「批評」是人類溝通時經常出現的一種言語行為。過往的學者多以當面批評為主題，進行漢語與英語的跨語言對比研究，相較之下，以網路批評為主題以及漢語與荷語跨語言對比的相關研究尚嫌不足。有鑑於此，本研究蒐集網路場域中的批評評論，藉此探討漢語與荷語網路批評行為的相同點與相異點，並根據研究結果提出批評行為之相關二語教學建議。

本研究蒐集國際旅遊評論網站「TripAdvisor」餐廳評論中之漢語與荷語批評行為語料共600筆，目的為分析漢語與荷語網路評論中之批評行為特徵及語用策略分布，從而探討漢語與荷語各自體現出何種策略偏好。研究結果顯示，漢語與荷語之網路批評行為策略多樣，結構複雜多變，兩種語言分別體現集體主義文化與個體主義文化的部分特徵。在策略偏好方面，漢語與荷語在主體策略中皆傾向使用評價策略，以主觀的方式提出不滿；在輔助策略中，漢語偏好採用釋因策略，為批評行為鋪陳背景，荷語則經常使用讚美策略，在批評的同時凸顯批評對象之優點。在策略結構方面，漢語在主體策略及輔助策略的組合上經常使用三種主體策略搭配一種輔助策略；荷語在主體策略及輔助策略的組合上經常使用兩種主體策略搭配一種輔助策略。

在教學應用上，本研究根據研究結果針對荷語為母語的漢語學習者設計教學方案，使漢語學習者能在網路場域中辨別不同的批評策略，並正確地運用這些策略，引導學習者恰當地在網路場域中運用或閱讀批評策略，幫助學習者提升其語用能力。

'Criticism' is a type of speech act which is often used in interpersonal communication. In the past, scholars mostly focused on face-to-face criticism and conducted cross-linguistic comparisons between Mandarin and English, but research on online criticism in Mandarin and Dutch is still inadequate. In view of this, this study has collected online reviews in order to explore the differences in the use of critical behaviour between Mandarin and Dutch, and then proposed pedagogical suggestions related to critical behaviour based on the findings.

A total of 600 Mandarin and Dutch online reviews were collected from the website TripAdvisor. The aim of this study was to analyse the characteristics of critical behaviour and the distribution of strategies in Mandarin and Dutch online restaurant reviews, as well as to explore the strategic preferences of each language. The results of the study show that the strategies of online critical behaviour in Mandarin and Dutch are diverse, using complex and variable structures, and that Mandarin and Dutch partially reflect characteristics of collectivism and individualism respectively. In terms of strategic preferences, Mandarin and Dutch both tend to use evaluative strategies as the head act to present their grievances in a subjective manner, whereas for the supportive move, Mandarin tends to use explanatory strategies to set the context for the critical behaviour to come. Dutch, on the other hand, tends to use complimentary strategies to highlight the merits of the target while criticising them. In terms of strategic structures, Mandarin prefers to use three head acts with one supportive move as the overall strategy. Dutch, on the contrary, prefers to use two head acts and one supportive move as the overall strategy.

Based on the results, this paper has designed an appropriate teaching plan for native Dutch speakers learning Mandarin, so that they can identify different criticism strategies and apply them correctly. The purpose is to enhance their ability of reading and understanding criticism strategies in computer-mediated communication.

