本研究旨在探討以中文為母語之兒童對於中文複合式動詞 (RVCs)之習得。本研究依中文複合式動詞組成成分的語意為依據，將之分為三類，分別是：狀態–結果 State-Result (StaR) RVC；活動–結果 Activity-Result (ActR) RVC；瞬間動作–結果 Semelfactive-Result (SemR) RVC。研究議題包括隱喻效應、詞類效應、完結性結構、與實驗效應。本研究採用兩種實驗題型：看圖聽故事回答與看圖片選擇題測驗。研究對象包含實驗組的一百位兒童，依平均年齡四至八歲分成五組，每組二十人，以及對照組的二十位成人。
研究結果顯示，非隱喻性用法比隱喻性用法容易習得，受試者大約在六歲左右即可將兩者區分。整體而言，受試者在圖片選擇題測驗的表現比看圖聽故事回答的表現還好。此外，對母語為中文的小孩子們而言，中文複合式動詞的習得順序大致上ActR > SemR > StaR的傾向。ActR 為最先習得的類別，SemR容易習得，但是不易了解此動詞的核心意義，而StaR在年幼時較難習得，但是一旦在八歲時習得後，極容易達到成人的程度。此研究也顯示，語意特徵 [- Static] and [+ Durative] 大約在小孩子五歲時習得，而 [+ Static] 則大約在八歲時習得。

The present study aims to probe into the first language acquisition of Mandarin RVCs. The issues addressed in the present study included the acquisition of metaphorical effects, categorical effects, telicity effect, and task effects. The present study adopted a production task (i.e., a picture-cued task) and a comprehension task (i.e., a multiple-choice task). The subjects of this study consisted of 100 Chinese-speaking children and a control group of 20 adults. The children were further divided into five experimental groups according to their age.
The overall results indicated that the children learned literal RVCs earlier than metaphorical RVCs, and the critical age was probably at the age of six. With respect to task effects, the subjects consistently performed better on the comprehension task than on the production task. A general tendency of acquisition of the three types of verbs was found: ActR > SemR > StaR. It is demonstrated that ActR was acquired the earliest and comparatively the easiest of all. SemR was found relatively easier to produce, but more difficult to comprehend. StaR was the most difficult to acquire at a fairly young age, but once it was acquired, at the age of eight, it became easy for the children to obtain an adult-like competence. The result also showed that the semantic features [- Static] and [+ Durative] were acquired relatively early, probably at around the age of five (Group 2), while [+ Static] was acquired relatively late, probably at around the age of eight (Group 5).

I. References in English
Bach, Emmon. 1986. The algebra of events. Linguistics and Philosophy 9(5), 5-16.
Behrend, Douglas, A. 1990. The development of verb concepts: Children’s Use of Verbs to Label Familiar and Novel Events. Child Development 61(3), 681-696.
Billow, R. M. 1981. Observing spontaneous metaphor in children. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology 31, 430–445.
Bird, H., Franklin, S. & Howard, D. 2001. Age of acquisition and imageability ratings for a large set of words, including verbs and function words. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, and Computers 33, 73–79.
Bloom, L., Lifter, K., & Hafitz, J. 1980. Semantics of verbs and the development of verb inflection in child language. Language 56, 386–412.
Bowerman, M. 1994. From universal to language-specific in early grammatical development. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B, 346, 37-45.
Brinton, Laurel J. 2009. The Development of English Aspectual Systems. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
http://www.sfu.ca/person/dearmond/322/322.event.class.htm
Chang, Jung-Hsing. 2003. Event structure and argument linking in Chinese. Language and Linguistics 4(2), 317-351.
Chen, Jidong. 2005. Interpreting state-change: Learning the meaning of verbs and verb compounds in Mandarin. In A. Brugos, M. R. Clark-Cotton, & S. Ha (Eds.), Supplement to the Proceedings of the 29th Boston University Conference on Language Development, Boston.
http://128.197.86.186/posters/29/ChenBUCLD2004.pdf
Chen, Jidong. 2008. The Acquisition of Verb Compounding in Mandarin Chinese. Ph.D. Dissertation, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam.
Cheng, Lisa Lai-Shen & Huang, C.-T. James. 1994. On the Argument Structure of Resultative Compounds. In Honor of William S-Y. Wang: Interdisciplinary Studies on Language and Language Change (Eds). by Matthew Chen and Ovid Tzeng, 187-221. Taipei: Pyramid.
