《康科德奏鳴曲》（Piano Sonata No. 2: Concord, Mass., 1840-1860）是美國二十世紀作曲家艾伍士（Charles Edward Ives, 1874-1954）的重要創作，其歷史可追溯至1904年；經過近半世紀的時間終告定稿。為了闡述創作理念，作曲家並寫下一篇相關著作《寫在奏鳴曲之前》（Essays Before a Sonata, 1920）。在這首鋼琴奏鳴曲中，艾伍士以美國文學上的超越主義（Transcendentalism）思想當作圓心，引領當時風潮的文學家們為半徑，創作他認為真正具有美國特色的音樂。在四個音樂形象迥異卻被主題隱隱貫串的樂章中，作曲家投注無可言喻的深刻情感，透露出對於康科德精神的無限嚮往。
本論文將以《康科德奏鳴曲》以及《寫在奏鳴曲之前》為主軸，就此樂曲的首演、結構以及文字敘述，從不同角度討論艾伍士的音樂創作與思維。全文共分成五章：第一章與第五章分別為緒論與結論；第二章以首演《康科德奏鳴曲》的鋼琴家科克派崔克為主，討論他彈奏此曲的過程，首演之後對作曲家造成的影響，以及他對艾伍士由認識、崇敬、進而為其盡心盡力的源由與貢獻；第三章針對《康科德奏鳴曲》的音樂本身，從文獻資料上，試論此曲的創作時間與素材來源，並就其樂曲主題與結構作一分析；第四章則從影響艾伍士甚鉅的超越主義為起點，探討此文學思潮與作曲家、作品之間的連結，進而就《寫在奏鳴曲之前》文字內容的六個部分逐一討論，探索作曲家內心最深沈的世界。

Piano Sonata No. 2: Concord, Mass. 1840-1860 is the important piece of Charles Edward Ives (1874-1954), who is an American composer in the 20th century. It is started in 1904 and finalized after nearly a half of the century later. In order to expound on his ideas and thoughts of composition, Ives wrote down a related monograph Essays Before a Sonata (1920). In this sonata for a piano, Ives centered the thoughts of Transcendentalism in American Literature and developed with the ideas of literary authors, who led the fashion at that moment, to compose the musical piece of truly American characteristics in his opinion. In the four movements with different musical features but connected by the theme dully, the composer put in indescribable deep feelings and emotions as well as disclose his most hankering for the spirit of Concord.

With the axis of Concord Sonata and Essays Before a Sonata, this thesis aims at discussing Ives’ music and thoughts by its first performance, its structure and the description. There are five chapters in this thesis. Chapter One and Chapter Five are Introduction and Conclusion respectively. Chapter Two based on the first performance of Concord Sonata by John Kirkpatrick, discusses the process of his playing this piece, the influences of his performance on Ives, his understanding and respects towards the composer, and the cause and contribution of his exerting himself to Ives then. Chapter Three focuses on the piece itself; from the literature, it discusses the composing time and the origin of its source material, and then analyses the theme and the structure. Chapter Four starts from the Transcendentalism, which influences Ives greatly, and the connection among this literary trend, the composer and the piece, and then discusses respectively the six parts of Essays Before a Sonata to explore the most deeply inner world of the composer.

一、中文書籍

朱立民。《美國文學1607-1860：殖民地時代到內戰前夕》。台北：書林，2000。

馬萬輝。《美國文學簡史》。海口市：海南出版，1993。

Emerson, Ralph Waldo.《愛默生集：論文與講演錄》（Ralph Waldo Emerson: Essays and Lectures）。趙一凡等譯。台北：三聯書店，1995。

.《愛默森文選》（The Portable Emerson）。張愛玲 譯。1998。

Hawthorne, Nathaniel.《紅字》（The Scarlet Letter）。鍾斯 譯。台北：遠景。1978。

Thoreau, Henry David.《湖濱散記》（The Walden）。孔繁雲 譯。台北：志文，1990。

二、英文書籍

Block, Geoffery. Charles Ives: A Bio-Bibliography. New York: Greenwood Press, 1988.

