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研究生：	林芝佑 Lin Chih-Yu
論文名稱：	國語和閩南語塞音的發音與聽辨 A Study of the Production and Perception of Aspirated and Unaspirated Stops in Taiwan Mandarin and Taiwan Southern Min
指導教授：	謝國平 Tse, Kwock-Ping
學位類別：	碩士 Master
系所名稱：	英語學系 Department of English
論文出版年：	2013
畢業學年度：	101
語文別：	英文
論文頁數：	82
中文關鍵詞：	嗓音起始時間、台灣閩南語、台灣國語、送氣對比、子音感知、子音發音
英文關鍵詞：	voice onset time, Taiwan Southern Min, Taiwan Mandarin, voicing contrast, consonant perception, consonant production
論文種類：	學術論文
相關次數：	點閱：135 下載：25
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本研究主要探討國語和台語的發音和辨音，比較只以國語為母語的人與國台語皆流利的人的差異。在發音和辨音實驗中，檢視母語者影響、語言影響、及子音影響。本研究有兩個實驗，一是發音實驗，在此實驗中兩組受試者發出國語塞音，國台語流利的受試者發出台語塞音，我們將這些塞音放在句尾。第二部份是辨音實驗，在此實驗中兩組受試者分辨國語塞音是否送氣，國台語流利的受試者只聽辨台語塞音。他們所聽的這些音都是由發音實驗中所錄下的音，再經過嗓音起始時間(VOT)的加長或縮短所產生的測試音。
實驗結果發現兩個實驗當中，母語者影響和語言影響都不顯著。然而在國語發音實驗的不送氣子音中和辨音實驗的子音中影響卻是顯著的，這個發現指出發音位置的確對VOT造成影響，也顯示VOT可能是一個程度性的發音特徵，存在人腦詞彙中。本研究也提供了辨音理論上的應用。

The present study aims to investigate the production and perception of aspirated and unaspirated stops in Taiwan Mandarin(TM) and Taiwan Southern Min(TSM) by monolingual and bilingual speakers. In both production and perception experiments, the effect of speaker, the effect of language, and the effect of consonant are examined.
This study contains two experiments. The first is the production experiment in which the monolingual speakers and bilingual speakers produced TM stop consonants placed in the onset of a word in the sentence final position, and the bilingual speakers produced TSM stop consonants also placed in the same position. The second is the perception experiment. The stop consonants recorded in the production experiment are manipulated by cutting or prolonging the voice onset time(VOT) to form the perception stimuli. Two groups of speakers perceived TM stop consonants and bilinguals perceived TSM stop consonants placed in the same position just as the production study. They were asked to judge whether the target word was aspirated or unaspirated.
The results of the two experiments show that the effect of speaker and the effect of language are both insignificant. However, the effect of consonant is significant in TM unaspirated stop production, and TM perception. This indicates that the place of articulation has an influence on the VOT values: velar stops generally have longer VOTs than bilabial and dental stops. These findings suggest that VOT is a scalar feature underspecified in the lexicon. They also provide implications on categorical perception, exemplar theory, and motor theory.

CHINESE ABSTRACT....................................................................................................    i
ENGLISH ABSTRACT....................................................................................................    ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS..................................................................................................    vii
LIST OF TABLES...........................................................................................................    ix
LIST OF FIGURES.........................................................................................................    ix

CHAPTER ONE        Introduction
1.1    Motivation……………………………………………………………………..    1
1.2    Research Background…………………………………………………………    2
1.3    Research Questions…………………………………………………………....    3
1.4    Significance of the Study……………………………………………………...    4
1.5    Organization of the Thesis…………………………………………………….    5

CHAPTER TWO        Literature Review
2.1    Language Background of TM and TSM............................................................    6
2.1.1    Sociolinguistic Background...................................................................    6
2.1.2    The Sound System of TM and TSM......................................................    8
2.1.2.1    Mandarin Chinese Sound System .............................................    9
2.1.2.2    Taiwan Southern Min Sound System.........................................    11
2.2    Production of Stop Consonants..........................................................................    13
2.2.1 Acoustics of Stop Consonants...................................................................    14
2.2.2 Production Studies of Stop Consonants on Mandarin Chinese.................    18
2.2.3 Production Studies of Stop Consonants on Taiwan Southern Min...........    22
2.3     Perception of Stop Consonants..........................................................................    23
2.3.1 Categorical Perception..............................................................................    24
2.3.2 Motor Theory............................................................................................    27
2.3.3 Exemplar Theory......................................................................................    28
2.3.4 Underspecification Theory.......................................................................    29
2.4    Summary of Chapter Two.................................................................................    29