Chomsky, Noam. 1965. Aspects of the Theory of Syntax. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Clark, E. 1973. What’s in a word? On the child’s acquisition of semantics in his first language. In T. Moore, ed., Cognitive Development and the Acquisition of Language. New York: Academic Press.
Clark, Eve V. 1993. The Lexicon in Acquisition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Comrie, Bernard. 1976. Aspect: An Introduction to the Study of Verbal Aspect and Related Problems. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Cruse, D. A. 2001. The Lexicon. In Aronoff, Mark & Rees-Miller, Janie (Eds.). The Handbook of Linguistics, 238-264. Beijing: Blackwell Publishers Ltd.
Deignan, Alice. 2005. Metaphor and corpus linguistics. John Benjamins.
Erbaugh, M. 1978. Acquisition of temporal and aspectual distinctions in Mandarin. Papers and Reports on Child Language Development 15, 30-37.
Erbaugh, M. 1982. Coming to order: Natural selection and the origin of syntax in the Mandarin-speaking child. Unpublished Ph.D. Dissertation, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA.
Erbaugh, M. 1992. The acquisition of Mandarin. In D. I. Slobin (Eds.), The Crosslinguistic Study of Language Acquisition 3, 373-455. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Fromkin, V., Rodman, R., & N. Hyams. 2002. An Introduction to Language. US: Heinle, Thomson.
Gao, Qian. 2002. Argument Structure, HPSG, and Chinese Grammar. Ph.D. Dissertation, Ohio State University.
Gardner, H. 1974. Metaphor and modalities: how children project polar adjectives onto diverse domains. Child Development 45, 84–91.
Gentner, D. 1977. Children’s performance on a spatial analogies task. Child Development 48, 1034–39.
Gentner, D. 1978. On relational meaning: The acquisition of verb meaning. Child Development 49, 988-998.
Gentner, D. & Boroditsky, L. 2001. Individuation, relativity, and early word learning. In M. Bowerman & S. C. Levinson (eds), Language, culture, & cognition: Vol. 3. Language acquisition and conceptual development 215–56. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Gelman, R., & Spelke, E. 1981. The development of thoughts about animate and inanimate object: Implications for research on social cognition. In J. H. Flavell & L. Ross (Eds.), Social cognitive development. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Gibbs, R. 2006. Metaphor interpretation as embodied simulation. Mind and Language 21(3), 434–458.
Gillette, J., Gleitman, H., Gleitman, L. & Lederer, A. 1999. Human simulations of vocabulary learning. Cognition 73, 135–76.

Goatly, Andrew. 2007. Washing the Brain: Metaphor and Hidden Ideology. John Benjamins.
Goodluck, Helen. 1991. Language Acquisition: A Linguistic Introduction. Cambridge, USA: Blackwell.
Gropen, J., Pinker, S., Hollander, M., & Goldberg, R. 1991. Affectedness and direct objects: The role of lexical semantics in the acquisition of verb argument structure. Cognition 41, 153-195.
He, BaoZhang. 1992. Situation Types and Aspectual Classes of Verbs in Mandarin Chinese. Ph.D. Dissertation, Ohio State University.
Her, One-Soon. 2007. Argument-function mismatches in Mandarin resultatives: A lexical mapping account. Lingua 117(1), 221-246.
Hoff, E. 2005. Language Development. CA: Wadsworth, Thomson Learning.
Hsieh, Meng-Hsuan Claire. 2007. L1 Acquisition of Metaphorical Expressions - A Case Study of 'Si' in Mandarin Chinese. MA thesis, National Taiwan Normal University.
Hsu, Hsiu-Hsia. 2008. Collocation and Applications of Chinese Verb Classification. MA Thesis, National Taiwan Normal University.
Huang, Han-Chun. 2008. Resultative Verb Compounds in Madarin Chinese: A Constructional Approach. Ph.D. Dissertation, National Tsin Huah University.
Keil, F. C. 1979. Semantic and conceptual development: An ontological perspective. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Keil, F. C. 1986. Conceptual Domains and the Acquisition of Metaphor. Cognitive Development 1, 73-96.
Klein, Wolfgang, Li, Ping, and Hendricks, Henriette. 2000. Aspect and Assertion in Mandarin Chinese. Natural Language & Linguistic Theory 18, 723–770.
Kiparsky, P. 1983. ‘From cyclic phonology to lexical phonology’, in H. van der Hulst and N. Smith (Eds.), The Structure of Phonological Representations, Part 1. Dordrecht: Foris.
Kövecses, Zoltan 2002. Metaphor: A Practical Introduction. New York: Oxford University Press.