中文文獻
丁一、劉濤（2012）。中美網絡論壇中批評性言語行為的對比研究。湖北經濟學院學報：人文社會科學版，9，122-123。
王卉、王國旗（2014）。從漢英批評回應策略視角看批評策略的優選。語文學刊：外語教育教學，8，5-7。
王玲玫（2014）。漢語批評言語行為研究（未出版碩士論文）。國立陽明交通大學。
王婭（2010）。從面子角度看中英文讚美與批評的異同。重慶教育學院學報，23（4），109-112。
王雅萱（2019）。漢英網路評論的讚美行為對比研究（未出版碩士論文）。國立臺灣師範大學。
王謹（2006）。英漢批評言語行為對比研究（未出版碩士論文）。上海海事大學。
田學軍（2017）。讚揚、批評言語行動及其言語策略的文化視角闡釋。華北水利水電大學學報：社會科學版，33，128-132。
匡文藝（2001）。批評語的語用分析（未出版碩士論文）。蘇州大學。
朱湘燕（2002）。漢語批評言語行為研究及其對對外漢語教學的啟示（未出版碩士論文）。暨南大學。
朱湘燕（2004）。漢語批評語用策略調查。語言文字運用，1，96-104。
朱湘燕（2008）。論漢語批評的策略與類型。華南師範大學學報：社會科學版，1，145-147。
朱湘燕、周健（2004）。漢語批評言語行為的中外對比研究。華南師範大學學報：社會科學版，3，80-84。
朱德光（2013）。批評言語行為在感知和表達兩個層面上的語用遷移研究（未出版博士論文）。上海外國語大學。
何兆熊（1999）。新編語用學概要。上海外語教育出版社。
吳格奇（2002）。英漢批評言語行為與禮貌策略對比分析。湖州師範學院學報，24，49-52。
吳淑瓊、樊葳葳（2004）。英漢批評言語行為策略對比研究。外語教學，25，22-25。
林綱（2014）。網路語言的演變與網路言語社會分析。華語文教學研究，11（2），59-85。
胡培安（2003）。批評的構成性準則和策略性準則。修辭學習，1，16-17。
孫佔林（2006）榮辱觀與面子觀。上海教育，12，32。
孫麗麗（2007）。試論中國人面子觀產生的歷史淵源。現代企業教育，4，180。
張琳、王菊娥（2004）。漢批評言語行為的比較。西安聯合大學學報，7，65-68。
張慧美（2006）。網路語言之語言風格研究。彰師大國文學誌，13，331-359。
張曉飛（2017）。網路批評言語行為研究（未出版碩士論文）。吉林大學。
教育部（無日期）。批評。教育部重編國語辭典修訂本。2022年10月10日，取自https://dict.revised.moe.edu.tw/dictView.jsp?ID=24425&q=1&word=%E6%89%B9%E8%A9%95
曹佳（2010）。教師漢語批評言語行為的語用研究。牡丹江大學學報，19，19-21。
陳建祥（2004）。漢語語境下批評言語行為的定性和定量研究（未出版碩士論文）。南京師範大學。
陳昱佑（2021）。華語與英語網路評論之批評言語行為對比研究（未出版碩士論文）。國立臺灣師範大學。
陳振宇（2022）。多面向第二語言習得理論。元照出版社。
陳璇（2014）。漢文化中的「面子」和「臉」。青年文學家，27，185。
陳禛（2020）。中德網路抱怨行為策略對比及教學應用（未出版碩士論文）。國立臺灣師範大學。
陸承志（2000）。網路社群的現況與趨勢。中華民國資訊學會通訊，3，15-20。
程淑芳（2012）。英漢批評言語行為策略對比研究。飛天，2，137-138。
葉立斌（2018年2月14日）。網路用語「母湯喔」意思是啥，又是怎麼來？就是這支影片。三立新聞網。https://www.setn.com/News.aspx?NewsID=348707
趙英玲（2004）。英漢批評言語行為語用研究。吉林師範大學學報：人文社會科學版，32，69-71。
蔡旻芫（2017）。臺灣大學生兩性話語抱怨言語行為策略研究（未出版碩士論文）。國立臺中教育大學。
魯玲萍（2004）。中西文化面子觀的差異及其對交際模式的影響。武漢理工大學學報：社會科學版，27，507-512。
謝佳玲（2015）。漢語與英語跨文化對比：網路社會之語用策略研究。文鶴出版有限公司。
羅悠理（2015）。中德批評與回應策略：以電影討論區為例（未出版碩士論文）。國立臺灣師範大學。
龐惠蓮（2010）。文化關照下的語用策略：中美時事網頁中讀者的批評言語行為對比分析（未出版碩士論文）。暨南大學。
蘇婉蓉（2012）。漢語批評言語行為之策略、主題與性別研究（未出版碩士論文）。國立臺灣師範大學。
顧曰國（1992）。禮貌、語用與文化。外語教學與研究，4，10-17。

英文文獻
Ai, W., Lu, X., Liu, X., Wang, N., Huang, G., & Mei, Q. (2017). Untangling emoji popularity through semantic embeddings. Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media, 11(1), 2-11.
Al Rashdi, F. (2015). Forms and functions of emojis in WhatsApp interaction among Omanis (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Georgetown University.
Alabdali, T. S. (2019). Revisiting Brown and Levinson's politeness theory: A middle-eastern perspective. Bulletin of Advanced English Studies, 2(2), 73-78.
