce, D. G., & Schott, C. (2005). A new perspective on tourist information search: discussion in couples as the context. Journal of Travel Research, 44(1), 50-63.
Pennington-Gray, L., Schroeder, A., & Kaplanidou, K. (2011). Examining the influence of past travel experience, general Web searching behaviors, and risk perceptions on future travel intentions. International Journal of Safety and Security in Tourism/Hospitality, 1(1), 64-89.
Petrick, J. F., Morais, D. D., & Norman, W. C. (2001). An examination of the determinants of entertainment vacationers’intentions to revisit. Journal of Travel Research, 40(1), 41-48.
Petrick, J. F., & Backman, S. J. (2002a). An examination of the construct of perceived value for the prediction of golf travelers’intentions to revisit. Journal of Travel Research, 41(1), 38–45.
Petrick, J. F., & Backman, S. J. (2002b). An examination of the determinants of golf travelers’satisfaction. Journal of Travel Research, 40(3), 252–258.
Petrick, J. F. (2004). First timers’and repeaters’perceived value. Journal of Travel Research, 43(1), 29–38.
Plog, S. (1974). Why destination areas rise and fall in popularity. The Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly, 14(4), 55–58.
Plog, S. (1987). Understanding psychographics in tourism research. In Travel, Tourism, and Hospitality Research, edited by J.R.B. Ritchieand C. R. Goeldner(pp.203-213). New York, NY: John Wiley.
Plog, S. (1990). The conclusions from two decades of travel research. Paper presented at the Travel and Tourism Research Association annual conference, June, Palm Springs, CA.
Plog, S. (1991). Leisure Travel: Making It a Growth Market . . . Again! NewYork, NY: John Wiley.
Plog, S. (1994). Developing and using psychographics in tourism research. In J. R. Brent Ritchie and Charles R. Goeldner (Eds.), Travel, Tourism, and Hospitality Research: A Handbook for Managers and Researchers, 2 nd (pp. 209-218). New York, NY: John Wiley.
Prentice, R., & Andersen, V. (2000). Evoking ireland—modeling tourist propensity. Annals of Tourism Research, 27(2), 490-516.
Reid, L. J., & Reid, S. D. (1993). Communicating tourism supplier services: building repeat visitor relationships. Journal of Travel &Tourism Marketing, 2(2/3), 3-20.
Santos, J. (1998). The role of tour operators’promotional material in the formation of destination image and consumer expectations: the case of the people’s Republic of China. Journal of Vacation Marketing, 4(3), 282-297.
Schertler, W. (1994). Information and communications technologies in tourism: Proceedings of the international conference in Innsbruck, Austria. New York, NY: Springer, Wien.
Schertler, W., Schmid, B., Tjoa, A. M., & Werthner, H. (1995). Information and communication technologies in tourism. New York, NY: Springer, Wien.
Schiffmann, L. G. (1972). Perceived risk in new product trial by elderly consumers. Journal of Marketing Research, 9(1), 106-108.
Schmoll, G. A. (1977). Tourism promotion. London, UK: Tourism International Press.
Schul, P., & Crompton, J. (1983). Search behavior of international vacationers: travel-specific lifestyle and Sociodemographic variables. Journal of Travel Research, 22(3), 25-31.
Seabra, C., Abrantes, J. L., & Lages, L. F. (2007). The impact of using non-media information sources on future use of mass media information sources: the mediating role of expectations fulfillments. Tourism Management, 28, 1541-1554.
Shanka, T., & Taylor, R. (2004). Discriminating factors of first-time and repeat visitors to wine festivals. Current Issues in Tourism, 7(2), 134-145.
Sheldon, P. J. (1997). Tourism information technology. Oxon, UK: CAB International.
Sinclair, M. Thea, & Stabler, M. (1997).The economics of tourism. London, UK：Routledge.
Sirakaya, E., & Woodside, A. (2005). Building and testing theories of decision making by travelers. Tourism Management, 26, 815-832.
Snepenger, D. (1987). Segmenting the vacation market by novelty-seeking role. Journal of Travel Research, 19, 8-14.
Snepenger, D., Meged, K., Snelling, M., & Worrall, K. (1990). Information search strategies by destination-naive tourists. Journal of Travel Research, 29(1), 13-16.
Snepenger, D., & Snepenger, M. (1993). Information search by pleasure travelers. In M. A. Kahn, M. D. Olsen & T. Var (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Hospitality and Tourism (pp. 830–835). New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold.