, and J. Peter Burkholder, ed. Charles Ives and the Classical Tradition. New Heaven: Yale University Press, 1996.

. Ives: Concord Sonata No. 2 (“Concord, Mass., 1840-1860”). New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996.

Burkholder, J. Peter. All Made of Tunes. New Heaven: Yale University Press, 1995.

, ed. Charles Ives and His World. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1996.

. Charles Ives: the Ideas Behind the Music. New Heaven: Yale University Press, 1985.

Cowell, Henry, and Sidney Cowell. Charles Ives and His Music. New York: Oxford University Press, 1955. Reprint, New York: DaCapo Press, 1983.

Feder, Stuart. Charles Ives: “My Father’s Song.” New Heaven: Yale University Press, 1992.

. the Life of Charles Ives. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1999.

Henderson, Clayton W. the Charles Ives Tunebook. Warren: Harmonie Park Press, 1990.

Ives, Charles E. Charles E. Ives Memos. Edited by John Kirkpatrick. New York: Norton, 1972.

. Essays Before a Sonata, the Majority and Other Writings. Edited by Howard Boatwright. New York: Norton, 1970.

Kirkpatrick, John. A Temporary Mimeographed Catalogue of the Music Manuscripts and Related Materials of Charles Edward Ives 1874-1954. New Heaven: Library of the Yale School of Music, 1960.

Kostelanetz, Richard, ed. Aaron Copland: A Reader–Selected Writings, 1923-1972. New York: Routledge, 2004.

Lambert, Philip, ed. Ives Studies. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1997.

Metzer, David. Quotation and Cultural Meaning in the Twentieth-Century Music. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003.

Perlis, Vivian, ed. Charles Ives Papers, Yale University Music Library Archival Collection Mss.14. Unpublished: compiled at the Yale Music Library, 1983.

. Charles Ives Remembered: An Oral History. New Heaven: Yale University Press, 1974. Reprint, New York: Da Capo Press, 1994.

Rossiter, Frank. Charles Ives and His America. New York: Liveright, 1975.

Sherwood, Gayle. Charles Ives: A Guide to Research. New York: Routledge, 2002.

Sinclair, James. A Descriptive Catalogue of the Music of Charles Ives. New Heaven: Yale University Press, 1999.

Struble, John Warthen. The History of American Classical Music: MacDowell through minimalism. New York: Facts on File, 1995.

Swafford, Jan. Charles Ives: A Life with Music. New York: Norton, 1996.

三、期刊

Bellamann, Henry. “Charles Ives: The Man and His Music.” Musical Quarterly 19/1 (January 1933): 45-58. Reprinted in Charles Ives and His World, 373-375.

. “Reviews: ‘Concord, Mass., 1840-1860’ (A Piano Sonata by Charles Ives).” Double Dealer 2 (October 1921): 166-69. Reprinted in Charles Ives and His World, 280-284.

Boatwright, Howard. “Ives’Quarter-Tone Impressions.” Musical Quarterly 3/2 (Spring-Summer 1965): 22-31.

Burk, James M. “Ives Innovations in Piano Music.” Clavier 13/7 (1974): 14-16.

Burkholder, J. Peter. “Ives and Yale: The Enduring Influence of a College Experience.” College Music Symposium 39 (1999): 27-42.

. “ ‘Quotation’ and Emulation: Charles Ives’s Use of His Models.” Musical Quarterly 71/1 (1985): 1-26.

Carter, Elliot. “Expressionism and American Music.” Perspectives of New Music 4/1 (Fall-Winter 1965): 1-13.

. “Ives Today: His Vision and Challenge.” Modern Music 21 (1943-44): 199-202. Reprinted in Charles Ives and His World, 390-393.

. “The Case of Mr. Ives.” Modern Music 16 (1938-39):172-76. Reprinted in Charles Ives and His World, 333-337.