Alimi, M. M., Bagwasi, M. M., & Ebewo, P. J. (2020). English language and literature: cross cultural currents. Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
Alshenqeeti, H. (2016). Are emojis creating a new or old visual language for new generations? A socio-semiotic study. Advances in Language and Literary Studies, 7(6), 56-69.
Androutsopoulos, J., & Beißwenger, M. (2008). Introduction: Data and methods in computer-mediated discourse analysis. LANGUAGE@INTERNET, 5(2).
Austin, J. L. (1962). How to do things with words. Oxford University Press.
Barns, S. B. (2003). Computer-mediated communication: Human to human communication across the internet. Pearson Education.
Bell, D. (2001). An introduction to cybercultures. Routlegde.
Bell, D. J., Loader, B. D., Pleace, N., & Schuler, D. (2004). Cyberculture: The key concepts. Routledge.
Blum-Kulka, S., House, J., & Kasper, G. (1989). Cross-cultural pragmatics: Requests and apologies. Ablex.
Boroditsky, L. (2000). Metaphoric structuring: Understanding time through spatial metaphors. Cognition, 75(1), 1-28.
Boroditsky, L., Fuhrman, O., & McCormick, K. (2011). Do English and Mandarin speakers think about time differently? Cognition, 118(1), 123-129.
Brown, P., & Levinson, S. (1978). Universals in language usage: politeness phenomena. In E. Goody (Ed.), Questions and politeness: Strategies in social interaction (pp. 56-310). Cambridge University Press.
Brown, P., & Levinson, S. C. (1987). Politeness: Some universals in language usage. Cambridge University Press.
Cambridge Dictionary. (n.d.). Criticism. In Cambridge Dictionary. Retrieved October 10, 2022, from https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/criticism
Cambridge Dictionary. (n.d.). Lose face. In Cambridge Dictionary. Retrieved Novem-ber 22, 2022, from https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/lose-face
Cambridge Dictionary. (n.d.). Save face. In Cambridge Dictionary. Retrieved Novem-ber 22, 2022, from https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/save-face
Casasanto, D. (2009). When is a linguistic metaphor a conceptual metaphor. New Directions in Cognitive Linguistics, 24, 127-146.
Cenni, I., Goethals, P., & Vásquez, C. (2020). A cross-linguistic study of metacommunication in online hotel reviews. Intercultural Pragmatics, 17(4), 445-470.
Chen, J. X. (2004). A qualitative and quantitative study of the speech act of criticism in the Chinese context (Unpublished master’s thesis). Nanjing Normal University.
Collins. (n.d.). Criticism. In Collins Dictionary. Retrieved October 10, 2022, from https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/criticism
Cooperrider, K., & Núñez, R. (2009). Across time, across the body: Transversal temporal gestures. Gesture, 9(2), 181-206.
Crabtree, M., & Powers, J. (Eds.). (1991). Language files: Materials for an introduction to language. Ohio State University Press.
Crumlish, C., & Malone, E. (2009). Designing social interfaces: Principles, patterns, and practices for improving the user experience. O'Reilly Media.
Danowski, J. (1982). Computer-mediated communication: A network-based content analysis using a CBBS conference. In M. Burgoon (Ed.), Communication yearbook 6 (pp. 905-924). Sage.
Danowski, J., & Edison-Swift, P. (1985). Crisis effects on intraorganizatonal computer-based communication. Communication Research, 12(2), 251-270.
De Hoop, H., Klatter, J., Mulder, G., & Schmitz, T. (2016). Imperatives and politeness in Dutch. Linguistics in the Netherlands, 33(1), 41-53.
Derks, D., Bos, A. E., & Von Grumbkow, J. (2008). Emoticons in computer-mediated communication: social motives and social context. Cyberpsychology & Behavior, 11(1), 99-101.
Dürscheid, C., & Siever, C. M. (2017). Beyond the alphabet – Communication with emojis. Zeitschrift für germanistische Linguistik, 45(2), 256–285.
Enverga III, M. R. (2019). Meme-ing Europe: Examining the Europeanization of humorous discourse in an online meme community. Journal of Contemporary European Studies, 27(3), 317-342.
Fang, B., Ye, Q., Kucukusta, D., & Law, R. (2016). Analysis of the perceived value of online tourism reviews: Influence of readability and reviewer characteristics. Tourism Management, 52, 498-506.
Fuhrman, O., & Boroditsky, L. (2010). Cross‐cultural differences in mental representations of time: Evidence from an implicit nonlinguistic task. Cognitive science, 34(8), 1430-1451.