Inhelder,B. & Piaget,J. 1958. The Growth of Logical Thinking from Childhood to Adolesence. New York: Basic Books.
Langacker, R. W. 1987. Nouns and verbs. Language 63, 53–94.
Larsen-Freeman, Diane. 1976. An explanation for the morpheme acquisition order of second language learners. Language Learning 26, 125-134.
Levorato, M. C & C. Cacciari. 1992. Children’s comprehension and production of idioms: the role of context and familiarity. Journal of Child Language 19, 415-433.
Li, Charles N and Sandra A. Thompson. 1981. Mandarin Chinese: a functional reference grammar. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Li, Wei Shan. 2007. The First Language Influence on the Second Language Acquisition of Mandarin Resultative Verb Compounds. MA Thesis, NTNU.
Li, Y. 1971. An Investigation of Case in Chinese Grammar. Seton Hall University Press.
Lin, Jowang. 2006. Accomplishment Verbs in Chinese (1/2). NSC project. NSC94-2411-H009-010.
Lin, Chien-Jer Charles. 2004. Aspect is Result: Mandarin Resultative Constructions and Aspect Incorporation. In Benjamin V. Tucker (Eds.), Proceedings of the West Coast Conference on Linguistics (WECOL) 2003, 437-464. Fresno: California State University Press.
Lightbown, Patsy M. & Spada, Nina. 2006. How Languages Are Learned. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Ma, W., McDonough, C., Lannon, R., Golinkoff, R. M., Hirsh-Pasek, K., Tardif, T. 2006. A mental image is worth a thousand verbs: Imageability predicts verb learning. Jean Piaget Society, Baltimore, MD.
Ma, W., Golinkoff, Roberta M., Hirsh-Pasek, K., Mcdonough, C., and Tardif T., 2009. Imageability predicts the age of acquisition of verbs in Chinese children. Journal of Child Language 36, 405-423.
Mandler, J. M. 1999. Preverbal representation and language. In P. Bloom et al. (Eds.), Language and space, 365–383. Boston: MIT Press.
McCarthy, Dorothea A. 1954. Language development in children. A Manual of Child Psychology, ed. By Leonard Carmichael, 492-630. New York: Wiley.
Meissner, Valerie Heidi. 2010. Metaphorical Comprehension in Grade 8 English Language Learners from One Town in Norway. M.A. Thesis in Hogskolen I Hedmark.
Narasimhan, B., & Gullberg, M. 2011. The role of input frequency and semantic transparency in the acquisition of verb meaning: evidence from placement verbs in Tamil and Dutch. Journal of Child Language 38, 504-532.
Nelson, K. 1974. Concept, word and sentence: interrelations in acquisition and development. Psychological Review 81, 267-285.
Özçalişkan, S. 2007. Metaphors we move by: children’s developing understanding of metaphorical motion in typologically distinct languages. Metaphor and Symbol 22(2), 147-168.
Özçalişkan, S. 2005. On learning to draw the distinction between physical and metaphorical motion: Is metaphor an early emerging cognitive and linguistic capacity? Journal of Child Language 32(2), 1–28.
Paivio, A., Yuille, J. C. & Madigan, S. A. 1968. Concreteness, imagery and meaningfulness values for 925 nouns. Journal of Experimental Psychology 76, 1–25.
Piaget, J. 1929. The child’s conception of the world. New York: Harcourt, Brace.
Piaget, J. 1973. The Child and Reality: Problems of Genetic Psychology. New York: Grossman.
Piaget, J. 1985. The equilibration of cognitive structures: The central problem of intellectual development. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Prinz, P. M. 1983. The development of idiomatic meaning in children. Language and Speech 26, 263-271.
Pollio, Marilyn R. & Pollio, Howard. 1979. A test of metaphoric comprehension and some preliminary developmental data. Journal of Child Language 6, 111-120.
Qiao, Zhengwei. 2008. The Acquisition of Resultative Verb Compounds in Mandarin by English Speakers. In Proceedings of the 9th Generative Approaches to Second Language Acquisition Conference (GASLA 2007), Ed. Roumyana Slabakova et al., 188-195. Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Proceedings Project.
Rumelhart, David E. 1979. Some Problems with the Notion of Literal Meanings. In Metaphor and Thought. (Ed). by Andrew Ortony. Cambridge University Press: New York.
Sadock, Jerrold M. 1979 Figurative Speech and Linguistics. . In Metaphor and Thought. (Ed). by Andrew Ortony. Cambridge University Press: New York.
Searle, John R. 1979. Metaphor. In Metaphor and Thought. (Ed). by Andrew Ortony. Cambridge University Press: New York.