CHAPTER THREE        Methodology
3.1    Experiment 1: TM and TSM Stop Consonant Production.................................    31
3.1.1 Method......................................................................................................    31
3.1.2 Participants................................................................................................    32
3.1.3 Material.....................................................................................................    32
3.1.4 Procedure..................................................................................................    34
3.2    Experiment 2: TM and TSM Stop Consonant Perception.................................    36
3.2.1 Method......................................................................................................    36
3.2.2 Participants................................................................................................    37
3.2.3 Material.....................................................................................................    37
3.2.4 Procedure..................................................................................................    38
3.3    Summary of Chapter Three................................................................................    39

CHAPTER FOUR        Results
4.1    TM and TSM Stops Production Result..............................................................    41
4.2    TM and TSM Stops Perception Result..............................................................    45
4.3    Summary of Chapter Four..................................................................................    56

CHAPTER FIVE            General Discussion
5.1    Production..........................................................................................................    57
5.1.1    VOT Values Measured in Comparison With Previous Studies..............    58
        5.1.2    Effect of Language and Effect of Speaker.............................................    59
5.1.3    Effect of Consonant...............................................................................    59
5.2    Perception..........................................................................................................    62
5.2.1    VOT Values Measured in Comparison With Previous Studies..............    62
5.2.2    Effect of Language and Effect of Speaker.............................................    63
5.2.3    Effect of Consonant...............................................................................    64
5.3 Summary of Chapter Five....................................................................................    67

CHAPTER SIX            Conclusion
6.1    Summary of the Study........................................................................................    69
6.2    Limitations of the Present Study and Suggestions for Further Research...........    70

REFERENCES...............................................................................................................    73
APPENDIX I: Taiwan Mandarin Testing List in Production Experiment.....................    77
APPENDIX II: Taiwan Southern Min Testing List in Production Experiment.............    78
APPENDIX III: Taiwan Mandarin Testing List in Perception Experiment..................    79
APPENDIX IV: Taiwan Southern Min Testing List in Perception Experiment............    81




LIST OF TABLES

PAGE
Table 1.    Standard Mandarin Consonants.................................................................    9
Table 2.    Southern Min Consonants..........................................................................    12
Table 3.    Mean VOT values (ms) for disyllabic words in Taiwan Mandarin...........    19
Table 4.    Mean VOT values (ms) across four tones and three stops in
monosyllabic words in Mandarin Chinese................................................    21
Table 5.    Mean VOT values (ms) for each stop category in adult speech................    22
Table 6.     Average VOT (ms) for Mandarin stops.....................................................    42
Table 7.     Stimuli and Corresponding TM VOT values.............................................    46
Table 8.    Stimuli and Corresponding TSM VOT values...........................................    49
Table 9.    Categorical Boundaries of TM and TSM by monolinguals and
bilinguals (ms)


LIST OF FIGURES

PAGE
Figure 1.    VOT values of voiced, voiceless unaspirated, voiceless aspirated
stops...........................................................................................................    15
Figure 2.    Differences in VOT in different languages on a scale going
from most voiced to most aspirate ............................................................    17
Figure 3.    Idealized identification functions and discrimination function to
illustrate categorical perception of eight stimuli distributed at equal
intervals along a physical continuum........................................................    26
Figure 4A. Waveform of TM aspirated [k] (VOT = 139.2 ms)................................    35
Figure 4B. Waveform of TM unaspirated [p] (VOT = 3.7 ms)..................................    35
Figure 5A. Perception of TM /p/ and /p/ for monolingual speakers........................    46
Figure 5B. Perception of TM /p/ and /p/ for bilingual speakers...............................    46
Figure 6A. Perception of TM /t/ and /t/ for monolingual speakers..........................    47
Figure 6B. Perception of TM /t/ and /t/ for bilingual speakers................................    47
Figure 7A. Perception of TM /k/ and /k/ for monolingual speakers........................    48
Figure 7B. Perception of TM /k/ and /k/ for bilingual speakers..............................    48
Figure 8.    Perception of TSM /p/ and /p/ for bilingual speakers..............................    49
Figure 9.    Perception of TSM /k/ and /k/ for bilingual speakers..............................    50
                                

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