Ge, J., & Gretzel, U. (2018). Emoji rhetoric: A social media influencer perspective. Journal of Marketing Management, 34(15-16), 1272-1295.
Geetha, M., Singha, P., & Sinha, S. (2017). Relationship between customer sentiment and online customer ratings for hotels - An empirical analysis. Tourism Management, 61, 43-54.
Grice, H. P. (1975). Logic and Conversation. In P. Cole & J. L. Morgan, (Eds.), Syntax and semantics, vol. 3, speech acts (pp. 41-58). Academic Press.
Gu, Yueguo. (1990). Politeness phenomena in modern Chinese. Journal of Pragmatics 14(2), 237-257.
Gudykunst, W. B., & Lee, C. M. (2002). Cross-cultural communication theories. In W. B. Gudykunst & B. Mody (Eds.), Handbook of international and
intercultural communication (pp. 25-50). SAGE
Publications, Inc.
Gudykunst, W. B., & Ting-Toomey, S. (1988). Culture and affective communication. American Behavioral Scientist, 31(3), 384-400.
Guffey, M. E., Lowey, D., Rhodes, K., & Rogin, P. (2013). Intercultural communication. In Business communication: Process & product (4th brief Canadian ed., pp. 60-77). Nelson Education.
Hagel, J. (1999). Net gain: Expanding markets through virtual communities. Journal of Interactive Marketing, 13(1), 55-65.
Haines, R., Hough, J., Cao, L., & Haines, D. (2014). Anonymity in computer-mediated communication: more contrarian ideas with less influence. Group Decision and Negotiation, 23(4), 765-786.
Hall, E. T. (1976). Beyond culture. Doubleday.
Hall, E. T. (1983). The dance of life: the other dimension of time. Doubleday.
Hall, E. T., & Hall, M. R. (1990). Understanding Cultural Differences: Germans, French and Americans. Intercultural Press.
Herring, S. C. (2001). Computer-mediated discourse. In D. Schiffrin, D. Tannen, & H. E. Hamilton (Eds.), Handbook of discourse analysis (pp. 612-634). Blackwell.
Herring, S. C. (2004). Computer-mediated discourse analysis: An approach to researching online behavior. In S. A. Barab, R. Kling, & J. H. Gray (Eds.), Designing for virtual communities in the service of learning (pp. 338-376). Cambridge University Press.
Herring, S. C. (2010). Computer-mediated conversation part I: Introduction and overview. LANGUAGE@INTERNET, 7(2), 1-11.
Herring, S. C. (2019). The coevolution of computer-mediated communication and computer-mediated discourse analysis. In P. Bou-Franch & P. Garcés-Conejos Blitvich (Eds), Analyzing Digital Discourse (pp. 25-67). Palgrave Macmillan.
Herring, S. C., & Dainas, A. R. (2017). “Nice picture comment!” Graphicons in Facebook comment threads. In Proceedings of the 50th Hawai’i International Conference on System Sciences (pp. 2185-2194).
Hof, R. D., Browder, S., and Elstrom, P. (1997). Internet communities. Business Week, 3525, 64-80.
Hofstede, G. (1980). Culture’s consequences: International differences in work-related values. Sage.
Hofstede, G. (2001). Culture’s consequences: Comparing values, behaviors, institutions, and organizations across nations. Thousand Oaks.
Hofstede, G., Hofstede, G. J., & Minkov, M. (2010). Cultures and organizations software of the mind: Intercultural cooperation and its importance for survival (3rd ed.). McGraw Hill.
House, J., & Kasper, G. (1981). Politeness markers in English and German. In F. Coulmas (Ed.), Conversational routine: Explorations in standardised communication situations and pre-patterned speech. Mouton.
Hu., H. C. (1994). The Chinese concepts of face. American Anthropologist, 46(1), 45-64.
Jiang, L. C., Bazarova, N. N., & Hancock, J. T. (2011). The disclosure–intimacy link in computer-mediated communication: an attributional extension of the hyperpersonal model. Human Communication Research, 37(1), 58-77.
Jones, Q. (1997). Virtual-communities, virtual settlements & cyber-archaeology: A theoretical outline. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 3(3), JCMC331.
Jones, S. (2002). Virtual culture: Identity and communication in cybersociety. Sage.