So¨ nmez, S., & Graefe, A. R. (1998). Influence of terrorism risk on foreign tourism decisions. Annals of Tourism Research, 25, 112–144.
Sparks, B & Pan, W. (2009). Chinese outbound tourists: understanding their attitudes, constraints and use of information sources. Tourism Management, 30, 483-494
Stevens, J. (1986). Applied multivariate statistics for the social sciences. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Stewart, S., & Vogt, C. (1999). A case-based approach to understanding vacation planning. Leisure Sciences, 21, 79-95.
Teare, R. (1992). An exploration of the consumer decision process for hospitality services. In R. Teare, L. Moutinho, and N. Morgan (Eds.), Managing and Marketing Services in the 1990s ( pp. 233-48). London, UK: Cassell Educational.
Tsang, G. (1993). Visitor information network study. (Unpublished master of commerce thesis) University of Otago, Dunedin, NZ.
Um, S., & Crompton, J. (1990). Attitude determinants in tourism destination choice. Annals of Tourism Research, 17(3), 432-448.
Vogt, C. A., & Fesenmaier, D. R. (1998). Expanding the functional information search mode. Annals of Tourism Research, 25(3), 551-578.
Wahab, L., Crompton, J., & Rothfield, L. (1976). Tourism Marketing. London, UK: Tourism International Press.
Walden, P., Carlsson, C., & Papageorgiou, A. (2011, January). Travel information search-The presence of social media. In System Sciences (HICSS), 2011 44th Hawaii International Conference on(pp. 1-10). IEEE.
Wang, F., Head, M., & Arthur, N. (2002). E-tailing: an analysis of web impacts on the retail market. Journal of Business Strategies, 19(1), 73-93.
Werthner, H., & Klein, S. (1999). Information technology and tourism: A challenging relationship. Vienna, AT: Springer.
Wicks, B. & Schuett, M. (1991). Examining the role of tourism promotion through the use of brochures. Tourism Management, 11, 301-312.
Wicks, B. & Schuett, M. (1993). Using travel brochures to target frequent travelers and big-spenders. Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing, 2(2/3), 77-90.
Wickens, E. (2002). The sacred and profane: a tourist typology. Annals of Tourism Research, 29, 834-851.
World Tourism Organization (1995).UNWTO technical manual: Collection of Tourism Expenditure Statistics. p. 10. Retrieved 26 March 2009. https://pub.unwto.org/WebRoot/Store/Shops/Infoshop/Products/1034/1034-1.pdf
Woodside, Arch G., & Pitts, R. E. (1976). Effects of consumer lifestyles, demographics and travel activities on foreign and domestic travel behavior. Journal of Travel Research, 14(3), 13-15.
Woodside, A. G., & Ronkainen, I. A. (1980). Vacation planning segments: self planning vs. users of motor club and travel agents. Annals of Tourism Research, 7, 385-393.
Woodside, A., & Lysonski, S. (1989). A general model of traveler destination choice. Journal of Travel Research, 27(1), 8-14.
Woodside, A., & MacDonald, R. (1993). General systems framework for customer choice processes of tourism services. In R. Gasser and K. Weiermair (Eds.), Spoilt for Choice: Decision Making Processes and Preference Changes of Tourists. Thaur, DE: Kulturverl.
Woodside, A., & MacDonald, R. (1994). General system framework for customer choice processes of tourism services. In R. Gasser and K. Weiermair (Eds.), Spoilt for Choice. Decision Making Process and Preference Changes of Tourists: Intertemporal and Intercountry Perspectives: The Proceedings of the Institute of Tourism and Service Economics International Conference ( pp. 30-59). Thaur, DE: Kulturverlag.
Woodside, A., Crouch, G ., Mazanec, J., Oppermann, M. & Sakai, M. (2000). Consumer psychology of tourism hospitality and leisure. New York, NY:CABI.
Woodside, A. G. & King, R. I. (2001). An Updated Model of Travel and Tourism Purchase-Consumption System. Journal of Travel & Tourism, 10(1), 3-27
Woodside, A. & Dubelaar, C.( 2002). A general theory of tourism consumption systems: a conceptual framework and an empirical exploration. Journal of Travel Research, 41 (2), 120-132.
Xiang, Z. & Gretzel, U. (2010). Role of social media in online travel information search. Tourism Management, 31, 179-188.
Yiannakis, A., & Gibson, H. (1992). Roles Tourists Play. Annals of Tourism Research, 19 (2), 287-303.
Yuan, S., & McDonald, C. (1990) Motivational determinates of international pleasure time. Journal of Travel Research, 29(1), 42-44.