Shirai, Y., & Andersen, R. 1995. The acquisition of tense-aspect morphology: A prototype account. Language 71, 743–762.
Singleton, D. 2000. Language and the Lexicon: An Introduction. London: Arnold.
Slobin, D. I. 1985. Crosslinguistic evidence for the Language-Making Capacity. In D. I. Slobin (Eds.), The Crosslinguistic study of language acquisition 2: Theoretical issues, 1157-1256. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Smith, C. 1978. The syntax and interpretation of temporal expressions in English. Linguistics and Philosophy 2, 46-51.
Smith, Carlota S. 1991. The Parameter of Aspect. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Smith, Carlota S. 1997. The Parameter of Aspect. (2nd edition) Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Sybesma, R. 1999. The Mandarin VP. Dordrecht: Kluwer.

Tai, James H.-Y. 1984. Verbs and Times in Chinese: Vendler's Four Categories. Papers from the Parasession on Lexical Semantics, Chicago Linguistic Society, 289-296.
Tai, James H-Y. 2003. Cognitive relativism: resultative construction in Chinese. Language and Linguistics 4(2), 301-316.
Tardif.T. 1996. Nouns are not always learned before verbs: Evidence from Mandarin speaker’s early vocabulary. Developmental Psychology 32, 492-504.
Tarone, Elaine. 1985. Variability in interlanguage use: A study of style-shifting in morphology and syntax. Language Learning 35, 373-403.
Tomasello, M. 1992. First Verbs: A Case Study of Early Grammatical Development. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Tomasello, M. 2003. Constructing a Language. A Usage-Based Theory of Language Acquisition. Mass: Harvard University Press.
van Hout, A. 2000. Event semantics in the lexicon-syntax interface. In C. Tenny & J. Pustejovsky (Eds.), Events as grammatical objects. Stanford, CA: CSLI Publications. p. 239–281.
Van Valin, Jr, Robert D. 2001. Functional Linguistics. In Aronoff, Mark & Rees-Miller, Janie (Eds.). The Handbook of Linguistics, 319-336. Beijing: Blackwell Publishers Ltd.
Vendler, Zeno. 1967. Linguistics in Philosophy. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
Vosniadou, S. & A. Ortony. 1983. The emergence of the literal-metaphorical anomalous distinction in young children. Child Development 54, 154-161.
Vosniadou, S., Ortony, A. & R. E. Reynolds. 1984. Sources of difficulty in the young child’s understanding of metaphorical language. Child Development 55, 1588-1606.
Wagner, L., & Carey, S. 2003. Individuation of objects and events: A developmental study. Cognition 90, 163–191.
Wagner, Laura. 2006. Aspectual bootstrapping in language acquisition: Telicity and transitivity. Language learning and development 2(1), 51-76.
Washio, Ryuichi. 1997. Resultatives, compositionality and language variation. Journal of East Asian Linguistics 6(1), 1-49.
Winner, E., Rosenstiel, A. K., & Gardner, H. 1976. The development of metaphoric understanding. Developmental Psychology 12, 289–297.
Winner, E. 1979. New names for old things: The emergence of metaphoric language. Journal of Child Language 6, 469–491.
Winner, E. 1988. The Point of Words: Children’s Understanding of Metaphor and Irony. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

Winner, E., McCarthy, M., Kleinman, S., and Gardner, H. 1979. First metaphors. Early Symbolization – New Directions for Child Development 3, 29-42.
Wittek, A. 2002. Learning the Meaning of Change-of-state Verbs: A Case Study of German Child Language. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
Wu, Ching-Huei Teresa. 2004. On de/bu and the syntactic nature of resultative verbal compounding. Language and Linguistics 5, 271-329.
Wu, T.H. & Shiao, C. Y. 2009. You say peel and I say tear – How children encode action events differently from adults. Proceeding at the Third conference on language, discourse, and cognition, 49-50.
Xiao, Richard and McEnery, Tony. 2004. Aspect In Mandarin Chinese: A Corpus-based Study. Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company.

II. References in Chinese
張旺熹. 2002.漢語特殊句法的語義研究. 北京：北京語言大學出版社
黃正德. 2007. 漢語動詞的題元結構與其句法表現. 語言科學6(4), 3-21
趙元任. 1968. 中國話的文法. 丁邦新譯本2002 增訂版. 香港，中文大學出版社.
關鍵、洪波. 1994. 含變化義動詞及其句法表現。天津市對外漢語教學論文集. 天津市對外漢語教學研究會