Katz, J. E., & Crocker, E. T. (2015). Selfies| and photo messaging as visual conversation: Reports from the United States, United Kingdom and China. International Journal of Communication, 9, 12.
Kim, D., Pan, Y., & Park, H. S. (1998) High- versus low-context culture: A comparison of Chinese, Korean and American cultures. Psychology & Marketing, 15(6), 507–521
Lau, M. Z. (2019). Dutch directness and British politeness: A comparison on directness and politeness in Dutch and British contexts (Unpublished master's thesis). Utrecht University.
Leech, G. (1983). Principles of pragmatics. Longman.
Lehti, L., Isosävi, J., LAIPPALA, V., & Luotolahti, M. (2016). Linguistic analysis of online conflicts: A case study of flaming in the Smokahontas comment thread on YouTube. Widerscreen. fi, 1(2).
Lewis, R. D. (1999). When cultures collide: Managing successfully across cultures (Revised edition). Nicholas Brealey.
Lewis, R. D. (2005). Finland, cultural lone wolf. Intercultural Press.
Lin, J. (2021). Characteristics of computer-mediated communication. Journal of Organizational Culture, Communications and Conflict, 25(5), 1-2.
Liu, L., & Zhang, J. (2009). The effects of spatial metaphorical representations of time on cognition. Foreign Language Teaching and Research, 41(4), 266-271.
Mao, L. R. (1994). Beyond politeness theory: ‘Face’ revisited and renewed. Journal of Pragmatics, 21(5), 451-486.
McQuail, D. (2010). McQuail’s mass communication theory (6th ed.). SAGE.
Merriam-Webster. (n.d.). Criticism. In Merriam-Webster Dictionary. Retrieved October 10, 2022, from https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/criticism
Meyer C. (2017). Communicating for results: A Canadian student's guide (4th ed.). Oxford University Press.
Miles, L., Nind, L., & Macrae, C. (2010). Moving through time. Psychological Science, 21(2), 222.
Min, S. C. (2008). Study on the differences of speech act of criticism in Chinese and English. US-China Foreign Language, 6(3), 74-77.
Moya-Salazar, J., Cañari, B., Gomez-Saenz, L., & Contreras-Pulache, H. (2021). Other ways of communicating the pandemic-memes and stickers against COVID-19: A systematic review. F1000research, 10-287.
Murray, D. C. (2015). Notes to self: the visual culture of selfies in the age of social media. Consumption Markets & Culture, 18(6), 490-516.
Nguyen, T. T. M. (2005). Criticizing and responding to criticism in a foreign language: A study of Vietnamese learners of English (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). The University of Auckland.
Nishimura, Y. (2015). A sociolinguistic analysis of emoticon usage in Japanese blogs: Variation by age, gender, and topic. AoIR Selected Papers of Internet Research, 5(16), 1-17.
Nowak, J. (2016). Internet meme as meaningful discourse: Towards a theory of multiparticipant popular online content. Central European Journal of Communication, 9(16), 73-89.
Olaniran, B. A. (1994). Group performance in computer-mediated and face-to-face communication media. Management Communication Quarterly, 7(3), 256-281.
Olaniran, B. A. (2001). The effects of computer-mediated communication on transculturalism. In V. H. Milhouse, M. K. Asante, & P. O. Nwosu (Eds.), Transcultural realities: Interdisciplinary perspectives on cross-cultural relations (pp. 83-105). SAGE.
Oppenheimer, L. (2004). Perception of individualism and collectivism in Dutch society: A developmental approach. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 28, 336-346.
Pihlaja, S. (2011). Cops, popes, and garbage collectors: metaphor and antagonism in an atheist/Christian YouTube video thread. LANGUAGE@INTERNET, 8(1), 1-17.
Pryor, B., Butler, J., & Boehringer, K. (2005). Communication apprehension and cultural context: A comparison of communication apprehension in Japanese and American students. North American Journal of Psychology, 7. 247-252.
Ren, W. (2018). Mitigation in Chinese online consumer reviews. Discourse, Context & Media, 26, 5-12.
Ren, W., Lin, C., & Woodfield, H. (2013). Variational pragmatics in Chinese: Some insights from an empirical study. In I. Kecskes & J. Romero-Trillo (Eds.), Research trends in intercultural pragmatics (pp. 283-314). De Gruyter Mouton.
Rheingold, H. (2000). The virtual community, revised edition: Homesteading on the electronic frontier. MIT press.
Ricardo, F. J. (2009). Cyberculture and new media. Rodopi.