Clark, Sondra Rae. “The Element of Choice in Ives’s ‘Concord Sonata’.” Musical Quarterly 60/2 (April 1974): 167-186.

Cowell, Henry. “American Composers. LX. Charles Ives.” Modern Music 10 (1932-33): 24-33.

Dickinson, Peter. “A New Perspective for Ives.” Musical Times 115/1580 (October 1974): 836-838.

Feder, Stuart. “Charles Ives and Henry David Thoreau: ‘A Transcendental tune of Concord.’” In Ives Studies, 163-176.

. “ ‘Decoration Day’: A Boyhood Memory of Charles Ives.” Musical Quarterly 61/2 (April 1980): 234-261.

Fennell, Frederick. “Charles Ives and the Conductor.” In South Florida’s Historic Festival (item 858): 59.

Girgus, Sam B. “Charles Ives and the Transcendentalists.” Research Studies 43/1 (1975): 19-25.

Grunfeld, Frederic. “Charles Ives: Yankee Rebel.” High Fidelity 4/9 (November 1954): 34-36, 103, 105, 107-108.

Hertz, David Michael. “Ives’s Concord Sonata and the Texture of Music.” In Charles Ives and His World, 75-117.

Hunnicutt, Ellen. “The Practical Uses of Emerson: Charles Ives.” Soundings 70/1-2 (1987): 189-198.

Hutton, Edna Rait. “The Legacy of Charles Ives.” Pan Pipes 55/2 (January 1963): 13-14, 30.

Kirkpatrick, John. “Ives as Prophet.” In South Florida’s Historic Festival, 61-63.

Lambert, Philip. “Ives and Counterpoint.” American Music 9/2 (Summer 1991): 119-148.

Mead, Rita H. “Cowell, Ives, and New Music.” Musical Quarterly 66/4 (October 1980): 538-59.

Metzer, David. “ ‘We boys’: Childhood in the Music of Charles Ives.” 19th Century Music 21/1 (Summer 1997): 77-95.

Nicholls, David. “Unanswerable Questions/Questionable Answers.” Music and Letters 75/2 (May 1994): 246-252.

Robinson, David B. “Children of the Fire: Charles Ives on Emerson and Art.” American Literature 48 (January 1977): 564-576.

Rosefeld, Paul. “Ives’s Concord Sonata.” Modern Music 16/2 (Jan-Feb 1939): 109-112.

Slonimsky, Nicolas. “Charles Ives─America’s Musical Prophet.” Musical America 74/4 (15 February 1954): 18-19.

. “Composers of New England.” Modern Music 7/2 (February─March 1930): 24-27.

Ward, Charles W. “Charles Ives’s Concept of Music.” Current Musicology 18 (1974): 114-119.

四、剪報
Gilman, Lawrence. “A Masterpiece of American Music Heard Here for the First Time.” New York Herald Tribune, 21 Jan 1939.

L. B. “Kirkpatrick At Town Hall.” New York World, 21 Jan 1939.

O. G. “John Kirkpatrick In Piano Recital.” New York Post, 21 Jan 1939.

五、文獻檔案

Ives Collection. Yale Music Library, New Heaven, CT.

John Kirkpatrick Collection. Yale Music Library, New Heaven, CT.

Nicolas Slonimsky Collection. The Library of Congress, Washington, DC.

六、學術論文

Clark, Sondra Rae Scholder. “The Evolving Concord Sonata: A Study of Choices and Variants in the Music of Charles Ives.” Ph.D. dissertation, Stanford University, 1972.

Harvey, Mark Summer. “Charles Ives: Prophet of American Civil Religion.” Ph.D. dissertation, Boston University, 1983.

七、樂譜

Ives, Charles E. Piano Sonata No. 2: Concord, Mass., 1840-1860. New York: Associated Music Publishers Inc., 1947.

. 114 Songs. New York: Peer International Corp., 1975.