Romiszowski, A., & Mason, R. (2013). Computer-mediated communication. In D. Jonnassen & M. Driscoll (Eds.), Handbook of research on educational communications and technology (pp. 402-436). Routledge.
Sapir, E. (2004). Language: an introduction to the study of speech. Courier Corporation.
Schultes, P., Dorner, V., & Lehner, F. (2013). Leave a comment! An in-depth analysis of user comments on YouTube. In Wirtschaftsinformatik Proceedings 2013 (pp. 659-673).
Scott, A. (1989). The vertical dimension and time in Mandarin. Australian Journal of Linguistics, 9(2), 295-314.
Searle, J. R. (1969). Speech acts. Cambridge University Press.
Searle, J. R. (1979). Expression and meaning: Studies in the theory of speech acts. Cambridge University Press.
Singelis, T. M., Triandis, H. C., Bhawuk, D. P. S., & Gelfand, M. J. (1995). Horizontal and vertical individualism and collectivism: A theoretical and measurement refinement. Cross-cultural Research, 29, 240-275.
Stockton, N. (2015, June 24). Emoji – trendy slang or a whole new language? Wired Magazine. https://www.wired.com/2015/06/emojitrendy-slang-whole-new-language/
Taecharungroj, V., & Mathayomchan, B. (2019). Analysing TripAdvisor reviews of tourist attractions in Phuket, Thailand. Tourism Management, 75, 550-568.
Tai, J. H. Y. (1985). Iconicity in syntax. John Benjamins.
The Lavin Agency Speakers Bureau. (2014, May 9). Leadership speaker Erin Meyer: Low context vs. high context societies [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9oYfhTC9lIQ.
Thurlow, C., Lengel, L., & Tomic, A. (2004). Computer mediated communication. Sage.
Ting-Toomey, S. (1985). Toward a theory of conflict and culture. Sage.
Tracy, K., Van Dusen, D., & Robinson, S. (1987). “Good” and “bad” criticism: A descriptive analysis. Journal of Communication, 37, 46-59.
Triandis, H. C. (1995). Individualism & collectivism. Westview Press.
Triandis, H. C., Brislin, R., & Hui, C. H. (1988). Cross-cultural training across the individualism-collectivism divide. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 12(3), 269-289.
TripAdvisor. (n.d.). About TripAdvisor. Retrieved November 29, 2022, from http://www.tripadvisor.com/pages/about_us.html
Walther, J. B. (1996). Computer-mediated communication: Impersonal, interpersonal, and hyperpersonal interaction. Communication Research, 23(1), 3-43.
Wierzbicka, A. (1987). English speech act verbs: A semantic dictionary. Australian Academic Press.
Wrench, J. (2020). High and low context [Photograph]. Flickr. https://www.flickr.com/photos/51812564@N08/49532544611/in/album-72157713101714123/
Yoo, K. H., & Gretzel, U. (2009). What motivates consumers to write online travel reviews? Information Technology & Tourism, 10, 283-296.
Yule, G., & Widdowson, H. G. (1996). Pragmatics. Oxford University Press.
Zhang, L., & Ding, C. (2003). Comparative study of temporal metaphor in English and Chinese. Foreign Languages and Their Teaching, 174(9), 31-34.
Zhu, H. (2006). Spatio-temporal metaphor in English and Chinese. Sino-US English Teaching, 3(11), 75-78.

荷文文獻
De Decker, B., & Vandekerckhove, R. (2013). De integratie van Engels in Vlaamse jongerentaal kwantitatief en kwalitatief bekeken: das wel nice! :p [以量化與質化研究法探討英語在青少年所使用的荷語網路用語之一體化]. Nederlandse Taalkunde, 18(1), 2-34.
Uyttersprot, E. (2016). Een vergelijkende studie van chattaal van Vlaamse en Nederlandse gamers [佛拉蒙與荷蘭青少年玩家之網路用語對比研究] (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Universiteit Antwerpen.
Van Dale. (n.d.). Kritiek [批評]. In Van Dale. Retrieved October 10, 2022, from https://www.vandale.nl/gratis-woordenboek/nederlands/betekenis/kritiek
Van der Horst, J. M. (1981). Onderschikking en de plaats van de persoonsvorm in het Middelnederlands [中古荷蘭語限定動詞之從屬結構與順序位置]. Tijdschrift voor Nederlandse Taal- en Letterkunde, 97, 161-184.